THE COCHISE QUARTERLY Volume 7 Number Summer 1977 CONTENTS Heritage '76 3 J. Tovember 7 19 by Jeanne L. Graham A Publication of the Cochise County Historical and Archreological Society P. O. Box 818 Douglas, Arizona 85607 2 .I COCHISE COUNTY HISTORICAL and ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOCIETY P. O. Box 818 Douglas, Arizona 85607 OFFICERS President__.__ . _._. .. Miss Jeanne Graham, Douglas Vice President.. _.. ... _. __ . .___ Mr. Paul W. Knowles, Douglas Secretary.__ ..._",_",_,_, __ , . ..Mrs. Trudi Munda, Douglas Treasurer. .. _. .__ .. __ ._. .Mrs. S. T. Mellas, Douglas Directors. .. __ .. __ ... .. _.....__ .. __ ... __ Mrs. James Elliott, Douglas Mr. A. C. Verrill, Douglas Mr. Robert Smith, Ft. Huachuca Mr. John Kurdeka, Douglas Mrs. John Sticht, Bisbee Mr. Gene Anderson, Willcox Mrs. Clara Eder, Benson Mr. Royme Rouse, Douglas MEMBERSHIP Membership in the Cochise County Historical and Archaeologi- cal Society includes a subscription to the Cochise Quarterly, partici- pation in all business meetings of the society (including the annual meeting), field trips, planned programs, and after meeting certain requirements required by law) the right to engage in Archaeological activities of the society. MEMBERSHIP CATEGORIES IndividuaL $ 4.00 per year Family _..................... 5.00 per year Supporting.................................... 25.00 Contributing................................ 15.00 Sustaining Corp. or Co........... 100.00 Life IndividuaL........................ 100.00 Institutional Libraries, etc..... 10.00 per year Dues are paid in advance and are due for each calendar year by March 15th of that year. HERITAGE 76 Heritage is the contribution of t.he past to the present; the ac- cumulation of characteristic qualities and historical events which form our country. The chronology herein provides a comparison of American and Arizonan history emphasizing those incidents that demonstrate the uniqueness of our background. 3 J AMERICA CHRONOLOGY ARIZONA Lief Erickson - landed on the North American 1000 Cochise People - Prehistoric tribe settled ncar Continent. present-day Bisbee. Thorfinn Karsofni - Attempted to settle in the 1004 new world. 1100 Hohokam Indians - First canal builders; built over 200 miles of canals. 1200 Anasazi Indians - First "apartment" builders. Oraibi - The oldest cont,inually inhabited setUc- ment in the United States. 1250 Disappearance of Mogollon IndIans - Who had lived in this area since about 500 B.C. Greenland - Last verified record of Norse visits 1347 to America. Sinclair and Zeno Possible visit to Nova Scotia. 1398- Hohokam Indians - Leave the Salt and Gila River 1400 valleys Christopher Columbus-landed in the New World. 1492 Amerigo Vespucci - explored the New World. 1507 Martin Waldseemulle-Suggested the New World be called America. John Cabot - Discovered Hudson Bay. 1509 Juan Ponce DeLeon - Sighted Florida and ex- 1513 plored the area briefly. 1526 Don Jose de Basconales - crossed part of Arizona on a trip to the Zuni territory. Panfilo DeNarvaez - Sailed from Spain and land- 1528 ed near Tampa, Florida. Cabeza de Vaca - Expedition landed on west coast of Florida. Jacques Cartier - Ascended the St. Lawrence 1534 River. J AMERICA CHRONOLOGY ARIZONA 1536 Cabeza de Vaca - Crossed the southwest corner of Arizona from Texas into Mexico, with stories of the Seven Cities of Cibola. Estevan - A Black Morrocan slave became one of the first explorers of the southwest. Hernando de Soto - Left Cuba and explored much 1539 Marcos de Niza - A Franciscan friar sent into Ari- of southeastern North America. zona to investigate the stories of Cibola. 1540 Francisco Vasquez de Coronado - Led an expedi- tion into the Arizona region. Cardenas - One of Coronado's men and his detach- ment located the Grand Canyon. Alarcon - Reached the lower Colorado River by boat, used small boats to navigate the river as far as the mouth of the Gila River. Diaz - Made explorations of the lower Colorado area. Hernando de Soto - Crossed the Mississippi River 1541 Diaz - Died in the desert region southwest of Ajo. south of Memphis. Cabri1lo - Died in an unsuccessful attempt to ren- 1542 Coronado - Returned to Mexico City to report the dezvous with Coronado, thus postponing further failure of his mission. Spanish exploration. First European Settlement - 'St. Augustine, Flor- 1565 ida, September 8. 1581 Espejo and Faran - Led a party up the Rio Grande to Cibola (Zuni), New Mexico and across Arizona; they discovered silver and copper outcroppings in the Jerome area along the Bill Williams River, and down the Colorado. c.n J 0) AMERICA CHRONOLOGY ARIZONA 1582 Antonio de Espejo - Led an expedition which dis- covered silver deposits west of present-day Pres- cott. Sir Walter Raleigh - Shipped immigrants to Roa- ]583- Antonio de Espejo - Leads mining expedition noke Island. 