DOCSLIB.ORG

Sequential Sampling Models of the Flanker Task: Model Comparison and Parameter Validation

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Sequential Sampling Models of the Flanker Task: Model Comparison and Parameter Validation Sequential sampling models of the flanker task: Model comparison and parameter validation Dissertation Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Corey Nathan White, M. A. Graduate Program in Psychology The Ohio State University 2010 Dissertation Committee: Roger Ratcliff, Advisor Gail McKoon Simon Dennis Alex Petrov Copyright Corey Nathan White 2010 Abstract The present study tests sequential sampling models of processing in the flanker task. In a standard flanker task, participants must identify a central target that is flanked by items that indicate the same response (congruent) or the opposite response (incongruent). The standard finding is that incongruent flankers produce interference that primarily affects the early component of the decision process. The goal was to contrast different mechanisms of visual attention and to identify a simple processing model that can be used to augment analyses of this task. Several models were contrasted in their ability to account for flanker data from experiments that manipulated response bias, speed/accuracy tradeoffs, attentional focus, and stimulus configuration. Models that assume dynamic focusing of attention provided the best overall account of the behavioral data. Among the dynamic models, a spotlight model that assumes gradual narrowing of attention provided the best balance of fit and parsimony, though dual process models that assume discrete selection of the target also captured the main trends in the data when only standard congruent and incongruent conditions were used. Importantly, the ii experimental manipulations were reflected by the appropriate model parameters, supporting future use of these models to decompose behavioral data from the flanker task into meaningful psychological constructs. The results of this study also indicate that standard flanker experiments do not provide strong evidence for contrasting gradual versus discrete target selection, and consequently they do not provide strong evidence to support or refute theories of the underlying mechanisms of dynamic attention models. iii Dedication To Heather and our animals, for keeping me happy. iv Acknowledgments I would like to thank Roger and Gail for their support and guidance, my labmates for their assistance and their empathy, and Scott Brown for assistance with the Bayesian models. v Vita May 1982..................................................................................................Born in Missouri 2001.............................................................................................Winnetonka High School 2005..................................................................B.S. Psychology, Truman State University 2006..............................................................M.A. Psychology, The Ohio State University 2006-2008..........................................................Research Assistant, Ratcliff and McKoon Cognition and Language Lab 2007-2009.................................................Teaching Assistant, Department of Psychology, The Ohio State University Publications Vittengl, J. R., White, C. N., Mcgovern, R. J., Morton, B. J. (2006). Comparative validity of seven scoring systems for the Instrumental Activities of Daily Living scale in rural elders. Aging & Mental Health, 10, 33-39. Leite, F. P., Ratcliff, R., White, C. N. (2007). Individual differences on speeded cognitive tasks: Comment on Chen, Hale, and Myerson (2008). Psychonomic Bulletin and Review, 14, 1007-1009. White, C. N., Ratcliff, R., Vasey, M. W., McKoon, G. (2009). Dysphoria and memory for emotional material: A diffusion model analysis. Cognition & Emotion, 23, 181-205. White, C. N., Ratcliff, R., Vasey, M. W., McKoon, G. (2010). Anxiety enhances threat processing without competition among multiple inputs: A Diffusion model analysis. Emotion. in press. White, C. N., Ratcliff, R., Vasey, M. W., McKoon, G. (2010). Using diffusion models to understand clinical disorders. Journal of Mathematical Psychology, 54, 39-53. Field of Study Major Field: Psychology Area of Emphasis: Cognitive Modeling vi Table of Contents Abstract..............................................................................................................................ii Dedication.........................................................................................................................iv Acknowledgments..............................................................................................................v Vita....................................................................................................................................vi List of Tables..................................................................................................................viii List of Figures...................................................................................................................ix 1. Introduction....................................................................................................................1 2. Models of processing in the flanker task.......................................................................6 3. Model details................................................................................................................18 4. Experiments..................................................................................................................33 5. Discussion.....................................................................................................................70 References.........................................................................................................................83 