S100A4 (Human) Recombinant Protein (P01)

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S100A4 (Human) Recombinant Protein (P01)

S100A4 (Human) Recombinant range of cells, and involved in the regulation of a number Protein (P01) of cellular processes such as cell cycle progression and differentiation. S100 genes include at least 13 members Catalog Number: H00006275-P01 which are located as a cluster on chromosome 1q21. This protein may function in motility, invasion, and Regulation Status: For research use only (RUO) tubulin polymerization. Chromosomal rearrangements and altered expression of this gene have been Product Description: Human S100A4 full-length ORF ( implicated in tumor metastasis. Multiple alternatively AAH16300, 1 a.a. - 101 a.a.) recombinant protein with spliced variants, encoding the same protein, have been GST-tag at N-terminal. identified. [provided by RefSeq] Sequence: References: MACPLEKALDVMVSTFHKYSGKEGDKFKLNKSELKEL 1. Overexpression of S100A4 in human cancer cell lines LTRELPSFLGKRTDEAAFQKLMSNLDSNRDNEVDFQE resistant to methotrexate. Mencia N, Selga E, Rico I, de YCVFLSCIAMMCDEFFEGFPDKQPRKK Almagro MC, Villalobos X, Ramirez S, Adan J, Hernandez JL, Noe V, Ciudad CJ. BMC Cancer. 2010 Host: Wheat Germ (in vitro) Jun 1;10:250. 2. Relaxin Enhances S100A4 and Promotes Growth of Theoretical MW (kDa): 36.85 Human Thyroid Carcinoma Cell Xenografts. Radestock Y, Willing C, Kehlen A, Hoang-Vu C, Hombach-Klonisch Applications: AP, Array, ELISA, WB-Re S. Mol Cancer Res. 2010 Mar 23. [Epub ahead of print] (See our web site product page for detailed applications information) Protocols: See our web site at http://www.abnova.com/support/protocols.asp or product page for detailed protocols Preparation Method: in vitro wheat germ expression system Purification: Glutathione Sepharose 4 Fast Flow Storage Buffer: 50 mM Tris-HCI, 10 mM reduced Glutathione, pH=8.0 in the elution buffer. Storage Instruction: Store at -80°C. Aliquot to avoid repeated freezing and thawing. Entrez GeneID: 6275 Gene Symbol: S100A4 Gene Alias: 18A2, 42A, CAPL, FSP1, MTS1, P9KA, PEL98 Gene Summary: The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the S100 family of proteins containing 2 EF-hand calcium-binding motifs. S100 proteins are localized in the cytoplasm and/or nucleus of a wide Page 1/1 Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org).

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Human S100A4 (P9ka) Induces the Metastatic Phenotype Upon Benign Tumour Cells
Oncogene (1998) 17, 465 ± 473 1998 Stockton Press All rights reserved 0950 ± 9232/98 $12.00 http://www.stockton-press.co.uk/onc Human S100A4 (p9Ka) induces the metastatic phenotype upon benign tumour cells Bryony H Lloyd, Angela Platt-Higgins, Philip S Rudland and Roger Barraclough School of Biological Sciences, University of Liverpool, PO Box 147, Liverpool, L69 7ZB, UK The rodent S100-related calcium-binding protein, strengthened by the observation that transgenic mice, S100A4 induces metastasis in non-metastatic rat and expressing elevated levels of S100A4 (p9Ka) from 17 mouse benign mammary cells and co-operates with additional, position-independent rat S100A4 trans- benign-tumour-inducing changes in two transgenic mouse genes, fail to show any detectable phenotype (Davies, models, to yield metastatic mammary tumours. Co- 1993). When these mice are mated with transgenic mice transfection of the human gene for S100A4 with containing additional copies of the activated rodent c- pSV2neo into the benign rat mammary cell line, Rama erbB-2 oncogene, neu, under the control of the MMTV 37, yielded cells which expressed a low level of the LTR (Bouchard et al., 1989), ospring inheriting the endogenous S100A4 mRNA, and either high or neu oncogene suer sporadic mammary tumours after undetectable levels of human S100A4 mRNA. The cells 12 ± 14 months of repeated mating. In contrast which expressed a high level of human S100A4 mRNA ospring inheriting both neu and S100A4 transgenes induced metastasis in the benign rat mammary cell line show an elevated incidence of primary tumours, and, in Rama 37 in an in vivo assay, whereas the cells which addition, metastases in the lungs which account for up expressed an undetectable level of human S100A4 did to 24% of the total lung area (Davies et al., 1996).