1585 westward into Arizona. Virginia Dare - First English child born on the 1587 North American continent, August 18. 1599 Juan de Onate - Entered Arizona from the Rio Grande; followed almost the same route as Espejo. Jamestown, Virginia - First permanent English 1607 settlement founded, May 13. Hudson - Explored Canadian wilderness. 1609 Santa Fe - First permanent Spanish settlement in the American southwest. Pilgrims - Signed Mayflower Compact in Pro- 1620 Franciscan Missionaries - Entered northern Ari- vincetown Harbor November 11, and landed at zona, hoping to convert the Hopi. Plymouth, December 26. 1680 Pueblo Revolt - Hundreds of Spanish killed or driven out of New Mexico; the Hopis turned against the missionaries Witch hunts - Salem, Massachusetts. 1692 Father Kino - Began missionary work in the Santa Cruz and San Pedro Valleys. South Carolina - First introduction of rice. 1696 1697 Tumacacori Mission - Established. 1700 San Xavier del Bac Mission near Tucson - Found- ed by Father Kino. 1711 Death of Father Kino - Left Arizona neglected and almost forgotten by the Spanish government and missionaries for the next 25 years. J AMERICA CHRONOLOGY ARIZONA French Troops - Attacked an English fort in the 1751 Tubac - Establishment of a Presidio. Ohio Valley; captured five colonials. Pima Revolt - Pimas killed or drove out the Je- suit priests. 1752 Spanish Troops - Established Arizona's first white settlement, a fort at Tubac. French and Indian War - Began. 1756 George Grenville - While Prime Minister Parlia- 1763 ment began passing oppressive legislation against the American colonies. Treaty of Paris - Ends French and Indian War. Quartering Act - Required colonists to house 1765 British troops. Stamp Act - Passed by Parliament in spring. 1765 Stamp Act Congress - Held its first meeting in October. 1767 Royal Decree - Ordered all Jesuits out of Spanish dominions in both the Old World and the New. British Treaties - Ratified with the Cherokees, 1768 Father Francisco Garces - (Franciscan Priest) Creeks, and Iroquois to obtain more land. took charge at San Xavier del Bac, visited villages along the Gila and Colorado Rivers. Boston Massacre - Five wpre killed in a mob at- 1770 Garces - Explored most of southwestern Arizona. tack on British soldiers, March 5. Bost.on Tea Party - Sons of Liberty dressed as 1773 Negroes and Indians. First Continental Congress - All colonies sent 1774 Anza and Garces - Explored southern Arizona delegates except Georgia, September 5. along the Gila River. Garces - Followed the Colorado River on the California side and crossed northern Arizona into the Hopi Villages. J 00 AMERICA CIlIW)JOLOGY ARIZONA of Lexington and Concord - Beg<:!n the 1775 An l'rican Revolution, April 19. Decbration of Independence - Adopted July 4. 1776 Tucson - Established as a Spanish fort. ThorPilS Paine - Publishes Common Sense. Fathers Escalante and Dominguez expeditions Found a place to cross the Colorado River. Briti:-:h - Surrender at Yorktown. Virginia. 1781 Yuma Massacre - White colony nearly obliterated. Father Garces - Slain by the Indians. 1782 Mexican Military Forces - Conquered the Yuma Indians. Treatv of Paris - Ends the American Revolution 1783 Friars of San Xavier del Bac - Believed to have on September 3. laid foundation for present-day church. Virginia - Abolishes religious restrictions for 1786 Bernando de Galvez - Became viceory of "New elected officials. Spain." Constitutional Convention - Drafted the United 1787 States Constitution. Delaware - Became the first state to enter the Union on December 7. George Washinpton - Became the first President 1789 of the United States on April 30. Rhode Island - Thirteenth colony to become a 1790 Peace with Apaches - Lasted 32 years. state on May 29. Golden era of Pimeria Alta (upper Pima Land) marked by the expansion of mining and prosperity of ranching. Bill of Rights - The first ten amendments es- 1791 tablished the limits of the national government, as originally drafted. Eli Whitney - Invented the cotton gin. 1793 J AMERICA CHRONOLOGY ARIZONA John Adams - Became the second President of 1797 San Xavier Mission - Construction completed the United States. after 12-14 years of building. Alien and Sedition Acts - Placed restrictions and 1798 limitations on aliens. Eleventh Amendment - Judicial Power. Capital - Moved to Washington, D. C. 1800 Louisiana Purchase from France - Nearly doubled 1803 the size of the United States, for $15,000,000. Twelfth Amendment - Separate choices of Presi- 1804 dent and Vice President, limited the terms of Representatives. Lewis and Clark Expedition - Explored the Mis- 1804- Navajo Indians - Reduced to submission by the souri and Columbia Rivers to the Pacific Ocean. 1806 Spanish in