Appendix A: Mathematical Details of the Diffusion Model ............................................88 Appendix B: Validation of Simulation Method.................................................................89 vii List of Tables Table 1: Behavioral data from Experiments 1 and 2........................................................36 Table 2: Best-fitting model parameters from Experiment 1.............................................40 Table 3: Best-fitting model parameters from Experiment 2.............................................47 Table 4: Behavioral data from Experiments 3 and 4........................................................53 Table 5: Best-fitting model parameters from Experiment 3.............................................54 Table 6: Best-fitting model parameters from Experiment 4.............................................58 Table 7: Behavioral data from Experiment 5....................................................................65 Table 8: Best-fitting model parameters from Experiment 5.............................................66 viii List of Figures Figure 1: Theoretical conditional accuracy function..........................................................5 Figure 2: Schematic of the standard diffusion model.......................................................14 Figure 3: Dynamic attention models.................................................................................24 Figure 4: Bayesian perceptual models..............................................................................29 Figure 5: Observed and predicted data from dynamic models in Experiment 1..............38 Figure 6: Observed and predicted data from perceptual models in Experiment 1...........41 Figure 7: Observed and predicted QPFs from Experiment 2...........................................46 Figure 8: Observed and predicted CAFs from Experiment 2...........................................48 Figure 9: Schematic of model behavior across response bias..........................................50 Figure 10: Observed and predicted QPFs from Experiment 3.........................................55 Figure 11: Observed and predicted CAFs from Experiment 3.........................................56 Figure 12: Observed and predicted QPFs from Experiment 4.........................................59 Figure 13: Observed and predicted CAFs from Experiment 4.........................................60 Figure 14: Conditions in Experiment 5.............................................................................63 ix Figure 15: Observed and predicted QPFs from Experiment 5..........................................67 Figure 16: Observed and predicted CAFs from Experiment 5.........................................68 Figure B1: Generated and recovered parameter values from the diffusion model...........89 x 1. Introduction The Eriksen flanker task has been extensively used to investigate the mechanisms underlying visual attention (Eriksen & Eriksen, 1974). In the standard task, participants must discriminate a single item (e.g., letter or arrow) that is surrounded, or flanked, by items that indicate the same or opposite response. For example, if participants had to decide whether the central arrow in a display faced right or left, a congruent trial would include flankers that faced the same direction as the central target (e.g., > > > > >), whereas an incongruent trial would include flankers that faced the opposite direction (e.g., < < > < <). The standard finding is that the incongruent flankers produce interference that leads to slower and less accurate responses compared to the congruent condition, known as the flanker congruency effect (FCE). The present study compares the ability of several response time (RT) models to account
Load more

Recommended publications
  • In the Flanker Task
    Individual differences in uncertainty tolerance are not associated with cognitive control functions in the flanker task Philipp Alexander Schroeder1,3, David Dignath2, and Markus Janczyk3 1 Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Tübingen 2 Department of Psychology, University of Freiburg 3 Department of Psychology, University of Tübingen ACCEPTED FOR PUBLICATION IN EXPERIMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY (23 FEB 18) UNCERTAINTY TOLERANCE & COGNTIVE CONTROL 2 Short title Uncertainty tolerance & cognitive control Correspondence Dipl.-Psych. Philipp A. Schroeder Dept. of Psychiatry & Psychotherapy, University of Tübingen Calwerstr. 14 72076 Tübingen Mail: philipp.schroeder@uni-tuebingen.de Tel.: +49 7071 29 80815 Fax.: +49 7071 29 5904 Sponsors Work of MJ is supported by the Institutional Strategy of the University of Tübingen (Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft [German Research Foundation], ZUK 63). Work of DD is supported by a grant within the Priority Program, SPP 1772 (Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft [German Research Foundation], DI 2126/1-1). Acknowledgments The authors thank Lea Johannsen for help with pseudo-randomization procedure in Exp.2. Word count 4929 words Number of figures 5 Number of tables 1 URL to raw data publication https://osf.io/fmqu8/?view_only=398c1e5b4b4743f7af309a7ffca52660 UNCERTAINTY TOLERANCE & COGNTIVE CONTROL 3 Abstract Cognitive control refers to the ability to make correct decisions concurrent to distracting information, and to adapt to conflicting stimulus configurations, eventually promoting goal-directed behavior. Previous research has linked individual differences in cognitive control to psychopathological conditions such as anxiety. However, a link with uncertainty tolerance (UT) has not been tested so far, although both constructs describe cognitive and behavioral performance in ambiguous situations, thus they share some similarities.