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Absence of S100A4 in the Mouse Lens Induces an Aberrant Retina-Specific Differentiation Program and Cataract
www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Absence of S100A4 in the mouse lens induces an aberrant retina‑specifc diferentiation program and cataract Rupalatha Maddala1*, Junyuan Gao2, Richard T. Mathias2, Tylor R. Lewis1, Vadim Y. Arshavsky1,3, Adriana Levine4, Jonathan M. Backer4,5, Anne R. Bresnick4 & Ponugoti V. Rao1,3* S100A4, a member of the S100 family of multifunctional calcium‑binding proteins, participates in several physiological and pathological processes. In this study, we demonstrate that S100A4 expression is robustly induced in diferentiating fber cells of the ocular lens and that S100A4 (−/−) knockout mice develop late‑onset cortical cataracts. Transcriptome profling of lenses from S100A4 (−/−) mice revealed a robust increase in the expression of multiple photoreceptor‑ and Müller glia‑specifc genes, as well as the olfactory sensory neuron‑specifc gene, S100A5. This aberrant transcriptional profle is characterized by corresponding increases in the levels of proteins encoded by the aberrantly upregulated genes. Ingenuity pathway network and curated pathway analyses of diferentially expressed genes in S100A4 (−/−) lenses identifed Crx and Nrl transcription factors as the most signifcant upstream regulators, and revealed that many of the upregulated genes possess promoters containing a high‑density of CpG islands bearing trimethylation marks at histone H3K27 and/or H3K4, respectively. In support of this fnding, we further documented that S100A4 (−/−) knockout lenses have altered levels of trimethylated H3K27 and H3K4. Taken together,
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S100A4 Purified Maxpab Mouse Polyclonal Antibody (B03P)
S100A4 purified MaxPab mouse polyclonal antibody (B03P) Catalog # : H00006275-B03P 規格 : [ 50 ug ] List All Specification Application Image Product Mouse polyclonal antibody raised against a full-length human S100A4 Western Blot (Transfected lysate) Description: protein. Immunogen: S100A4 (NP_002952.1, 1 a.a. ~ 101 a.a) full-length human protein. Sequence: MACPLEKALDVMVSTFHKYSGKEGDKFKLNKSELKELLTRELPSFLGKR TDEAAFQKLMSNLDSNRDNEVDFQEYCVFLSCIAMMCNEFFEGFPDKQ PRKK enlarge Host: Mouse Reactivity: Human Quality Control Antibody reactive against mammalian transfected lysate. Testing: Storage Buffer: In 1x PBS, pH 7.4 Storage Store at -20°C or lower. Aliquot to avoid repeated freezing and thawing. Instruction: MSDS: Download Datasheet: Download Applications Western Blot (Transfected lysate) Western Blot analysis of S100A4 expression in transfected 293T cell line (H00006275-T05) by S100A4 MaxPab polyclonal antibody. Lane 1: S100A4 transfected lysate(11.70 KDa). Lane 2: Non-transfected lysate. Protocol Download Gene Information Entrez GeneID: 6275 Page 1 of 2 2016/5/21 GeneBank NM_002961.2 Accession#: Protein NP_002952.1 Accession#: Gene Name: S100A4 Gene Alias: 18A2,42A,CAPL,FSP1,MTS1,P9KA,PEL98 Gene S100 calcium binding protein A4 Description: Omim ID: 114210 Gene Ontology: Hyperlink Gene Summary: The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the S100 family of proteins containing 2 EF-hand calcium-binding motifs. S100 proteins are localized in the cytoplasm and/or nucleus of a wide range of cells, and involved in the regulation of a number of cellular processes such as cell cycle progression and differentiation. S100 genes include at least 13 members which are located as a cluster on chromosome 1q21. This protein may function in motility, invasion, and tubulin polymerization.
