Gabaergic Modulation of Response Inhibition and Interference Control
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In the Flanker Task
Individual differences in uncertainty tolerance are not associated with cognitive control functions in the flanker task Philipp Alexander Schroeder1,3, David Dignath2, and Markus Janczyk3 1 Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Tübingen 2 Department of Psychology, University of Freiburg 3 Department of Psychology, University of Tübingen ACCEPTED FOR PUBLICATION IN EXPERIMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY (23 FEB 18) UNCERTAINTY TOLERANCE & COGNTIVE CONTROL 2 Short title Uncertainty tolerance & cognitive control Correspondence Dipl.-Psych. Philipp A. Schroeder Dept. of Psychiatry & Psychotherapy, University of Tübingen Calwerstr. 14 72076 Tübingen Mail: [email protected] Tel.: +49 7071 29 80815 Fax.: +49 7071 29 5904 Sponsors Work of MJ is supported by the Institutional Strategy of the University of Tübingen (Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft [German Research Foundation], ZUK 63). Work of DD is supported by a grant within the Priority Program, SPP 1772 (Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft [German Research Foundation], DI 2126/1-1). Acknowledgments The authors thank Lea Johannsen for help with pseudo-randomization procedure in Exp.2. Word count 4929 words Number of figures 5 Number of tables 1 URL to raw data publication https://osf.io/fmqu8/?view_only=398c1e5b4b4743f7af309a7ffca52660 UNCERTAINTY TOLERANCE & COGNTIVE CONTROL 3 Abstract Cognitive control refers to the ability to make correct decisions concurrent to distracting information, and to adapt to conflicting stimulus configurations, eventually promoting goal-directed behavior. Previous research has linked individual differences in cognitive control to psychopathological conditions such as anxiety. However, a link with uncertainty tolerance (UT) has not been tested so far, although both constructs describe cognitive and behavioral performance in ambiguous situations, thus they share some similarities. -
Electrophysiological Studies of Cognitive Reappraisal Success and Failure in Amci
brain sciences Article Electrophysiological Studies of Cognitive Reappraisal Success and Failure in aMCI Shasha Xiao 1, Yingjie Li 1,*, Meng Liu 2 and Yunxia Li 2,* 1 School of Communication and Information Engineering, Shanghai Institute for Advanced Communication and Data Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China; [email protected] 2 Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] (Y.L.); [email protected] (Y.L.) Abstract: Background: Although successful reappraisal relies on cognitive resources, how cogni- tive impairment affects brain processes related to cognitive reappraisal is not yet clear. Methods: Forty-four amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI) subjects and 72 healthy elderly controls (HECs) were divided into the MCI-Failure (n = 23), MCI-Success (n = 21), HEC-Failure (n = 26), and HEC-Success (n = 46) groups according to changes in self-reported affect using reappraisal. All participants viewed 30 negative and 30 neutral images preceded by straightforward descriptions of these images and 30 negative images preceded by more neutral descriptions. Results: Reappraisal failure was found to be more common in people with MCI. Reappraisal failure is associated with altered neurophysiological indices of negative-reappraisal stimuli processing that are reflected in smaller theta responsivity to negative-reappraisal stimuli between 350–550 ms. The MCI-Success group showed enhanced LPP for negative-reappraisal stimuli from 1200 to 3500 ms, reflecting com- pensatory effort to complete the reappraisal task, while subjects in other groups showed reduced LPP for negative-reappraisal stimuli from 550 to 1200 ms. Conclusions: These findings deepen Citation: Xiao, S.; Li, Y.; Liu, M.; Li, Y. -
Evidence from the Eriksen Flanker Task and the Spatial Conflict Task
2007 • volume 3 • no 3 • 389-396 Advances in Cognitive Psychology Conditional accuracy in response interference tasks: Evidence from the Eriksen flanker task and the spatial conflict task John F. Stins1,2, J. C. Tinca Polderman1, Dorret I. Boomsma1, and Eco J. C. de Geus1 1 Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, the Netherlands 2 Research Institute MOVE, Faculty of Human Movement Sciences,VU University, Amsterdam, the Netherlands Received xx.xx.2007 Accepted xx.xx.2007 Keywords response interference, sequential analysis, accuracy, Simon task, flanker ABSTRACT CAFs revealed that in both tasks congruency and sequential trial effects on accuracy are found only Two well-known response interference tasks are in