    [Show full text]
  • Evidence from the Eriksen Flanker Task and the Spatial Conflict Task
    2007 • volume 3 • no 3 • 389-396 Advances in Cognitive Psychology Conditional accuracy in response interference tasks: Evidence from the Eriksen flanker task and the spatial conflict task John F. Stins1,2, J. C. Tinca Polderman1, Dorret I. Boomsma1, and Eco J. C. de Geus1 1 Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, the Netherlands 2 Research Institute MOVE, Faculty of Human Movement Sciences,VU University, Amsterdam, the Netherlands Received xx.xx.2007 Accepted xx.xx.2007 Keywords response interference, sequential analysis, accuracy, Simon task, flanker ABSTRACT CAFs revealed that in both tasks congruency and sequential trial effects on accuracy are found only Two well-known response interference tasks are in trials with fast responses (< 600 ms). Sequen- the Eriksen flanker task and the spatial conflict tial trial effects on accuracy were weaker for the task. The tasks are logically equivalent, and com- flanker task than for the spatial conflict task. In parable effects of current and previous stimu- very fast trials (< 400 ms) response activation by lus type (congruent or incongruent) have been distracting flankers led to below-chance perform- shown with regard to reaction time (RT). Here, ance in the flanker task, but response activation we investigated whether interference and se- by incongruent spatial location did not lead to quential trial effects also had comparable effects below-chance performance in the spatial conflict on accuracy. We specifically tested whether these task. The pattern of results hints at subtle dif- effects interacted with the speed of responding ferences in processing architecture between the using conditional accuracy functions (CAFs). The tasks.
    [Show full text]
  • Haloperidol Impairs Learning and Error-Related Negativity in Humans
    Haloperidol Impairs Learning and Error-related Negativity in Humans Patrick J. Zirnheld, Christine A. Carroll, Paul D. Kieffaber, Brian F. O’Donnell, Anantha Shekhar, and William P. Hetrick Abstract & Humans are able to monitor their actions for behavioral Performance Task, the Eriksen Flanker Task, and a learning- conflicts and performance errors. Growing evidence suggests dependent Time Estimation Task. Haloperidol significantly that the error-related negativity (ERN) of the event-related attenuated ERN amplitudes recorded during the flanker task, cortical brain potential (ERP) may index the functioning of impaired learning of time intervals, and tended to cause this response monitoring system and that the ERN may de- more errors of commission, compared to placebo, which pend on dopaminergic mechanisms. We examined the role did not significantly differ from diphenhydramine. Drugs of dopamine in ERN and behavioral indices of learning by had no significant effects on the stimulus-locked P1 and N2 administering either 3 mg of the dopamine antagonist (DA) ERPs or on behavioral response latencies, but tended to af- haloperidol (n = 17); 25 mg of diphenhydramine (n = 16), fect post-error reaction time (RT) latencies in opposite ways which has a similar CNS profile but without DA proper- (haloperidol decreased and diphenhydramine increased ties; or placebo (n = 18) in a randomized, double-blind RTs). These findings support the hypothesis that the DA manner to healthy volunteers. Three hours after drug ad- system is involved in learning and the generation of the ministration, participants performed a go/no-go Continuous ERN. & INTRODUCTION subjects need to have learned a representation of the Humans are able to monitor their actions for behavioral goal behavior for this negativity to be observed conflicts and performance errors, and then modify (Holroyd & Coles, 2002; Dehaene et al., 1994).