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Inhibits the Migration of Prostate Cancer Through Reducing S100A4, S100A2, and S100P Expression
5429 Original Article Knockdown of ferritin heavy chain (FTH) inhibits the migration of prostate cancer through reducing S100A4, S100A2, and S100P expression Cuixiu Lu1, Huijun Zhao2, Chenshuo Luo3, Ting Lei4, Man Zhang5,6,7^ 1Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Peking University Ninth School of Clinical Medicine, Beijing, China; 2Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; 3Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Peking University Ninth School of Clinical Medicine, Beijing, China; 4Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; 5Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Peking University Ninth School of Clinical Medicine, Beijing, China; 6Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; 7Beijing Key Laboratory of Urinary Cellular Molecular Diagnostics, Beijing, China Contributions: (I) Conception and design: C Lu, C Luo; (II) Administrative support: M Zhang; (III) Provision of study materials or patients: C Lu, T Lei; (IV) Collection and assembly of data: C Lu, H Zhao; (V) Data analysis and interpretation: All authors; (VI) Manuscript writing: All authors; (VII) Final approval of manuscript: All authors. Correspondence to: Man Zhang. Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Peking University Ninth School of Clinical Medicine, Beijing 100038, China. Email: [email protected]. Background: Ferritin plays a key role in the development of prostate cancer (PCa). Our earlier studies showed that the knockdown of ferritin heavy chain (FTH) suppressed the migration and invasion of the prostate cancer cell line (PC3). However, the mechanisms behind FTH in the cell migration regulation of PCa have not been thoroughly investigated. Methods: Isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation (iTRAQ) proteomics was used to analyze the protein expression in PC3 cells with FTH knockdown by small interfering RNAs and negative control cells.
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Human S100A4 Peptide (DAG-P1957) This Product Is for Research Use Only and Is Not Intended for Diagnostic Use
Human S100A4 peptide (DAG-P1957) This product is for research use only and is not intended for diagnostic use. PRODUCT INFORMATION Antigen Description The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the S100 family of proteins containing 2 EF- hand calcium-binding motifs. S100 proteins are localized in the cytoplasm and/or nucleus of a wide range of cells, and involved in the regulation of a number of cellular processes such as cell cycle progression and differentiation. S100 genes include at least 13 members which are located as a cluster on chromosome 1q21. This protein may function in motility, invasion, and tubulin polymerization. Chromosomal rearrangements and altered expression of this gene have been implicated in tumor metastasis. Multiple alternatively spliced variants, encoding the same protein, have been identified. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008] Specificity Ubiquitously expressed. Nature Synthetic Expression System N/A Conjugate Unconjugated Sequence Similarities Belongs to the S-100 family.Contains 2 EF-hand domains. Procedure None Format Liquid Preservative None Storage Shipped at 4°C. Upon delivery aliquot and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze / thaw cycles. Information available upon request. ANTIGEN GENE INFORMATION Gene Name S100A4 S100 calcium binding protein A4 [ Homo sapiens (human) ] Official Symbol S100A4 Synonyms S100A4; S100 calcium binding protein A4; 42A; 18A2; CAPL; FSP1; MTS1; P9KA; PEL98; protein S100-A4; protein Mts1; fibroblast-specific protein-1; placental calcium-binding protein; malignant
