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III.1.2. the Cervical Lymph Nodes………………………………………..59 III.1.2.A.The Superficial Cervical Lymphocentre………………………59 III.1.2.A.1

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III.1.2. the Cervical Lymph Nodes………………………………………..59 III.1.2.A.The Superficial Cervical Lymphocentre………………………59 III.1.2.A.1 MORPHOLOGY AND MORPHOMETRY OF THE LYMPH NODES OF THE DROMEDARY (Camelus dromedarius) By Lemiaa Eissa Saeed B.V.Sc., 1996 A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Veterinary Science (M.V.Sc.) Supervisor: Professor Dafalla Ibrahim Osman Department of Anatomy Faculty of Veterinary Medicine University of Khartoum January 2004 1 DEDICATION To my Father, Eissa and Mother, Mona. To my Aunt, Ihsan. To late Grandfather , Abdel-Rahman With love 2 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First praise is to Almighty ALLA for giving me health and strength to carry out this work. I wish to express my deepest thanks, gratitude and indebtedness to my supervisor Professor Daffalla Ibrahim, for his supervision, guidance, suggestion and careful scrutiny in all aspects of this study. Sincere thanks are due to Dr. Ali Bashir Abdalla, Head of the Department of Anatomy for his advice and help during the course of this study. Special thanks to Mr. Alsadig Ismail for his help on the morphometric investigation. Deepest gratitude is expressed to Mr. Mahjoup Jaafar, Mr. Elamin Elsufi, Mr. Mohamed Zein El-Sharif, Mr. Zakaria saleh, Mr. Adel Faroug, Mr. Mortada Mahgoup, Mr. Ali Bashir and Miss Sara Abo-Algasim for their assistance during the period of my work. My thanks are also extended to the rest of the staff members of the Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Khartoum. I am also grateful to Mr. Seyed Yosif, Ahmed Defalla and Ali Ismail for their help in photography. I wish to extend my gratitude to my friends and colleagues Rogia, Rasha, Rasha, Eshtiag, Ikhlas, Ikhlas, Suheir, Naglaa, Huda, Nawal, Howida, Husham, Osama, Omer, and all my friends whom I did not mention, for their constant encouragement. My special gratitude and indebtedness are due to members of my family for their patience and understanding. 3 CONTENTS Acknowledgements.………………………………………………….…..……...i Contents.………………………………………………………………………...ii Introduction.…………………………………………………………….………1 Chapter One: Literature Review……………………………………………….3 I.1. Anatomical Study.……………………………………………………….3 I.1.1. The Lymph Nodes of the Head.…………………………….………..3 I.1.2. The Lymph Nodes of the Neck.…………………………….………..7 I.1.2.A. The Superficial Cervical Lymphocentre.…………………….…..7 I.1.2.B. The Deep Cervical Lymphocentre.………………………………8 I.1.3. Some Lymph Nodes of the Thorax…………………………………...9 I.1.3.A. The Dorsal Thoracic Lymphocentre.………………….………...9 I.1.3.B. The Mediastinal Lymphocentre.…………………………….….10 I.1.3.C. The Bronchial Lymphocentre.……………………….………...12 I.1.4. Some Lymphocentres and Nodes of the Abdominal and Pelvic Wall, Viscera and Hindlimb.…………………………..……...13 I.1.4.A. The Lumbar Lymphocentre.…………………………………...13 I.1.4.B. The Superficial Inguinal Lymphocentre…………………….….15 I.1.4.C. The Subiliac Lymph Nodes (Prefemoral)………………………15 I.1.4.D. The Tuberal Lymph Node…………………………………….16 I.1.4.E. The Gastric Lymph Nodes………………………………….…16 I.2. Histology………………………………………………………………..20 I.2.A. The Lymph Nodes………………………………………………….20 I.2.A.1. The Capsule and Trabeculae…………………………………...20 I.2.A.2. The Parenchyma……………………………………………....22 I.2.A.2.A. The Cortex…………………………………………….