    [Show full text]
  • Flanker Paradigm Contains Conflict and Distraction Factors with Distinct Neural Mechanisms: an ERP Analysis in a 2-1 Mapping Task
    Cognitive Neurodynamics (2019) 13:341–356 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11571-019-09529-w (0123456789().,-volV)(0123456789().,-volV) RESEARCH ARTICLE Flanker paradigm contains conflict and distraction factors with distinct neural mechanisms: an ERP analysis in a 2-1 mapping task 1 1 1 2 Shu Zhou • Shenglan Xiong • Wenwen Cheng • You Wang Received: 1 March 2018 / Revised: 25 February 2019 / Accepted: 18 March 2019 / Published online: 22 March 2019 Ó Springer Nature B.V. 2019 Abstract Behavioral studies using the flanker 2-1 mapping task suggest that both stimulus and response conflicts contribute to flanker conflict effect. However, both are intertwined with distraction effect. Their underlying neural mechanisms remain unclear. We applied a perceptual flanker 2-1 mapping task to 24 healthy young adults, while the event-related potentials were recorded. The task included stimulus-incongruent (SI), response-incongruent (RI), congruent (CO) and neutral (NE) stimuli. Our reaction time data demonstrated conflict effect, distraction effect and their interaction. Furthermore, the conflict factor successively enhanced the frontal P2 (160–240 ms), the posterior N2pc (200–240 ms), the fronto-central and the right frontal N2b (240–420 ms), and the posterior N2c (320–420 ms). Only the frontal P2 was larger for RI than SI. The distraction factor increased the right N2pc and reduced the left parietal P3b (460–480 ms). Overall, our findings suggested that the flanker conflict involved an early attentional processing of task-relevant and distractive information, and a later processing of conflict evaluation and response inhibition. Keywords Cognitive control Á Flanker conflict Á Distraction Á 2-1 mapping Á Event-related potentials (ERP) Á Statistical parametric mapping (SPM) Introduction task (Simon and Rudell 1967), and Eriksen flanker task (Eriksen and Eriksen 1974).
    [Show full text]
  • Running Head: NEURAL CORRELATES of ATTENTIONAL CONTROL THEORY 1
    Running head: NEURAL CORRELATES OF ATTENTIONAL CONTROL THEORY 1 NEURAL CORRELATES OF ATTENTIONAL CONTROL THEORY IN HIGH TRAIT ANXIOUS INDIVIDUALS A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE MASTER OF ARTS IN CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY BY RICHARD T. WARD DR. STEPHANIE SIMON-DACK – ADVISOR BALL STATE UNIVERSITY MUNCIE, INDIANA JULY 2017 NEURAL CORRELATES OF ATTENTIONAL CONTROL THEORY 2 Neural Correlates of Attentional Control Theory in High Trait Anxious Individuals Trait anxiety, as defined by Spielberger (1966), involves the experience of excessive worry, nervousness, and apprehension for a prolonged period of time. Individuals displaying maladaptive high levels of trait anxiety have demonstrated a variety of impairments across multiple cognitive domains including working memory. Attentional Control Theory provides an explanation as to how maladaptive high trait anxiety can impact working memory through the impairment of central executive functions (Eysenck & Derakshan, 2011), and a number of behavioral investigations have provided evidence in support of this theory (Eysenck, Paynea, & Derakshan., 2005; Derakshan & Eysenck, 2009; Ansari & Derakshan, 2010; Johnson, 2009; Ansari, Derakshan, & Richards, 2008; Murray & Jannell, 2003). However there is currently a lack in understanding of the underlying neural processes that give rise to Attentional Control Theory’s components. Therefore, the goal of the current study was to investigate the underlying neural correlates of the tenets of Attentional Control Theory. By understanding the neural mechanisms of maladaptive high trait anxiety, we gain a greater knowledge of the underlying processes of trait anxiety, and how it impacts the neural mechanisms involved with central executive functions. Trait Anxiety Spielberger (1966) defined trait anxiety as a personality trait, in which individuals high it are more prone to experience intense feelings of apprehension, tension, and excessive worry for a prolonged duration.
