Stakeholders and Criteria on a Mining Project Using AHP and Entropy-Weight Methods

International Journal of Recent Technology and Engineering (IJRTE) ISSN: 2277-3878, Volume-8 Issue-4, November 2019 Stakeholders and Criteria on a Mining Project using AHP and Entropy-Weight Methods Solange Ríos, Alexi Delgado Abstract: The abidance and evolution of mining industry for All this information is necessary as it is an effective means of the Peruvian government is of great relevance nowadays, due to rapprochement that will help to carry out assertive dialogues the economic impact, this entails in order to increase the gross [2]. “Stakeholder analysis is a process that seeks to identify domestic product and reduce the poverty index. Nevertheless, in and describe the interests and relationships of all the the last few years this production sector suffered numerous stakeholders in a given project” [3]. In general, this analysis problems because of the complicated social relationships with the is a necessary precondition to participatory planning and rural communities near the mining projects. The purpose of this study is to analyze the probability of a social conflict due to the project management. For this reason, it is very important, in appearance of a mining project in Macusani (Puno-Peru), using the planning stage, to determine the different existing the AHP (Analytic Hierarchy Process) methodology to evaluate stakeholders in the communities and the variables that could the stakeholders and the entropy-weight method for the criteria. In affect each one of them. order to accomplish the evaluation, we interview seven experts in The present scientific article, seeks to accurately identify community relationships that gave us their perspectives through the above mentioned using a quantitative method. Among the the polls. In terms of results, we determine that the stakeholders possible methods to use, we can mention the application of in order of importance were communal authorities, alpaca Delphi method [4] , AHP method and FAHP method [5], livestock, local and regional government, farmers and merchants. Grey Systems [6], Shannon entropy [7], Machine Learning By the other hand, the strongest variables in a social conflict were pollution, poverty level, employment, health, economy, water [8], among others. These methods make it possible to access and security. The analysis of this case of study can improve quantify the data obtained from qualitative research, this is new innovative techniques to affront the potential appearance of a because “qualitative data are presented in the form of social conflict, in order to create a social responsibility awareness. responses to standardized questionnaires” [9]. This can generate a positive impact expressed in benefits for the In this way, we can mention some social cases in which these local communities, the government and the enterprise. methods were applied. It is important to mention that many of them were not linked to mining. For example, in the Keywords: AHP, Entropy-weight, Lithium Mining project, international framework, we can mention a study carried out Stakeholders, Social Conflict. in an exploration of hydrocarbons in the Gulf of Valencia, Spain [10]. In this study, the use of ultrasound technology I. INTRODUCTION was proposed to determine the existence of hydrocarbon deposits in the subsoil. This proposal would generate an The social factor is becoming more important for the environmental impact, which is why Shannon's entropy was development of a mining project. Currently, one of the implemented with the objective of conducting environmental biggest obstacles that mining companies must overcome is conflict analysis (ECA). the social factor since it is the most difficult to predict and, On the other hand, in the national context, there is a therefore, to control. This is basically due to the difference in research carried out for the Conga Project in Cajamarca, in worldviews that both the rural sector and the urban sector which the entropy of Shannon and the grey clustering method have. This difference is most evident when it comes to were implemented to determine the ECA and the social gaining access to the surface terrain. This permission may be impact assessment (SIA), respectively. This study proved the inconvenient if not obtained, as "one of the fundamental efficiency of combining both methods for the evaluation of challenges for mining projects is to secure the consent of socio-environmental conflicts, since it provides very detailed local communities for future access to land, and to minimize results regarding the variables that are used for their the community's exposure to business uncertainty" [1]. resolution [11]. It is essential that there is a predisposition for understanding The case study for this article was the new lithium and and tolerance on both sides, which could be achieved by uranium project, Macusani, which is located in the province implementing an active and assertive dialogue. Such of Carabaya, district of Macusani in Puno department, Peru. dialogue would be feasible if there is a prior study