…24 I.2.A.2.A.I. The Outer Cortex…………………………………...24 I.2.A.2.A.II. The Inner Cortex…………………………………..28 4 I.2.A.2.B. The Medulla……………………………………………...29 I.2.A.3. Lymph Circulation………………………………………….…30 I.2.A.3.A. Afferent Lymphatic Vessels……………………………...30 I.2.A.3.B. The System of the Lymph Sinuses………………………..31 I.2.A.3.C. The Efferent Lymphatic Vessels…………………………34 I.2.A.4. The Blood Circulation…………………………………………34 I.2.B. The Haemolymph Nodes…………………………………………...37 I.2.C. The Haemal Nodes………………………………………………....39 I.3.Electron Microscopy………………………………………………………42 I.4.Morphometry………………………………………………………………48 Chapter Two: Materials and Methods………………………………………..49 II.1. Gross Anatomy………………………………………………………….49 II.1.1. Materials……………………………………………………………49 II.1.2. Methods…………………………………………………………....49 II.1.2.A. Topography…………………………………………………..49 II.1.2.B. Weight………………………………………………………...49 II.1.2.C. Gross Features and Measurements……………………………49 II.1.2.D. Arterial Branches of the Mammary Lymph Node.……………50 II.2. Histological Study………………………………………………………..50 II.3. Technique for the Transmission Electron Microscope…………………..52 II.4. Morphometric Study…………………………………………………….53 Chapter Three: Results………………………………………………………..55 III.1.Gross Anatomy………………………………………………………...55 III.1.1.The Lymph Nodes of the Head………………………………….…56 III.1.1.A. The Parotid Lymphocentre…………………………………..56 III.1.1.A.1. The Parotid Lymph Nodes………………………….…56 III.1.1.B. The Mandibular Lymphocentre……………………………...56 III.1.1.B.1. The Mandibular Lymph Nodes…………………………57 III.1.1.B.2. The Pterygoid Lymph Node……………………………57 III.1.1.C. The Retropharyngeal Lymphocentre…………………………58 III.1.1.C.1. The Medial Retropharyngeal Lymph Nodes…………….58 5 III.1.2. The Cervical Lymph Nodes………………………………………..59 III.1.2.A.The Superficial Cervical Lymphocentre………………………59 III.1.2.A.1. The Dorsal Superficial Cervical Lymph Nodes………….59 III.1.2.A.2. The Ventral Superficial Cervical Lymph nodes………….59 III.1.2.B. The Deep Cervical Lymphocentre……………………………60 III.1.2.B.1. The Cranial Deep Cervical Lymph Nodes………………60 III.1.2.B.2. The Middle Deep Cervical Lymph Nodes………………62 III.1.2.B.3. The Caudal Deep Cervical Lymph Nodes………………63 III.1.3. Some Lymphocentres and Lymph Nodes of The Thorax…………64 III.1.3.A. The Intercostal Nodes……………………………………...64 III.1.3.B. The Thoracic Aorta Nodes…………………………………64 III.1.3.C. The Mediastinal Lymphocentre………………………….….64 III.1.3.C.1. The Cranial Mediastinal Lymph Nodes…………….….64 III.1.3.C.2. The Middle Mediastinal Lymph Nodes…………….….65 III.1.3.C.3. The Caudal Mediastinal Lymph Nodes…………….…..65 III.1.3.D. The Bronchial Lymphocentre………………………………66 III.1.3.D.1. The Right Tracheobronchial Lymph Node……………66 III.1.3.D.2. The Left Tracheobronchial Lymph Node……………..66 III.1.3.D.3. The Dorsal Tracheobronchial Lymph Node…………..67 III.1.4. Some Lymphocentres and Nodes of the Abdominal and Pelvic Wall, Viscera and Hindlimb………………………………...67 III.1.4.A. The Lumbar Lymphocentre……………………………….…67 III.1.4.A.1. The Lumbar Aortic Lymph Nodes………………….…..67 III.1.4.A.2. The Renal Lymph Nodes.………………………………67 III.1.4.B.The Superficial Inguinal Lymphocentre……………………….68 III.1.4.B.1.The Scrotal Lymph Node………………………………..68 III.1.4.B.2.The Mammary Lymph Nodes…………………………...68 III.1.4.C.The Subiliac Lymph Nodes (Prefemoral)………………….….70 III.1.4.D. The Tuberal Lymph Nodes………………………………….70 III.1.4.E. The Gastric Lymph Nodes………………………………….70 III.1.4.E.1. The Atrial Lymph Nodes………………………………70 6 III.1.4.E.2. The Right Ruminal Lymph Nodes……………………..70 III.1.4.E.3. The Left Ruminal Lymph Nodes………………………71 III.1.4.E.4. The Cranial Ruminal Lymph Nodes……………………71 III.1.4.E.5. The Reticular Lymph Nodes…………………………...71 III.1.4.E.6. The Omasal Lymph Nodes……………………………72 III.1.4.E.7. The Abomasal Lymph Nodes……………………….