    [Show full text]
  • Why Robust Cognitive Tasks Do Not Produce Reliable Individual Differences
    Behav Res DOI 10.3758/s13428-017-0935-1 The reliability paradox: Why robust cognitive tasks do not produce reliable individual differences Craig Hedge1 & Georgina Powell1 & Petroc Sumner1 # The Author(s) 2017. This article is an open access publication Abstract Individual differences in cognitive paradigms are such reliability estimates into account has the potential to qual- increasingly employed to relate cognition to brain structure, itatively change theoretical conclusions. The implications of chemistry, and function. However, such efforts are often un- our findings are that well-established approaches in experimen- fruitful, even with the most well established tasks. Here we tal psychology and neuropsychology may not directly translate offer an explanation for failures in the application of robust to the study of individual differences in brain structure, chem- cognitive paradigms to the study of individual differences. istry, and function, and alternative metrics may be required. Experimental effects become well established – and thus those – tasks become popular when between-subject variability is Keywords Reliability . Individual differences . Reaction low. However, low between-subject variability causes low re- time . Difference scores . Response control liability for individual differences, destroying replicable corre- lations with other factors and potentially undermining pub- lished conclusions drawn from correlational relationships. Though these statistical issues have a long history in psychol- ogy, they are widely overlooked in cognitive psychology and Individual differences have been an annoyance rather neuroscience today. In three studies, we assessed test-retest than a challenge to the experimenter. His goal is to reliability of seven classic tasks: Eriksen Flanker, Stroop, control behavior, and variation within treatments is stop-signal, go/no-go, Posner cueing, Navon, and Spatial- proof that he has not succeeded… For reasons both Numerical Association of Response Code (SNARC).
    [Show full text]
  • Parsing the Flanker Task to Reveal Behavioral and Oscillatory
    www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Parsing the Flanker task to reveal behavioral and oscillatory correlates of unattended confict Received: 21 March 2019 Accepted: 10 September 2019 interference Published: xx xx xxxx Marcella Brunetti1,2, Filippo Zappasodi1,2, Pierpaolo Croce1 & Rosalia Di Matteo1 Stimulus-Response confict is generated by an overlap between stimulus and response dimensions, but the intrinsic nature of this interaction is not yet deeply clarifed. In this study, using a modifed Eriksen fanker task, we have investigated how fankers have to be incongruent to target in order to produce an interference and whether and how this interference interacts with the one produced by Stimulus features overlap. To these aims, an Eriksen-like task employing oriented hands\arrows has been designed to distinguish between two types of Stimulus-Response (S-R) interferences: one derived by a short-term association and one based on automatic processes. Stimulus-Stimulus (S-S) confict has been also included in the same factorial design. Behavioral, Event Related Potential (ERP) and oscillatory activity data have been measured. Results revealed distinct S-S and automatic S-R efects on behavioral performance. ERP and Theta band power modulation results suggested an early frontal S-S confict processing followed by a posterior simultaneous S-S and automatic S-R confict processing. These fndings provide evidence that, in presence of diferent conficts, the sequence of stimulus identifcation and response selection could not move forward in a linear serial direction, but it may involve further efort, mirrored in posterior late components and response time prolongation. In the last three decades, several studies have been conducted into the frame of cognitive control to investigate the dynamic of confict monitoring.