of This project is in the exploration stage, and with only 15% of everything that encompasses the community. For instance, the surface drilled, 2.5 million tons of lithium and 124 million the analysis of traditions, customs celebrations, main pounds of uranium have been confirmed, that is why this economic activity, levels of poverty and education, among project is heading to be the largest lithium mine not only in others. South America but in the world [12]. On the other hand, the company Plateau Uranium highlights the importance of the social aspect in an official document published by them, in which it says that " the Social Licence represents the most Revised Manuscript Received on November 15, 2019. important step in any exploration and/or development mining * Correspondence Author Solange Ríos, Mining Engineering Program, Pontificia Universidad project in Peru" [13], for this reason " the relationships with Católica del Perú, Lima, Peru. Email: [email protected] Alexi Delgado*, Department of Engineering, Mining Engineering Section, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, Lima, Peru. Email: [email protected] Published By: Retrieval Number: C5694098319/2019©BEIESP Blue Eyes Intelligence Engineering DOI:10.35940/ijrte.C5694.118419 1933 & Sciences Publication Stakeholders and Criteria on a Mining Project using AHP and Entropy-Weight Methods the Local Communities must be of a permanent nature with 2.1. Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) implementation as per signed and negotiated agreements " [13]. The AHP (Analytic Hierarchy Process) method was applied For this study, it was essential to identify the economic to rank the stakeholders and from there, work only with the activities developed in the area of impact of the project. For five most important. This method is based on the evaluation example, among the most important, we can mention alpaca of alternatives, taking into account several criteria, which are breeding, agriculture and tourism. All these activities involve based on the fact that the experience and knowledge of the groups of people who could be affected by the Macusani participants enjoy the same predominance as the data used in Project. In order to determine the stakeholders and the the process [17]. The values given come from the Saaty scale variables that could affect them, mathematical methods were [14]; this scale was adapted to this social context and its used that can convert qualitative data into quantitative data. structure can be seen in Table 1. In this case, the method chosen to determine the Macusani district´s stakeholders was AHP method, since it allowed us Table 1. Scale of Saaty [18] to "combine all the judgments or opinions in a whole, in Value of ajn Interpretation which the alternatives are organized from the best to the 1 j and k are equally important worst" [14]. Thus, this method was based on the evaluation of 3 j is slightly more important than k 5 j is more important than k alternatives (taking into account various criteria) and on the 7 j is strongly more important than k fact that the experience and knowledge of the experts 9 j is absolutely more important than k reflected in the surveys had the same predominance as the data used in the process [15]. It is important to mention that This study was worked with 7 alternatives (represented by this method used matrices and the Saaty scale, which stakeholders) and four criteria. The steps followed in this methodology (AHP) are detailed below [14]: provided a more complex and precise analysis than would have been obtained if a qualitative method had been used. Step 1: Criteria Comparison On the other hand, thanks to the entropy-weight method, an A criteria comparison matrix was developed with the ordering of alternatives was obtained for the general following structure [14]. This matrix is shown in Equation 1. variables that could affect these stakeholders. This methodology consists of a sequence of steps to determine the 1 푎12 … 푎1푛 entropic weights of the criteria. This was made with the 1/푎 1 … 푎 퐴 = 12 2푛 (1) purpose of ranking the variables through the multiplication of ⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋮ matrices. Additionally, the surveys were applied to the same 1/푎1푛 1/푎2푛 … 1 experts and using the same Saaty scale [16]. The objective of this paper was to determine both the most The sequence of this step is as follows: important stakeholders and the variables that affect them -Add the values in each column of the criteria comparison using the AHP method and the entropy-weight method. matrix -Divide each element of such matrix between the total of its In order to achieve this, it was necessary to carry out some column; the resulting matrix is called the normalized paired previous steps (specific objectives) such as, for example, comparison matrix. reviewing the existing literature of all possible -Calculate the average of the elements of each region of the methodologies that could be applied, surveying the experts relative priorities of the elements that are compared.

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