Last Name, First Name ECOL 249. Quiz 5 Part I. Answer Twelve
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ECOL 249. Quiz 5
Part I. Answer twelve (12) of the following questions (5 points each). Only the first 12 answers will be graded.
1. By 1872, Vestiges had a. been banned for atheistic and seditious content. b. been embraced by the physicists who approved its endorsement of the nebula hypothesis. c. been outsold 5:1 by The Origin d. outsold The Origin by about 2:1 [Lecture V, 3] e. had so enraged the public that its formerly anonymous author was forced to flee the country with wife and children.
2. Which of the following scientific ideas was not endorsed by Vestiges? a. Nebular hypothesis. b. Progress in the fossil record. c. Quinerian classification. d. Spontaneous generation of mites e. wants and ... exercise... in the way suggested by Lamarck. [Lecture V, 9]
3. The ideas of ______were eventually confirmed by the discovery of dorso-ventral patterning inversion in chordates and invertebrates. a. É. Geoffroy St. Hilaire [Lecture V, 62-63] b. Ernst Haeckel c. K. E. von Baer d. Robert Grant e. Richard Owen
4. According to Adrian Desmond (Designing the Dinosaur), Owen’s creation of the order Dinosauria and his mammal-like dinosaur reconstructions were motivated by antipa- thy to ______. a. Edward Forbes b. Louis Agassiz Megaloceros, a bipedal theropod dinosaur, as im- c. Robert Chambers. agined by Owen and restored by Waterhouse d. Robert Grant [Desmond, 1987, 224 ff] Hawkins for the Crystal Palace Exhibition. e. William Buckland
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5. ______was to the dissemination of anti-establishment opinion in mid-19th cen- tury England as the internet is to the dissemination of such opinion today. a. Express mail b. Steam printing [Lecture V, 17] c. The invention of telphers d. The telegraph e. The telephone
6. Which of the following abolished so-called “pocket” and “rotten” boroughs? a. The Great Charter commonly called Magna Charta. b. The Reform Act of 1832 [Lecture V, 34] c. The Royal writ of Habeas Corpus of 1832. d. The Workingmen’s Six Point Charter of 1838. e. b. and c.
7. Following the publication of his monograph, On the Nature of Limbs, Richard Owen was pilloried in the press for
“importing into England the scientific pantheism of German naturalists ... and supporting the Vestig- ian theory of development ‘that God had not peopled the globe by successive creations but by the operation of general laws.” [Rupke, 2009, 154]
Which of Owen’s fellow naturalists rushed to his defense? a. Charles Darwin b. Edward Forbes c. William Buckland d. William Carpenter e. None of the above [Lecture V, 72]
8. Which of the following contributed to the semi-isolation of British scientific opinion? a. The English Channel. b. The English language. c. The Royal Navy. d. a. and b. [Lecture V, 39] e. a., b. and c. Rule Britannia! The Royal Navy triumphs against a larger Spanish fleet off Cape St. Vincent.
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9. In his Autobiography, Darwin recalled a conversation with his Edinburgh mentor, Rob- ert Grant, in which Grant revealed his admiration of Lamarck and transmutation. What related event did Darwin also recall in the Autobiography? a. An article in the first issue of the Edinburgh New Philosophical Journal extolling Lamarck. b. William Browne’s Plinian Society attack on Charles Bell. c. Reading his grandfather’s Zoonomia, “but without [its] producing any effect on me”. [Lec- ture V, 44-48] d. a. and b. e. a., b. and c.
10. In his review of Victorian Sensation, Robert J. Richards characterized the approach taken by Jim Secord as “subversive” for two reasons. One was Secord’s claim that books have no intrinsic meaning; the other that Secord’s approach ______. a. devalues the contributions of men of genius such as Darwin [Richards, 2001, 455] b. overstates the degree of acceptance accorded Chambers’ “Law of Development”. c. understates the importance of Darwin’s Origin. [Richards, 2001, 455] d. a. and b. e. a., b. and c.
11. Before The Origin, ______were widely believed to be ideas in the mind of God. Afterwards, they became ancestors. a. archetypes [Lecture V, 69] b. fossils c. monads d. species e. None of the above
12. In his article on intellectual authority, Richard Yeo (1984) focused on Robert Cham- bers, an admitted amateur, who nonetheless believed himself entitled to an opinion on evolution. Which of the following was another non-specialist who, unbeknown to Chambers, was also speculating on evolutionary mechanisms at the same time? a. Adam Sedgewick. b. Edward Forbes. c. Patrick Matthew. [Lecture V, 55-58] d. Richard Owen. e. None of the above.
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13. Vestiges replaced the “little men” of preformism with ______. a. natural selection b. sexual selection c. the inheritance of acquired characters. d. the potential to develop to a higher state. [Lecture V, 7] e. use and disuse.