    [Show full text]
  • Early Modulation of Sensory Distractor Processing Induced by Late Response Conflict
    It’s the Other Way Around! Early Modulation of Sensory Distractor Processing Induced by Late Response Conflict Bernhard Pastötter and Christian Frings Abstract ■ Understanding the neural processes that maintain goal- ization effect in (both evoked and induced) theta power (3–6Hz) directed behavior is a major challenge for the study of attentional that was more pronounced in incompatible than compatible control. Although much of the previous work on the issue has trials. The sensory lateralization effect preceded in time a mid- focused on prefrontal brain areas, little is known about the frontal conflict effect that was indexed by an increase of (induced) contribution of sensory brain processes to the regulation of atten- theta power (6–9 Hz) in incompatible compared with compatible tional control. The present EEG study examined brain oscillatory trials. The findings indicate an early modulation of sensory dis- activities invoked in the processing of response conflict in a later- tractor processing induced by response conflict. Theoretical im- alized Eriksen single-flanker task, in which target letters were plications of the findings, in particular with respect to the theory presented at fixation and single distractor letters were presented of event coding and theories relating to stimulus–response bind- either left or right to the targets. Distractors were response ing [Henson, R. N., Eckstein, D., Waszak, F., Frings, C., & Horner, compatible, response incompatible, or neutral in relation to the A. Stimulus-response bindings in priming. Trends in Cognitive responses associated with the targets. The behavioral results Sciences, 18, 376–384, 2014; Hommel, B., Müsseler, J., Aschersleben, showed that responses to targets in incompatible trials were G., & Prinz, W.
    [Show full text]
  • The Effect of Mindfulness Meditation on Affect and Attention an Empirical Study
    The Effect of Mindfulness Meditation on Affect and Attention An Empirical Study Bachelor Degree Project in Cognitive Neuroscience Basic level 22.5 ECTS Spring term 2019 Jonathan Bryde Supervisor: Kristoffer Ekman Examiner: Antti Revonsuo Running Head: MINDFULNESS MEDITATION 2 Abstract In daily life there are numerous experiences and events that divert people's attention and cause stress, which may be linked with aspects of ill-being and lowered well-being. Mindfulness meditation may alleviate such issues. Mindfulness can be summarized as a form of awareness and attention in the present that is characterized by an open-minded and non-judgemental perspective, and meditation as a group of practices that engage many of the same processes and may involve mindfulness. There is evidence that both mindfulness and mindfulness meditation are associated with activity in brain regions relating to, for example, attention, emotion-regulation, and bodily awareness. Consequently, mindfulness meditation was hypothesized in the present study to improve attention as measured by the Attention Network Test, and decrease negative affect as measured by the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule when compared to a control condition. The mindfulness meditation instructions employed were largely based on the work of Kabat-Zinn (1982). 14 participants were recruited to the study, and 7 of them completed the experiment. 3 participants were randomized to the experimental group, and 4 to the control group. Results were largely contrary to the hypotheses, with only executive attention having statistical significance (p < .05) and supporting one hypothesis. Although effect sizes were on average large for the variables of the study, the small sample size may have limited the power and increased the risk for type-II errors.
    [Show full text]
  • Abstract Book 2013.Indd
    JOURNAL OF PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY SUPPLEMENT TO VOLUME 27, ISSUE 8, AUGUST 2013 These papers were presented at the Summer Meeting of the BRITISH ASSOCIATION FOR PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY 28 – 31 July, Harrogate, UK Indemnity The scientific material presented at this meeting reflects the opinions of the contributing authors and speakers. The British Association for Psychopharmacology accepts no responsibility for the contents of the verbal or any published proceedings of this meeting. All contributors completed a Declaration of Interests form when submitting their abstract BAP Office 36 Cambridge Place Hills Road Cambridge CB2 1NS bap.org.uk Aii CONTENTS