trials with fast responses (< 600 ms). Sequen- the Eriksen flanker task and the spatial conflict tial trial effects on accuracy were weaker for the task. The tasks are logically equivalent, and com- flanker task than for the spatial conflict task. In parable effects of current and previous stimu- very fast trials (< 400 ms) response activation by lus type (congruent or incongruent) have been distracting flankers led to below-chance perform- shown with regard to reaction time (RT). Here, ance in the flanker task, but response activation we investigated whether interference and se- by incongruent spatial location did not lead to quential trial effects also had comparable effects below-chance performance in the spatial conflict on accuracy. We specifically tested whether these task. The pattern of results hints at subtle dif- effects interacted with the speed of responding ferences in processing architecture between the using conditional accuracy functions (CAFs). The tasks. -
Haloperidol Impairs Learning and Error-Related Negativity in Humans
Haloperidol Impairs Learning and Error-related Negativity in Humans Patrick J. Zirnheld, Christine A. Carroll, Paul D. Kieffaber, Brian F. O’Donnell, Anantha Shekhar, and William P. Hetrick Abstract & Humans are able to monitor their actions for behavioral Performance Task, the Eriksen Flanker Task, and a learning- conflicts and performance errors. Growing evidence suggests dependent Time Estimation Task. Haloperidol significantly that the error-related negativity (ERN) of the event-related attenuated ERN amplitudes recorded during the flanker task, cortical brain potential (ERP) may index the functioning of impaired learning of time intervals, and tended to cause this response monitoring system and that the ERN may de- more errors of commission, compared to placebo, which pend on dopaminergic mechanisms. We examined the role did not significantly differ from diphenhydramine. Drugs of dopamine in ERN and behavioral indices of learning by had no significant effects on the stimulus-locked P1 and N2 administering either 3 mg of the dopamine antagonist (DA) ERPs or on behavioral response latencies, but tended to af- haloperidol (n = 17); 25 mg of diphenhydramine (n = 16), fect post-error reaction time (RT) latencies in opposite ways which has a similar CNS profile but without DA proper- (haloperidol decreased and diphenhydramine increased ties; or placebo (n = 18) in a randomized, double-blind RTs). These findings support the hypothesis that the DA manner to healthy volunteers. Three hours after drug ad- system is involved in learning and the generation of the ministration, participants performed a go/no-go Continuous ERN. & INTRODUCTION subjects need to have learned a representation of the Humans are able to monitor their actions for behavioral goal behavior for this negativity to be observed conflicts and performance errors, and then modify (Holroyd & Coles, 2002; Dehaene et al., 1994). -
Primary and Secondary Prevention Interventions for Cognitive Decline
2016 Primary and secondary prevention interventions for cognitive decline and dementia Overview of reviews Published by The Norwegian Institute of Public Health Section for evidence summaries in the Knowledge Centre Title Primary and secondary prevention interventions for cognitive decline and dementia Norwegian title Primær‐ og sekundærforebyggende tiltak for kognitiv svikt og demens Responsible Camilla Stoltenberg, direktør Authors Gerd M Flodgren, project leader, researcher, the Knowledge Centre Rigmor C Berg, Head of Unit, for Social Welfare Research at the Knowledge Centre ISBN 978‐82‐8082‐745‐6 Projectnumber 798 Type of publication Overview of reviews No of pages 69 (110 inklusiv vedlegg) Client Nasjonalforeningen for folkehelsen MeSH terms Alzheimer’s disease, dementia, cognition, cognitive impairment, cognitive disorders, memory complaints, primary prevention, secondary prevention Citation Flodgren GM, Berg RC. Primary and secondary prevention interventions for cognitive decline and dementia. [Primær‐ og sekundærforebyggende tiltak for kognitiv svikt og demens] Rapport −2016. Oslo: Folkehelseinstituttet, 2016. 2 Table of contents Table of contents TABLE OF CONTENTS 3 KEY MESSAGES 5 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 6 Background 6 Objectives 6 Methods 6 Results 6 Discussion 8 Conclusions 8 HOVEDFUNN (NORSK) 9 SAMMENDRAG (NORSK) 10 Bakgrunn 10 Problemstillinger 10 Metoder 10 Resultat 10 Diskusjon 12 Konklusjon 12 PREFACE 13 OBJECTIVES 15 BACKGROUND 16 Description of the condition 16 How the interventions may work 18 Why is it important to do this -
Flanker Paradigm Contains Conflict and Distraction Factors with Distinct Neural Mechanisms: an ERP Analysis in a 2-1 Mapping Task