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CD29 Identifies IFN-Γ–Producing Human CD8+ T Cells with an Increased Cytotoxic Potential
+ CD29 identifies IFN-γ–producing human CD8 T cells with an increased cytotoxic potential Benoît P. Nicoleta,b, Aurélie Guislaina,b, Floris P. J. van Alphenc, Raquel Gomez-Eerlandd, Ton N. M. Schumacherd, Maartje van den Biggelaarc,e, and Monika C. Wolkersa,b,1 aDepartment of Hematopoiesis, Sanquin Research, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands; bLandsteiner Laboratory, Oncode Institute, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; cDepartment of Research Facilities, Sanquin Research, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands; dDivision of Molecular Oncology and Immunology, Oncode Institute, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands; and eDepartment of Molecular and Cellular Haemostasis, Sanquin Research, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands Edited by Anjana Rao, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA, and approved February 12, 2020 (received for review August 12, 2019) Cytotoxic CD8+ T cells can effectively kill target cells by producing therefore developed a protocol that allowed for efficient iso- cytokines, chemokines, and granzymes. Expression of these effector lation of RNA and protein from fluorescence-activated cell molecules is however highly divergent, and tools that identify and sorting (FACS)-sorted fixed T cells after intracellular cytokine + preselect CD8 T cells with a cytotoxic expression profile are lacking. staining. With this top-down approach, we performed an un- + Human CD8 T cells can be divided into IFN-γ– and IL-2–producing biased RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) and mass spectrometry cells. Unbiased transcriptomics and proteomics analysis on cytokine- γ– – + + (MS) analyses on IFN- and IL-2 producing primary human producing fixed CD8 T cells revealed that IL-2 cells produce helper + + + CD8 Tcells.
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S100A4 Inhibits Cell Proliferation by Interfering with the S100A1-RAGE V Domain
RESEARCH ARTICLE S100A4 inhibits cell proliferation by interfering with the S100A1-RAGE V domain 1 1 2,3 1 Md. Imran Khan , Tai Yuan , Ruey-Hwang Chou , Chin YuID * 1 National Tsing Hua University, Chemistry Department, Hsinchu, Taiwan, 2 Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences and Center for Molecular Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, 3 Department of Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan * [email protected] a1111111111 a1111111111 a1111111111 Abstract a1111111111 2+ a1111111111 The Ca -dependent human S100A4 (Mts1) protein is part of the S100 family. Here, we studied the interactions of S100A4 with S100A1 using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. We used the chemical shift perturbed residues from HSQC to model S100A4 and S100A1 complex with HADDOCK software. We observed that S100A1 and the RAGE V domain have an analogous binding area in S100A4. We discovered that S100A4 acts as OPEN ACCESS an antagonist among the RAGE V domain and S100A1, which inhibits tumorigenesis and Citation: Khan M.I, Yuan T, Chou R-H, Yu C (2019) cell proliferation. We used a WST-1 assay to examine the bioactivity of S100A1 and S100A4 inhibits cell proliferation by interfering with the S100A1-RAGE V domain. PLoS ONE 14(2): S100A4. This study could possibly be beneficial for evaluating new proteins for the treat- e0212299. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal. ment of diseases. pone.0212299 Editor: Eugene A. Permyakov, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, RUSSIAN FEDERATION Received: December 24, 2018 1. Introduction Accepted: January 30, 2019 The family of human S100 proteins are Ca2+-dependent, slightly acidic proteins including Published: February 19, 2019 more than 20 family members with molecular weights of 9−13 kDa in vertebrates [1].
