Central Bank Digital Currencies: Foundational Principles and Core Features
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Monetary Policy in Economies with Little Or No Money
NBER WORKING PAPER SERIES MONETARY POLICY IN ECONOMIES WITH LITTLE OR NO MONEY Bennett T. McCallum Working Paper 9838 http://www.nber.org/papers/w9838 NATIONAL BUREAU OF ECONOMIC RESEARCH 1050 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge, MA 02138 July 2003 This paper was prepared for presentation at the December 16-17, 2002, meeting of the Hong Kong Economic Association. I am indebted to Marvin Goodfriend, Lok Sang Ho, Allan Meltzer, and Edward Nelson for helpful comments and suggestions. The views expressed herein are those of the authors and not necessarily those of the National Bureau of Economic Research ©2003 by Bennett T. McCallum. All rights reserved. Short sections of text not to exceed two paragraphs, may be quoted without explicit permission provided that full credit including © notice, is given to the source. Monetary Policy in Economies with Little or No Money Bennett T. McCallum NBER Working Paper No. 9838 July 2003 JEL No. E3, E4, E5 ABSTRACT The paper's arguments include: (1) Medium-of-exchange money will not disappear in the foreseeable future, although the quantity of base money may continue to decline. (2) In economies with very little money (e.g., no currency but bank settlement balances at the central bank), monetary policy will be conducted much as at present by activist adjustment of overnight interest rates. Operating procedures will be different, however, with payment of interest on reserves likely to become the norm. (3) In economies without any money there can be no monetary policy. The relevant notion of a general price level concerns some index of prices in terms of a medium of account. -
Automated Clearing House (ACH) Agreement
Automated Clearing House (ACH) Agreement P.O. Box 189, Middlebury, Vermont 05753-0189 www.nbmvt.com Phone: 1-802-388-4982 THIS AGREEMENT is made this _______ day of ___________________, 20_____, by and between _____________________________________________________________ (“Company”) and National Bank of Middlebury of Middlebury, Vermont, (“Bank”). This agreement is governed by the laws of the State of Vermont. The Company has requested that the Bank permit it to initiate electronic signals for paperless entries through the Bank to accounts maintained at the Bank and in other banks and financial institutions, by means of the Automated Clearing House (“ACH”). NOW, THEREFORE, in consideration of the mutual promises contained herein, it is agreed as follows— 1. The Bank will transmit the credit and/or debit entries initiated by the Company to the ACH as provided in the ACH Rules (“Rules”), as in effect from time to time and this Agreement. An ACH Rule Book is available upon request from the Bank. Please contact the Bank with any questions about compliance with the ACH Rules. The Bank reserves the right to audit the Company to ensure compliance with the ACH Rules. 2. The Company will comply with the Rules insofar as applicable. The specific duties of the Company provided in the following paragraphs of this Agreement in no way limit the foregoing undertaking. The Company (Originator) will not initiate entries that violate the laws of the United States, which includes Office of Foreign Asset Control sanctions (OFAC). Website: www.treas.gov/ofac/ 3. The Company will obtain written authorization for consumer entries, shall provide a copy to the consumer, and shall retain the original for two (2) years after termination or revocation of such authorization. -
(EFT)/Automated Teller Machines (Atms)/Other Electronic Termi
Page 1 of 1 Effective as of 11/23/18 Information About Your Ulster Savings Bank Money Market Account Balance to Open Your Money Market Account must be opened with a minimum deposit of $2,500.00 Balance to Earn Interest If your daily balance is less than $2,500.00, you will earn the Interest Rate and Annual Percentage Yield in effect, as disclosed to you under separate cover, on the entire balance in your account. If your daily balance is $2,500.00 or more you will earn the higher Interest Rate and Annual Percentage Yield in effect, as disclosed to you under separate cover, on the entire balance in your account. Balance to Avoid Fees Your daily balance for every day of the statement cycle period must be at least $2,500.00 to avoid the imposition of a maintenance fee for that period. Variable Rate Features This is a variable rate account. Your Interest Rate and Annual Percentage Yield may change. The Interest Rate is set based on the Bank's discretion and may change at any time at the Bank's discretion. Interest Computation We use the daily balance method to calculate interest on your account. This method applies a periodic rate to the balance in the account each day. Compounding Period Interest compounds on your account daily, using a 365/360 interest factor. Interest Accrual Interest begins to accrue on the business day you deposit non-cash items, such as checks. Although your account may earn interest each day, you may not withdraw the earnings until the end of the interest crediting period (see Payment of Interest). -
Short-Term Currency in Circulation Forecasting for Monetary Policy Purposes: the Case of Poland
