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Fiber Optic Sensors for Infrastructure Applications

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Fiber Optic Sensors for Infrastructure Applications FIBER OPTIC SENSORS FOR INFRASTRUCTURE APPLICATIONS Final Report SPR 374 Oregon Department of Transportation FIBER OPTIC SENSORS FOR INFRASTRUCTURE APPLICATIONS Final Report SPR 374 by Eric Udd, Whitten Schulz and John Seim Blue Road Research, 2555 NE 205th Avenue, Fairview, Oregon 97024 and John Corones Optical Technologies Development & Research Company and H. Martin Laylor Oregon Department of Transportation, Salem, Oregon 97310 for Oregon Department of Transportation, Research Unit 2950 State Street, Salem, Oregon 97310 and Federal Highway Administration 400 Seventh Street S.W., Washington D.C. 20590 February 1998 Technical Report Documentation Page 1. Report No. 2. Government Accession No. 3. Recipient’s Catalog No. FHWA-OR-RD-98-18 4. Title and Subtitle 5. Report Date Fiber Optic Sensors for Infrastructure Applications February 1998 6. Performing Organization Code 7. Author(s) 8. Performing Organization Report No. Eric Udd, Whitten Schulz and John Seim, from Blue Road Research; John Corones, from Optical Technologies & Research Company; H. Martin Laylor, from Oregon Department of Transportation 9. Performing Organization Name and Address 10. Work Unit No. (TRAIS) Blue Road Research Optical Technologies Oregon Department 2555 NE 205th Avenue and Development & and of Transportation Fairview, Oregon 97024 Research Company 11. Contract or Grant No. 12. Sponsoring Agency Name and Address 13. Type of Report and Period Covered Oregon Department of Transportation Federal Highway Administration Final Report Research Unit and 400 Seventh Street S.W. 2950 State Street Washington D.C. 20590 Salem, Oregon 97310 14. Sponsoring Agency Code 15. Supplementary Notes 16. Abstract Fiber optic sensor technology offers the possibility of implementing "nervous systems" for infrastructure elements that allow high performance, cost effective health and damage assessment systems to be achieved. This is possible, largely due to synergistic developments in the fiber optic telecommunication and optoelectronics fields, where industries with multi-billion dollar research and development budgets exist. Now, essential components are becoming available with prices and performance that are improving dramatically on an annual basis. This report is an introduction to fiber optics, fiber optic sensor technology and some of the applications that make this field, which is still in its early infancy, one of the most promising new developments in infrastructure systems. 17. Key Words 18. Distribution Statement Fiber Optic Sensors Oregon Department of Transportation, Research Unit 19. Security Classif. (of this report) 20. Security Classif. (of this page) 20. No. of Pages 22. Price Unclassified Unclassified 125 Technical Report Form DOT F 1700.7 (8-72) Reproduction of completed page authorized i SI* (MODERN METRIC) CONVERSION FACTORS APPROXIMATE CONVERSIONS TO SI UNITS APPROXIMATE CONVERSIONS FROM SI UNITS Symbol When You Know Multiply By To Find Symbol Symbol When You Know Multiply By To Find Symbol LENGTH LENGTH in inches 25.4 Millimeters Mm Mm millimeters 0.039 inches in ft feet 0.305 Meters M M meters 3.28 feet ft yd yards 0.914 Meters M M meters 1.09 yards yd mi miles 1.61 Kilometers Km Km kilometers 0.621 miles mi AREA AREA in2 square inches 645.2 Millimeters squared mm2 Mm2 millimeters squared 0.0016 square inches in2 ft2 square feet 0.093 meters squared m2 M2 meters squared 10.764 square feet ft2 yd2 square yards 0.836 meters squared m2 Ha hectares 2.47 acres ac ac acres 0.405 Hectares Ha Km2 kilometers squared 0.386 square miles mi2 mi2 square miles 2.59 kilometers squared km2 VOLUME ii VOLUME ML milliliters 0.034 fluid ounces fl oz fl oz fluid ounces 29.57 Milliliters ML L liters 0.264 gallons gal gal gallons 3.785 Liters L M3 meters cubed 35.315 cubic feet ft3 ft3 cubic feet 0.028 meters cubed m3 M3 meters cubed 1.308 cubic yards yd3 yd3 cubic yards 0.765 meters cubed m3 MASS NOTE: Volumes greater than 1000 L shall be shown in m3. G grams 0.035 ounces oz MASS Kg kilograms 2.205 pounds lb oz ounces 28.35 Grams G Mg megagrams 1.102 short tons (2000 lb) T lb pounds 0.454 Kilograms Kg TEMPERATURE (exact) T short tons (2000 lb) 0.907 Megagrams Mg °C Celsius temperature 1.8 + 32 Fahrenheit °F TEMPERATURE (exact) °F Fahrenheit 5(F-32)/9 Celsius temperature °C temperature * SI is the symbol for the International System of Measurement (4-7-94 jbp) ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The authors would like to thank Brett Sposito, ODOT Research unit, for his assistance with editing, reviewing and formatting this report. DISCLAIMER This document is disseminated under the sponsorship of the Oregon Department of Transportation in the interest of information exchange. The State of Oregon assumes no liability of its contents or use thereof. The contents of this report reflect the views of the author(s) who are solely responsible for the facts and accuracy of the material presented. The contents do not necessarily reflect the official views of the Oregon Department of Transportation. This report does not constitute a standard, specification, or regulation. iii FIBER OPTIC SENSORS FOR INFRASTRUCTURE APPLICATIONS TABLE OF CONTENTS FIBER OPTIC SENSORS GLOSSARY.............................................................XI 1.0 OVERVIEW.................................................................................................. 