…72 III.2. Histology……………………………………………………………...73 III.2.I. The Lymph Nodes………………………………………………...73 III.2.I.1. The Capsule…………………………………………………..73 III.2.I.2. The Trabeculae……………………………………………….75 III.2.I.3. The Parenchyma……………………………………………...75 III.2.I.3.A. The Cortex……………………………………………...75 III.2.I.3.A.1. The Lymph Nodules…………………………….…75 III.2.I.3.A.1.A. The Primary Lymph Nodules...…….…….…..76 III.2.I.3.A.1.B. The Secondary Lymph Nodules………..….…76 III.2.I.3.A.2. The Diffuse Lymphoid Tissue……………………..77 III.2.I.3.B. The Medulla…………………………………………….78 III.2.I.4. The Lymph Circulation…………………………………….…79 III.2.I.4.A. The Afferent Lymphatic Vessels………………………...79 III.2.I.4.B. The Sinus System.……………………………………….79 III.2.I.4.C. The Efferent Lymphatic Vessels………………………...81 III.2.I.5. The Circumscribed Areas……………………………………..81 III.2.I.6. The Vascularization…………………………………………..82 III.2.II. The Haemal Nodes……………………………………………….84 III.3. Electron Microscopy…………………………………………………86 III.4. Morphometry…………………………………………………………93 Chapter Four: Discussion…………………………………………………....100 IV.1. Gross Anatomy………………………………………………………100 IV.1.1. The Lymph Nodes of the Head…………………………………..100 IV.1.2. The Cervical Lymph Nodes………………………………………102 IV.1.3. Some Lymphocentres and Lymph Nodes of The Thorax………...103 7 IV.1.4. Some Lymphocentres and Nodes of the Abdominal and Pelvic Wall, Viscera and Hindlimb…………………………...104 IV.2. Histology…………………………………………………………….107 IV.2.I. The Lymph and Haemolymph Nodes………………………….…107 IV.2.I.1. The Capsule and Trabeculae…………………………………108 IV.2.I.2. The Parenchyma…………………………………………….109 IV.2.I.3. The Lymph Circulation……………………………………...111 IV.2.I.4. The Vascularization………………………………………….115 IV.2.II. The Haemal Nodes………………………………………………116 IV.2.II.A. Gross Anatomy………………………………………….…116 IV.2.II.B. Histology…………………………………………………...116 IV.3. Electron Microscopy………………………………………………...119 IV.4. Morphometry………………………………………………………...122 Conclusions…………………………………………………………………..124 Summary……………………………………………………………………...125 Arabic Summary……………………………………………………………...129 References…………………………………………………………………….132 Legends of Figures…………………………………………………………...147 8 9 INTRODUCTION The habitat of the dromedary is Northern Africa, and the near East and West Central Asia (Wilson, 1984). Sudan is one of the most important countries in Africa regarding rearing and export of livestock. The most recent animal census estimated camel population in Sudan to be about 3 million. The dromedary population in Sudan ranks second to that of Somalia worldwide (AOAD, 2001). The dromedary camel (Camelus dromedarius) is uniquely adapted to hot and arid environment. It produces milk, meat, wool, hair and hides and is used for riding, as an animal of burden and as a draft animal for agriculture and short distance transport (Schwartz and Dioli, 1992). Camels comprise about 6% of the number of animals used for the production of milk and meat in the Sudan. It’s meat constitutes about 9% of the national annual meat consumption. Trading in camels brings in about 25% of the national revenue of animal international trade (Haroon, 1991). The camel is an important component of the desert ecosystem .The ability of the camel to withstand adverse conditions is attributed to it’s adaptive physiological mechanisms aided by an array of supporting morphological features and behavioural attitudes (CRC, 2002).
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