A Service of Leibniz-Informationszentrum econstor Wirtschaft Leibniz Information Centre Make Your Publications Visible. zbw for Economics Koziński, Witold; Świst, Tomasz Article Short-term currency in circulation forecasting for monetary policy purposes: The case of Poland e-Finanse: Financial Internet Quarterly Provided in Cooperation with: University of Information Technology and Management, Rzeszów Suggested Citation: Koziński, Witold; Świst, Tomasz (2015) : Short-term currency in circulation forecasting for monetary policy purposes: The case of Poland, e-Finanse: Financial Internet Quarterly, ISSN 1734-039X, University of Information Technology and Management, Rzeszów, Vol. 11, Iss. 1, pp. 65-75, http://dx.doi.org/10.14636/1734-039X_11_1_007 This Version is available at: http://hdl.handle.net/10419/147121 Standard-Nutzungsbedingungen: Terms of use: Die Dokumente auf EconStor dürfen zu eigenen wissenschaftlichen Documents in EconStor may be saved and copied for your Zwecken und zum Privatgebrauch gespeichert und kopiert werden. personal and scholarly purposes. Sie dürfen die Dokumente nicht für öffentliche oder kommerzielle You are not to copy documents for public or commercial Zwecke vervielfältigen, öffentlich ausstellen, öffentlich zugänglich purposes, to exhibit the documents publicly, to make them machen, vertreiben oder anderweitig nutzen. publicly available on the internet, or to distribute or otherwise use the documents in public. Sofern die Verfasser die Dokumente unter Open-Content-Lizenzen (insbesondere CC-Lizenzen) zur Verfügung gestellt haben sollten, If the documents have been made available under an Open gelten abweichend von diesen Nutzungsbedingungen die in der dort Content Licence (especially Creative Commons Licences), you genannten Lizenz gewährten Nutzungsrechte. may exercise further usage rights as specified in the indicated licence. -
Gold As a Store of Value
WORLD GOLD COUNCIL GOLD AS A STORE OF VALUE By Stephen Harmston Research Study No. 22 GOLD AS A STORE OF VALUE Research Study No. 22 November 1998 WORLD GOLD COUNCIL CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ..............................................................................3 THE AUTHOR ..............................................................................................4 INTRODUCTION..........................................................................................5 1 FIVE COUNTRIES, ONE TALE ..............................................................9 1.1 UNITED STATES: 1796 – 1997 ..................................................10 1.2 BRITAIN: 1596 – 1997 ................................................................14 1.3 FRANCE: 1820 – 1997 ................................................................18 1.4 GERMANY: 1873 – 1997 ............................................................21 1.5 JAPAN: 1880 – 1997....................................................................24 2 THE RECENT GOLD PRICE IN RELATION TO HISTORIC LEVELS....28 2.1 THE AVERAGE PURCHASING POWER OF GOLD OVER TIME ................................................................................28 2.2 DEMAND AND SUPPLY FUNDAMENTALS ............................31 3 TOTAL RETURNS ON ASSETS ..........................................................35 3.1 CUMULATIVE WEALTH INDICES: BONDS, STOCKS AND GOLD IN THE US 1896-1996 ....................................................35 3.2 COMPARISONS WITH BRITAIN ..............................................38 -
World Bank: Roadmap for a Sustainable Financial System
A UN ENVIRONMENT – WORLD BANK GROUP INITIATIVE Public Disclosure Authorized ROADMAP FOR A SUSTAINABLE FINANCIAL SYSTEM Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized NOVEMBER 2017 UN Environment The United Nations Environment Programme is the leading global environmental authority that sets the global environmental agenda, promotes the coherent implementation of the environmental dimension of sustainable development within the United Nations system and serves as an authoritative advocate for the global environment. In January 2014, UN Environment launched the Inquiry into the Design of a Sustainable Financial System to advance policy options to deliver a step change in the financial system’s effectiveness in mobilizing capital towards a green and inclusive economy – in other words, sustainable development. This report is the third annual global report by the UN Environment Inquiry. The first two editions of ‘The Financial System We Need’ are available at: www.unep.org/inquiry and www.unepinquiry.org. For more information, please contact Mahenau Agha, Director of Outreach ([email protected]), Nick Robins, Co-director ([email protected]) and Simon Zadek, Co-director ([email protected]). The World Bank Group The World Bank Group is one of the world’s largest sources of funding and knowledge for developing countries. Its five institutions share a commitment to reducing poverty, increasing shared prosperity, and promoting sustainable development. Established in 1944, the World Bank Group is headquartered in Washington, D.C. More information is available from Samuel Munzele Maimbo, Practice Manager, Finance & Markets Global Practice ([email protected]) and Peer Stein, Global Head of Climate Finance, Financial Institutions Group ([email protected]). -