1 1.1 FOREWORD.....................................................................................................................1 1.2 FIBER OPTIC SENSOR TECHNOLOGY FOR INFRASTRUCTURE SYSTEMS 1 1.2.1 Key Features ..............................................................................................................1 1.2.2 Categories................................................................................................................... 2 1.3 SELECTED APPLICATION EXAMPLES ................................................................... 3 1.3.1 Concrete Cure Monitoring ....................................................................................... 4 1.3.2 Retaining Wall Anchor............................................................................................. 5 1.3.3 Tunnels.......................................................................................................................6 1.3.4 Torque Measurements .............................................................................................. 6 1.3.5 Corrosion Sensors ..................................................................................................... 6 1.3.6 Suspension Bridges.................................................................................................... 7 1.3.7 Drawbridges...............................................................................................................8 1.3.8 Truss Monitoring ...................................................................................................... 9 1.3.9 Acoustic Sensors ...................................................................................................... 10 1.3.10 Soil Measurement....................................................................................................10 1.3.11 Traffic Control......................................................................................................... 11 1.3.12 Traffic Monitoring .................................................................................................. 11 1.3.13 Road Conditions...................................................................................................... 12 1.4 WHERE TO FIND ADDITIONAL INFORMATION IN THIS REPORT............... 12 1.5 SUMMARY......................................................................................................................13 2.0 INTRODUCTION TO FIBER OPTIC BASICS ..................................... 15 2.1 BASIC PHYSICS OF LIGHT........................................................................................ 15 2.1.1 Photons ..................................................................................................................... 15 2.1.2 Light models............................................................................................................. 19 2.2 OPTICAL FIBERS ......................................................................................................... 21 2.2.1 Index of Refraction ................................................................................................. 21 2.2.2 Concepts of Guided Light....................................................................................... 28 3.0 INTRODUCTION TO FIBER OPTIC SENSORS ................................. 53 3.1 BASIC CONCEPTS AND INTENSITY BASED FIBER OPTIC SENSORS........... 54 3.2 SPECTRALLY BASED FIBER OPTIC SENSORS ................................................... 62 3.3 INTERFEROMETRIC FIBER OPTIC SENSORS .................................................... 68 3.3.1 The Sagnac Interferometer .................................................................................... 68 3.3.2 The Mach-Zehnder and Michelson Interferometers ........................................... 72 3.4 MULTIPLEXING AND DISTRIBUTED SENSING .................................................. 78 3.5 APPLICATIONS............................................................................................................. 82 v 4.0 GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO FIBER OPTIC SENSORS FOR TRANSPORTATION INFRASTRUCTURE APPLICATIONS........... 87 4.1 MICROBEND SENSORS .............................................................................................
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