14. Which of the following pieces of British legislation inspired Article VI of the United States Constitution? a. The Corporation Act of 1661. b. The Test Acts of 1672 and 1678. [Lecture V, p. 20] c. The Habeas Corpus Act of 1679. d. The Reform Act of 1832. e. b. and c,
15. As discussed by Rupke (1994), C. C. Gillispie’s Genesis and Geology a. abandoned the “great men” tradition of scientific historiography. b. abandoned the “warfare”, i.e., science vs. religion, model of scientific historiog- raphy. c. revolutionized geological historiography by referencing the social context in which scientific opinion evolved. d. a. and b. e. a., b. and c. [pp. 262-263]
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______Last Name, First Name
Part II. Answer one (1) of the following questions (ten points) Only the first answer will be graded
1. Match the individuals at the left with one or more of the assertions on the right (2 points each).
Individual Match Assertion
(1) “As my strength fails, I feel the term of my labours drawing nigh, how
I long to see the conclusion of their aim! – the exposition of our national Charles Lyell 3 treasures of natural history in a manner worthy of the greatest commer- cial and colonial empire of the world.”
(2) “I ask myself now: how is it possible … to speak of identity of compo- C. C. Gillispie 5 sition, unity of composition between Cephalopods and Vertebrates with- out depriving words of their clearest meanings?
(3) “If I had stated … the possibility of the … origin of fresh species being Georges Cuvier 2 a natural, in contradiction to a miraculous process, I should have raised
a host of prejudices against me …”
(4) “It has been seen that, in the reproduction of the higher animals, the 1 new being passes through stages in which it is successively fish-like and Richard Owen reptile-like. But the resemblance is not to the adult fish or the adult reptile, but to the fish and reptile at a certain point in their foetal progress”
(5) “Vestiges struck a note, which, besides being erroneous, was ‘dan- Robert Chambers 4 gerous’ – a word which creeps into all of the reviews and into all the correspondence ...”
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______Last Name, First Name
2. Match the individuals with the biographical information at the right. For example, if you think that Arthur Wellesley was convicted of sedition, enter a “1” next to his name under “Match”. (1 point each).
Individual Match Biographical Information
(1) Anti-establishment politician; and advocate of religious Arthur Wellesley 3, 10 tolerance.
Charles Fox 1 (2) Convicted of sedition in abstentia.
Charles Grey 7 (3) Leading opponent of Reform.
George Combe 4 (4) Leading proponent of phrenology
(5) Nonconformist clergyman; fled to America following de- Edmund Burke 8 struction of his home & meeting houses by Anglican rioters.
Hardy, Tooke 9 (6) Organizer of the Birmingham Political Union. and Thelwell
(7) Prime minister from 1830-34 and leading supporter of the Joseph Priestley 5 Reform Act of 1832.
(8) Defender of the American Revolution, he p ublished an Thomas Atwood 6 influential pamphlet condemning the French Revolution, which he analogized to the overthrow of Charles I.
Thomas Paine 2 (9) Tried for treason in 1794 and acquitted.
__ __ (10) Victor at Waterloo.
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Part III. Answer the following questions regarding the diagram below (10 points).
1. Label boxes A-D with one of the following numbers. For example, if you believe box A corresponds to “Abolition of indentured servitude and slavery”, write a “1” next to the box. (2 pts. Each) 1) Abolition of indentured servitude and slavery. 2) Electoral reform. 3) High food prices. 4) Poor Laws 5) Price supports for grain. 6) Radical activism. 7) Social inequality. 8) Women’s suffrage.
2. Label the empty box on the left. (2 pts.) [Lecture V, 29]
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Part IV. Answer three (3) of the following questions (10 points each). Only the first three answers will be graded.
1. (a) Laplace’s nebular hypothesis was initially well received because it accounted for the fact that
the planets all move in the plane of the ecliptic. [In-class discussion RE Lecture V, 6]
(b) and the fact that
they move in the same direction. [In-class discussion RE Lecture V, 6]
(c) It was later questioned because
______
______
some of the objects originally thought to be clouds of hot gas turned out to be com- posed of stars when viewed with more powerful telescopes. [Lecture V, 13 and in- class discussion] [In-class discussion RE Lecture V, 6].
2. Richard Owen united four distinct biological doctrines. Give two.
(1)
(2) (1) Geoffroyism (unity of type); (2) Cuvier’s embranchments (anatomy); (3) German transcendentalism / idealism; (4) Von Baerian embryology (embryology. [Lecture V, 70]
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______Last Name, First Name
3. According to Nicolas Rupke, Owen cultivated the Tory elite because
______
His museum ambitions required patronage [Lecture V, p.64]
4. In 1838, the London Working Men's Association, composed a six-point Charter “provid- ing for just representation of the people of Great Britain”. All but one of the six demands were eventually enacted into law. Which one was not?
Annual election of members of parliament. [Lecture V, 33]
5. What were the three waves of continental natural history that washed ashore in Britain during the first half of the 19th century?
1.
2.
3. Lamarckism; Unity of Type (aka Geoffroyism); German transcendentalism and von Baerian development. [Lecture V, 45, 60, 70]
6. Cuvier divided animals into four groups called embranchments. What were they?
(1) ______(2) ______
(2) ______(4) ______
Articulata, Mollusca, Radiata, Vertebrata [Lecture V, 60]
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