4. Role of Multilateral Banks and Export Credit Agencies in Trade Finance 34 5
Revitalising Trade Finance: Development Banks and Export Credit Agencies at the Vanguard EXPORT-IMPORT BANK OF INDIA WORKING PAPER NO. 71 REVitaLISING TRADE FINANCE: DEVELOPMENT BANKS AND Export CREDIT AGENCIES at THE VangUARD EXIM Bank’s Working Paper Series is an attempt to disseminate the findings of research studies carried out in the Bank. The results of research studies can interest exporters, policy makers, industrialists, export promotion agencies as well as researchers. However, views expressed do not necessarily reflect those of the Bank. While reasonable care has been taken to ensure authenticity of information and data, EXIM Bank accepts no responsibility for authenticity, accuracy or completeness of such items. © Export-Import Bank of India February 2018 1 Export-Import Bank of India Revitalising Trade Finance: Development Banks and Export Credit Agencies at the Vanguard 2 Export-Import Bank of India Revitalising Trade Finance: Development Banks and Export Credit Agencies at the Vanguard CONTENTS Page No. List of Figures 5 List of Tables 7 List of Boxes 7 Executive Summary 9 1. Introduction 16 2. Review of Trade Finance Market 19 3. Challenges to Trade Finance 26 4. Role of Multilateral Banks and Export Credit Agencies in Trade Finance 34 5. Way Ahead 44 Project Team: Mr. Ashish Kumar, Deputy General Manager, Research and Analysis Group Ms. Jahanwi, Manager, Research and Analysis Group 3 Export-Import Bank of India Revitalising Trade Finance: Development Banks and Export Credit Agencies at the Vanguard 4 Export-Import Bank of India Revitalising Trade Finance: Development Banks and Export Credit Agencies at the Vanguard LIST OF FIGURES Figure No. -
United National Bank
BUSINESS eBANKING SYSTEM SERVICES AGREEMENT This Business eBanking System Services Agreement (“Agreement”), together with the applicable Terms and Conditions of Your Account for any account that is or will be linked (“Account”) to the Business eBanking System (“System”), governs the use of the System. You understand and acknowledge that that all such Accounts are to be used primarily for commercial or business purposes, and that this Agreement will control if there is any conflict between it and any agreement applicable to Your linked Account(s). In this Agreement, ‘You,’ ‘Your,’ or ‘Customer’ refers to each owner of the Account(s) accessed through the System and each person authorized to access the Account(s) using the System. A ‘Writing’ refers to a communication conveyed on paper and signed by a person with sufficient authority to bind Customer or Bank, as applicable, or an electronic message from a person with sufficient authority to bind Bank or Customer, as applicable, and conforming to the requirements of the Uniform Electronic Transactions Act as incorporated into the laws of the state governing this Agreement. By signing the Agreement or using the System and the services described herein available to Customer (collectively, “Services”). You agree to the terms and conditions set forth below. A. SERVICES 1) Generally. As requested by Customer, Bank will enter into the System balance information and/or itemized debit and credit information for Accounts on a daily basis. Bank shall provide System instructions to Customer. The System is for Customer’s internal use to enable Customer to obtain balance and other Account information and to direct payments from Account(s) to third-parties (collectively, “Payees”, and each individually, a “Payee” when using the bill payment module; collectively “Beneficiaries”, and each individually a “Beneficiary” when accessing Wire Transfers; and collectively “Receivers”, and each individually a “Receiver” when using the Automated Clearing House (ACH) network). -
Pension-System Typology
ISBN 92-64-01871-9 Pensions at a Glance Public Policies across OECD Countries © OECD 2005 PART I Chapter 1 Pension-system Typology PENSIONS AT A GLANCE – ISBN 92-64-01871-9 – © OECD 2005 21 I.1. PENSION-SYSTEM TYPOLOGY There have been numerous typologies of retirement-income systems. The terminology used in these categorisations has become very confusing. Perhaps the most commonly- used typology is the World Bank’s “three-pillar” classification (World Bank, 1994), between “a publicly managed system with mandatory participation and the limited goal of reducing poverty among the old [first pillar]; a privately managed mandatory savings system [second pillar]; and voluntary savings [third pillar]”. But this is a prescriptive rather than a descriptive typology. Subsequent analysts have allocated all public pension programmes to the first pillar. This has included earnings-related public schemes, which certainly do not meet the original definition of the first pillar. The most recent addition is the concept of a “zero pillar”, comprising non-contributory schemes aimed at alleviating poverty among older people. But this is rather closer to the original description of a first pillar. The OECD has developed a taxonomy that avoids the concept of pillars altogether. It aims, instead, for a global classification for pension plans, pension funds and pension entities that is descriptive and consistent over a range of countries with different retirement-income systems (OECD, 2004). The approach adopted here follows this line. It is based on the role and objective of each part of the pension system. The framework has two mandatory tiers: a redistributive part and an insurance part. -