Cognitive Neurodynamics (2019) 13:341–356 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11571-019-09529-w (0123456789().,-volV)(0123456789().,-volV) RESEARCH ARTICLE Flanker paradigm contains conflict and distraction factors with distinct neural mechanisms: an ERP analysis in a 2-1 mapping task 1 1 1 2 Shu Zhou • Shenglan Xiong • Wenwen Cheng • You Wang Received: 1 March 2018 / Revised: 25 February 2019 / Accepted: 18 March 2019 / Published online: 22 March 2019 Ó Springer Nature B.V. 2019 Abstract Behavioral studies using the flanker 2-1 mapping task suggest that both stimulus and response conflicts contribute to flanker conflict effect. However, both are intertwined with distraction effect. Their underlying neural mechanisms remain unclear. We applied a perceptual flanker 2-1 mapping task to 24 healthy young adults, while the event-related potentials were recorded. The task included stimulus-incongruent (SI), response-incongruent (RI), congruent (CO) and neutral (NE) stimuli. Our reaction time data demonstrated conflict effect, distraction effect and their interaction. Furthermore, the conflict factor successively enhanced the frontal P2 (160–240 ms), the posterior N2pc (200–240 ms), the fronto-central and the right frontal N2b (240–420 ms), and the posterior N2c (320–420 ms). Only the frontal P2 was larger for RI than SI. The distraction factor increased the right N2pc and reduced the left parietal P3b (460–480 ms). Overall, our findings suggested that the flanker conflict involved an early attentional processing of task-relevant and distractive information, and a later processing of conflict evaluation and response inhibition. Keywords Cognitive control Á Flanker conflict Á Distraction Á 2-1 mapping Á Event-related potentials (ERP) Á Statistical parametric mapping (SPM) Introduction task (Simon and Rudell 1967), and Eriksen flanker task (Eriksen and Eriksen 1974). -
Running Head: NEURAL CORRELATES of ATTENTIONAL CONTROL THEORY 1
Running head: NEURAL CORRELATES OF ATTENTIONAL CONTROL THEORY 1 NEURAL CORRELATES OF ATTENTIONAL CONTROL THEORY IN HIGH TRAIT ANXIOUS INDIVIDUALS A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE MASTER OF ARTS IN CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY BY RICHARD T. WARD DR. STEPHANIE SIMON-DACK – ADVISOR BALL STATE UNIVERSITY MUNCIE, INDIANA JULY 2017 NEURAL CORRELATES OF ATTENTIONAL CONTROL THEORY 2 Neural Correlates of Attentional Control Theory in High Trait Anxious Individuals Trait anxiety, as defined by Spielberger (1966), involves the experience of excessive worry, nervousness, and apprehension for a prolonged period of time. Individuals displaying maladaptive high levels of trait anxiety have demonstrated a variety of impairments across multiple cognitive domains including working memory. Attentional Control Theory provides an explanation as to how maladaptive high trait anxiety can impact working memory through the impairment of central executive functions (Eysenck & Derakshan, 2011), and a number of behavioral investigations have provided evidence in support of this theory (Eysenck, Paynea, & Derakshan., 2005; Derakshan & Eysenck, 2009; Ansari & Derakshan, 2010; Johnson, 2009; Ansari, Derakshan, & Richards, 2008; Murray & Jannell, 2003). However there is currently a lack in understanding of the underlying neural processes that give rise to Attentional Control Theory’s components. Therefore, the goal of the current study was to investigate the underlying neural correlates of the tenets of Attentional Control Theory. By understanding the neural mechanisms of maladaptive high trait anxiety, we gain a greater knowledge of the underlying processes of trait anxiety, and how it impacts the neural mechanisms involved with central executive functions. Trait Anxiety Spielberger (1966) defined trait anxiety as a personality trait, in which individuals high it are more prone to experience intense feelings of apprehension, tension, and excessive worry for a prolonged duration. -
Executive Functioning and Clinical Variables in Patients with Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