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Distinct Subcellular Localization of Calcium Binding S100 Proteins in Human Smooth Muscle Cells and Their Relocation in Response to Rises in Intracellular Calcium
Journal of Cell Science 111, 2043-2054 (1998) 2043 Printed in Great Britain © The Company of Biologists Limited 1998 JCS3760 Distinct subcellular localization of calcium binding S100 proteins in human smooth muscle cells and their relocation in response to rises in intracellular calcium Anna Mandinova1, Dan Atar2, Beat W. Schäfer3, Martin Spiess1, Ueli Aebi1 and Claus W. Heizmann3,* 1Maurice E. Müller-Institute, Biocentrum, University of Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland 2Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital, 8032 Zürich, Switzerland 3Division of Clinical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Pediatrics, University of Zürich, 8032 Zürich, Switzerland *Author for correspondence (e-mail: [email protected]) Accepted 19 May; published on WWW 30 June 1998 SUMMARY Changes in cytosolic Ca2+ concentration control a wide associated with the sarcoplasmic reticulum and with actin range of cellular responses, and intracellular Ca2+-binding stress fibers. In contrast, S100A2 was located primarily in proteins are the key molecules to transduce Ca2+ signaling the cell nucleus. Using a sedimentation assay and via interactions with different types of target proteins. subsequent electron microscopy after negative staining, we Among these, S100 Ca2+-binding proteins, characterized by demonstrated that S100A1 directly interacts with a common structural motif, the EF-hand, have recently filamentous actin in a Ca2+-dependent manner. After attracted major interest due to their cell- and tissue-specific thapsigargin (1 µM) induced increase of the intracellular expression pattern and involvement in various pathological Ca2+ concentration, specific vesicular structures in the processes. The aim of our study was to identify the sarcoplasmic reticulum region of the cell were formed with subcellular localization of S100 proteins in vascular smooth high S100 protein content.
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Phenothiazines Inhibit S100A4 Function by Inducing Protein Oligomerization Vladimir N
Phenothiazines inhibit S100A4 function by inducing protein oligomerization Vladimir N. Malashkevicha, Natalya G. Dulyaninovaa, Udupi A. Ramagopala, Melissa A. Lirianob, Kristen M. Varneyb, David Knighta2, Michael Brenowitza, David J. Weberb, Steven C. Almoa, and Anne R. Bresnicka,1 aDepartment of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461; and bDepartment of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 108 North Greene Street, Baltimore, MD, 21201 Edited by Gregory A. Petsko, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA, and approved April 1, 2010 (received for review November 25, 2009) 2 S100A4, a member of the S100 family of Ca þ-binding proteins, rheumatoid arthritis, cardiac hypertrophy, and kidney fibrosis regulates carcinoma cell motility via interactions with myosin- (9 and 10). Given the contribution of S100A4 activity to a variety IIA. Numerous studies indicate that S100A4 is not simply a marker of human pathologies, it has received significant attention as a for metastatic disease, but rather has a direct role in metastatic pro- possible target for therapeutic intervention. gression. These observations suggest that S100A4 is an excellent The disruption of S100A4 binding to its protein targets target for therapeutic intervention. Using a unique biosensor- provides the most straightforward means for inhibiting S100A4 based assay, trifluoperazine (TFP) was identified as an inhibitor activity. S100A4, like other S100 family members, is reported 2 that disrupts the S100A4/myosin-IIA interaction. To examine the to have multiple Ca þ-dependent protein targets that include interaction of S100A4 with TFP, we determined the 2.3 Å crystal the cytoskeletal proteins nonmuscle myosin-IIA, tropomyosin, 2 structure of human Ca þ-S100A4 bound to TFP.