Abstract Book 2013 Abstracts begin on page: SYMPOSIUM 1 The neurobiology of social behaviour: pharmacological manipulation and A1 recent advances in therapy (S01-S04) SYMPOSIUM 2 Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and synaptic plasticity as a drug A2 target for cognitive dysfunction in CNS disorders (S05-S08) SYMPOSIUM 3 Experimental medicine approaches in developing new treatments for anxiety A3 disorders (S09-S12) SYMPOSIUM 4 Imaging dopamine in the living brain (S13-S16) A5 SYMPOSIUM 5 Computational psychopharmacology (S17-S20) A6 SYMPOSIUM 6 Alzheimer’s disease early detection and early effective treatment (S21-S24) A7 SYMPOSIUM 7 Can psychological constructs make good drug targets? The example of salience A9 dysregulation in schizophrenia (S25-S28) SYMPOSIUM 8 Novel innovation in monitoring symptoms and treatments for schizophrenia and A10 bipolar disorder (S29-S32) SYMPOSIUM 9 The impact
    [Show full text]
  • Event-Rate Effects in the Flanker Task: Erps and Task Performance in Children with and Without AD/HD Stuart J
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Research Online University of Wollongong Research Online Faculty of Social Sciences - Papers Faculty of Social Sciences 2013 Event-rate effects in the flanker task: ERPs and task performance in children with and without AD/HD Stuart J. Johnstone University of Wollongong, sjohnsto@uow.edu.au Daniel Galletta University of Wollongong Publication Details Johnstone, S. J. & Galletta, D. (2013). Event-rate effects in the flanker task: ERPs and task performance in children with and without AD/HD. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 87 (3), 340-348. Research Online is the open access institutional repository for the University of Wollongong. For further information contact the UOW Library: research-pubs@uow.edu.au Event-rate effects in the flanker task: ERPs and task performance in children with and without AD/HD Abstract Demanding tasks require a greater amount of effort, in which case individuals are required to alter their energetic-state to a level appropriate to perform the task. According to the Cognitive-Energetic Model (CEM), children with AD/HD are unable to effectively modulate their energetic state, leading to task underperformance. Using an Eriksen flanker task with varying event-rates, the current study compared the ability of typically-developing children and children with AD/HD to modulate their energetic state. In line with the CEM, it was predicted that children with AD/HD would underperform in the fast and slow event- rates. Results indicated that the groups did not differ in commission errors (i.e., incorrect responses).
    [Show full text]
  • Advances in Scientific Meditation and Stress Coping
    Advances in Scientific Meditation and Stress Coping 1 12th Biyani International Conference (BICON-17) ISBN: 978-93-83462-94-0 Advances in Scientific Meditation and Stress Coping Copyright 2017 All rights reserved. Copyright of this proceeding belongs to the BICMPL Reprint Permission: No part of this proceeding may be reproduced or transmitted in any form without the prior written permission of the Editor. Abstracting or indexing of papers in this proceeding is permitted with credit to the source. Instructors are permitted to photocopy isolated articles for educational classroom use. For other forms of copying, reprint, or replication permission, write to the BICON at acad@biyanicolleges.org, c/o R-4, Sector-3, Vidhyadhar Nagar, Jaipur-302039, Rajasthan (India) ISBN: 978-93-83462-94-0 Copies of this proceeding are available for purchase. Please contact BICON at acad@biyanicolleges.org, c/o R-4, Sector-3, Vidhyadhar Nagar, Jaipur-302039, Rajasthan (India) for ordering information. Published by Biyani Institute of Commerce & Management Pvt. Ltd. Jaipur (India) All papers of the present proceeding were peer reviewed by no less than two independent reviewers. Acceptance was granted when both reviewers's recommendation were positive. Editors : • Dr. Manish Biyani • Dr. Priyanka Dadupanthi • Dr. Abhishek Sharma • Dr. Bhoopendra Kumar Verma Reviewers: • Dr. Priyanka Dadupanthi • Dr. Abhishek Sharma • Dr. Sunita Rao • Dr. Bhoopendra Kumar Verma Designed by: Mr. Nilesh Sharma Mr. Vijay Singh Rajawat 2 12th Biyani International Conference (BICON-17) ISBN: 978-93-83462-94-0 Advances in Scientific Meditation and Stress Coping Welcome to BICON-2017 and Pink City Jaipur, India! This year we are celebrating the 12th annual conference event of the India-Japan Bilateral conference series at Biyani Girls College, Jaipur.
    [Show full text]