brain sciences Article Executive Functioning and Clinical Variables in Patients with Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Inmaculada Concepción Martínez-Esparza 1, Pablo J. Olivares-Olivares 1 , Ángel Rosa-Alcázar 2 , Ana I. Rosa-Alcázar 1,* and Eric A. Storch 3 1 Department of Personality, Assessment & Psychological Treatment, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain; [email protected] (I.C.M.-E.); [email protected] (P.J.O.-O.) 2 Department of Psychology, Catholic University of Murcia, 30107 Murcia, Spain; [email protected] 3 Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +34-868-883-444; Fax: +34-868-884-111 Abstract: Background: Cognitive flexibility, response inhibition, and working memory are considered the main mechanisms responsible for executive control. This study examined differences in cognitive flexibility, inhibition, and working memory in patients with obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD) relative to a control group. Method: A total of 62 obsessive-compulsive participants (OCD = 32; healthy control = 32) aged between 17 and 56 years old (M = 33.16, SD = 9.23) were administered the computerized Wisconsin Card Sorting Test, Stroop Color–Word Test, Go/No-Go Task, Digit Test, and Corsi Block Test. Clinician-rated and self-reported obsessive–compulsive symptom severity, and anxiety, depression, and obsessive beliefs were evaluated. Results: The control group performed bet- ter than the OCD group in tasks involving cognitive flexibility, inhibition, and visuospatial working Citation: Martínez-Esparza, I.C.; memory. Anxiety and obsessive beliefs influenced the participants’ performance on inhibition and Olivares-Olivares, P.J.; Rosa-Alcázar, Á.; Rosa-Alcázar, A.I.; Storch, E.A. -
Redalyc.Early Development of Executive Functions: a Differential
Anales de Psicología ISSN: 0212-9728 [email protected] Universidad de Murcia España Sastre-Riba, Sylvia; Fonseca-Pedrero, Eduardo; Poch-Olivé, Ma. Luisa Early development of executive functions: A differential study Anales de Psicología, vol. 31, núm. 2, mayo, 2015, pp. 607-614 Universidad de Murcia Murcia, España Available in: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=16738685024 How to cite Complete issue Scientific Information System More information about this article Network of Scientific Journals from Latin America, the Caribbean, Spain and Portugal Journal's homepage in redalyc.org Non-profit academic project, developed under the open access initiative anales de psicología, 2015, vol. 31, nº 2 (mayo), 607-614 © Copyright 2015: Servicio de Publicaciones de la Universidad de Murcia. Murcia (España) http://dx.doi.org/10.6018/analesps.31.2.180711 ISSN edición impresa: 0212-9728. ISSN edición web (http://revistas.um.es/analesps): 1695-2294 Early development of executive functions: A differential study Sylvia Sastre-Riba1*, Eduardo Fonseca-Pedrero1 and Mª Luisa Poch-Olivé2 1 Department of Educational Sciences. University of La Rioja, Spain 2 Hospital San Pedro (La Rioja, Spain) Título: Desarrollo temprano de las funciones ejecutivas: un estudio dife- Abstract: The ontogeny of executive functions is essential in explaining rencial. differential and normative developmental trends. Executive functions must Resumen: La ontogénesis de las funciones ejecutivas es esencial para ex- be studied from an early age given their consequential effects on mental plicar el desarrollo típico y atípico. Las funciones ejecutivas deben ser estu- flexibility, monitoring information, planning, and cognitive control. We diadas desde edades tempranas debido a sus consecuencias sobre la flexibi- propose a differential study in alternative developmental courses through lidad mental, la monitorización de la información, la planificación y el con- observing typical babies, Down syndrome babies, and babies with risk- trol cognitivo. -
Sequential Sampling Models of the Flanker Task: Model Comparison and Parameter Validation
Sequential sampling models of the flanker task: Model comparison and parameter validation Dissertation Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Corey Nathan White, M. A. Graduate Program in Psychology The Ohio State University 2010 Dissertation Committee: Roger Ratcliff, Advisor Gail McKoon Simon Dennis Alex Petrov Copyright Corey Nathan White 2010 Abstract The present study tests sequential sampling models of processing in the flanker task. In a standard flanker task, participants must identify a central target that is flanked by items that indicate the same response (congruent) or the opposite response (incongruent). The standard finding is that incongruent flankers produce interference that primarily affects the early component of the decision process. The goal was to contrast different mechanisms of visual attention and to identify a simple processing model that can be used to augment analyses of this task. Several models were contrasted in their ability to account for flanker data from experiments that manipulated response bias, speed/accuracy tradeoffs, attentional focus, and stimulus configuration. Models that assume dynamic focusing of attention provided the best overall account of the behavioral data. Among the dynamic models, a spotlight model that assumes gradual narrowing of attention provided the best balance of fit and parsimony, though dual process models that assume discrete selection of the target also captured the main trends in the data when only standard congruent and incongruent conditions were used. Importantly, the ii experimental manipulations were reflected by the appropriate model parameters, supporting future use of these models to decompose behavioral data from the flanker task into meaningful psychological constructs. -