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S100 Calcium Binding Protein Family Members Associate with Poor Patient Outcome and Response to Proteasome Inhibition in Multiple Myeloma
fcell-09-723016 August 10, 2021 Time: 12:24 # 1 ORIGINAL RESEARCH published: 16 August 2021 doi: 10.3389/fcell.2021.723016 S100 Calcium Binding Protein Family Members Associate With Poor Patient Outcome and Response to Proteasome Inhibition in Multiple Myeloma Minxia Liu1†, Yinyin Wang2†, Juho J. Miettinen1, Romika Kumari1, Muntasir Mamun Majumder1, Ciara Tierney3,4, Despina Bazou3, Alun Parsons1, Edited by: Minna Suvela1, Juha Lievonen5, Raija Silvennoinen5, Pekka Anttila5, Paul Dowling4, Lawrence H. Boise, Peter O’Gorman3, Jing Tang2 and Caroline A. Heckman1* Emory University, United States Reviewed by: 1 Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland – FIMM, HiLIFE – Helsinki Institute of Life Science, iCAN Digital Cancer Medicine Paola Neri, Flagship, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland, 2 Research Program in Systems Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, University University of Calgary, Canada of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland, 3 Department of Hematology, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland, Linda B. Baughn, 4 Department of Biology, National University of Ireland, Maynooth, Ireland, 5 Department of Hematology, Helsinki University Mayo Clinic, United States Hospital Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland *Correspondence: Caroline A. Heckman Despite several new therapeutic options, multiple myeloma (MM) patients experience caroline.heckman@helsinki.fi multiple relapses and inevitably become refractory to treatment. Insights into drug †These authors have contributed equally to this work and share first resistance mechanisms may lead to the development of novel treatment strategies. authorship The S100 family is comprised of 21 calcium binding protein members with 17 S100 genes located in the 1q21 region, which is commonly amplified in MM. Dysregulated Specialty section: This article was submitted to expression of S100 family members is associated with tumor initiation, progression and Cell Death and Survival, inflammation.
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S100A4 Inhibits Cell Proliferation by Interfering with the RAGE V Domain-S100A1
bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/391136; this version posted August 13, 2018. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse allowed without permission. [Document title] S100A4 inhibits cell proliferation by interfering with the RAGE V domain-S100A1 M I Khan, T Yuan, R H Chou and C Yu Keywords: S100A1, RAGE V domain, S100A4, NMR spectroscopy, WST-1 assay, Cell proliferation Abstract The Ca2+-dependent human S100A4 (Mts1) protein is part of the S100 family, and the S100A1 protein is the target of S100A4. Here, we studied the interactions of S100A1 with S100A4 using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR; 700 MHz) spectroscopy. We used HADDOCK software to model S100A4 and S100A1, and we observed that S100A1 and the RAGE V domain have an analogous binding area in S100A4. We discovered that S100A4 acts as an antagonist among the RAGE V domain and S100A1, which inhibits tumorigenesis and cell proliferation. We used a WST-1 assay to examine the bioactivity of S100A1 and S100A4. This study could possibly be beneficial for evaluating new proteins for the treatment of cancer. 1 bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/391136; this version posted August 13, 2018. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse allowed without permission. [Document title] 1. Introduction The family of human S100 proteins are Ca2+-dependent, slightly acidic proteins comprising more than 20 family members with molecular weights of 9−13 kDa in vertebrates (1).
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Zimmer Cell Calcium 2013 Mammalian S100 Evolution.Pdf
Cell Calcium 53 (2013) 170–179 Contents lists available at SciVerse ScienceDirect Cell Calcium jo urnal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/ceca Evolution of the S100 family of calcium sensor proteins a,∗ b b,1 b Danna B. Zimmer , Jeannine O. Eubanks , Dhivya Ramakrishnan , Michael F. Criscitiello a Center for Biomolecular Therapeutics and Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 108 North Greene Street, Baltimore, MD 20102, United States b Comparative Immunogenetics Laboratory, Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-4467, United States a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t 2+ Article history: The S100s are a large group of Ca sensors found exclusively in vertebrates. Transcriptomic and genomic Received 4 October 2012 data from the major radiations of mammals were used to derive the evolution of the mammalian Received in revised form 1 November 2012 S100s genes. In human and mouse, S100s and S100 fused-type proteins are in a separate clade from Accepted 3 November 2012 2+ other Ca sensor proteins, indicating that an ancient bifurcation between these two gene lineages Available online 14 December 2012 has occurred. Furthermore, the ﬁve genomic loci containing S100 genes have remained largely intact during the past 165 million years since the shared ancestor of egg-laying and placental mammals. Keywords: Nonetheless, interesting births and deaths of S100 genes have occurred during mammalian evolution. Mammals The S100A7 loci exhibited the most plasticity and phylogenetic analyses clariﬁed relationships between Phylogenetic analyses the S100A7 proteins encoded in the various mammalian genomes.
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