And Large-Scale Synchronization in Cognitive Control and Inhibition: a Review
Research Collection Review Article Patterns of Focal- and Large-Scale Synchronization in Cognitive Control and Inhibition: A Review Author(s): Beppi, Carolina; Violante, Ines R.; Hampshire, Adam; Grossman, Nir; Sandrone, Stefano Publication Date: 2020-06 Permanent Link: https://doi.org/10.3929/ethz-b-000426886 Originally published in: Frontiers in Human Neuroscience 14, http://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2020.00196 Rights / License: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International This page was generated automatically upon download from the ETH Zurich Research Collection. For more information please consult the Terms of use. ETH Library MINI REVIEW published: 25 June 2020 doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2020.00196 Patterns of Focal- and Large-Scale Synchronization in Cognitive Control and Inhibition: A Review Carolina Beppi 1,2*, Ines R. Violante 3,4, Adam Hampshire 3, Nir Grossman 5 and Stefano Sandrone 3 1Neuroscience Center Zürich (ZNZ), University of Zürich (UZH) and Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zürich (ETH), Zurich, Switzerland, 2Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zürich, University of Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland, 3Computational, Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience Laboratory (C3NL), Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom, 4School of Psychology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom, 5Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom Neural synchronization patterns are involved in several complex cognitive functions and constitute a growing trend in neuroscience research. While synchrony patterns in working memory have been extensively discussed, a complete understanding of Edited by: their role in cognitive control and inhibition is still elusive. Here, we provide an up-to- Seiki Konishi, Juntendo University, Japan date review on synchronization patterns underlying behavioral inhibition, extrapolating Reviewed by: common grounds, and dissociating features with other inhibitory functions. -
Attention Deficits in Chronic Methamphetamine Users As a Potential Target for Enhancing Treatment Efficacy
Basic and Clinical Summer 2012, Volume 3, Number 4 Attention Deficits in Chronic Methamphetamine Users as a Potential Target for Enhancing Treatment Efficacy Zahra Alam Mehrjerdi 1, Alireza Noroozi 2, Alasdair M. Barr 3, Hamed Ekhtiari 4,5* 1. Iranian National Center for Addiction Studies (INCAS), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. 2. School of Advanced Medical Technologies (SAMT), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. 3. Department of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology & Therapeutics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada. 4. Neurocognitive Laboratory, Iranian National Center for Addiction Studies (INCAS), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. 5. Translational Neuroscience Program, Institute for Cognitive Sciences Studies (ICSS), Tehran, Iran. Article info: A B S T R A C T Received: 19 May 2012 First Revision: 26 June 2012 Methamphetamine (MA) is a potent, addictive psychostimulant that has dramatic Accepted: 10 July 2012 effects on the central nervous system (CNS). The onset of methamphetamine use has been linked to heightened attention, and chronic methamphetamine use has been associated with deficits in different aspects of attention that can significantly persist into abstinence. Attention deficits in chronic methamphetamine users may be associated with severity of methamphetamine use, craving, relapse, and as a result, poor treatment outcomes. This review summarizes evidence that the continuity of attention deficits, especially during abstinence, should be considered as a potential target during methamphetamine use treatment. Implementing Key Words: attention rehabilitation techniques during treatment may enhance motivation Methamphetamine, for treatment in chronic methamphetamine users, and may facilitate treatment Attention Deficits, adherence, craving control and promote relapse prevention. This issue has Abstinence, important clinical implications for enhancing treatment efficacy and as a result, Treatment Efficacy.