How Goldsmiths Created Money Page 1 of 2
Money: Banking, Spending, Saving, and Investing The Creation of Money How Goldsmiths Created Money Page 1 of 2 If you want to understand money, you have got to start with its history, and that means gold. Have you ever wondered why gold is so valuable? I mean, it is a really weak metal that does not have a lot of really practical uses. Maybe it is because it reminded people of the sun, which was worshipped in ancient times, that everyone decided they wanted it. Once everyone wants it, it is capable as serving as a medium of exchange. That is, gold can be used as money, and it is an ideal commodity to serve as a medium of exchange because it’s portable, it’s durable, it’s divisible, and it’s standardizable. Everybody recognizes what they want, it can be broken into little pieces, carried around, it doesn’t rot, and it is a great thing to serve as money. So, before long, gold is circulating in the form of coins. When gold circulates as coins, it is called commodity money, that is, money that has intrinsic value made out of something people want. Now, once gold coins begin to circulate as the medium of exchange, we have got another problem. That problem is security. Imagine that you are in the ancient world, lugging around bags and bags of gold. You are going to be pretty vulnerable to bandits. So what you want to do is make sure that there is a safe place to store your gold because you can store all of your wealth in the form of this valuable commodity, but you do not want it all lying around somewhere that it is easy for somebody else to pick off. -
Money Creation in the Modern Economy
14 Quarterly Bulletin 2014 Q1 Money creation in the modern economy By Michael McLeay, Amar Radia and Ryland Thomas of the Bank’s Monetary Analysis Directorate.(1) This article explains how the majority of money in the modern economy is created by commercial banks making loans. Money creation in practice differs from some popular misconceptions — banks do not act simply as intermediaries, lending out deposits that savers place with them, and nor do they ‘multiply up’ central bank money to create new loans and deposits. The amount of money created in the economy ultimately depends on the monetary policy of the central bank. In normal times, this is carried out by setting interest rates. The central bank can also affect the amount of money directly through purchasing assets or ‘quantitative easing’. Overview In the modern economy, most money takes the form of bank low and stable inflation. In normal times, the Bank of deposits. But how those bank deposits are created is often England implements monetary policy by setting the interest misunderstood: the principal way is through commercial rate on central bank reserves. This then influences a range of banks making loans. Whenever a bank makes a loan, it interest rates in the economy, including those on bank loans. simultaneously creates a matching deposit in the borrower’s bank account, thereby creating new money. In exceptional circumstances, when interest rates are at their effective lower bound, money creation and spending in the The reality of how money is created today differs from the economy may still be too low to be consistent with the description found in some economics textbooks: central bank’s monetary policy objectives. -
Cryptocurrency: the Economics of Money and Selected Policy Issues
Cryptocurrency: The Economics of Money and Selected Policy Issues Updated April 9, 2020 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R45427 SUMMARY R45427 Cryptocurrency: The Economics of Money and April 9, 2020 Selected Policy Issues David W. Perkins Cryptocurrencies are digital money in electronic payment systems that generally do not require Specialist in government backing or the involvement of an intermediary, such as a bank. Instead, users of the Macroeconomic Policy system validate payments using certain protocols. Since the 2008 invention of the first cryptocurrency, Bitcoin, cryptocurrencies have proliferated. In recent years, they experienced a rapid increase and subsequent decrease in value. One estimate found that, as of March 2020, there were more than 5,100 different cryptocurrencies worth about $231 billion. Given this rapid growth and volatility, cryptocurrencies have drawn the attention of the public and policymakers. A particularly notable feature of cryptocurrencies is their potential to act as an alternative form of money. Historically, money has either had intrinsic value or derived value from government decree. Using money electronically generally has involved using the private ledgers and systems of at least one trusted intermediary. Cryptocurrencies, by contrast, generally employ user agreement, a network of users, and cryptographic protocols to achieve valid transfers of value. Cryptocurrency users typically use a pseudonymous address to identify each other and a passcode or private key to make changes to a public ledger in order to transfer value between accounts. Other computers in the network validate these transfers. Through this use of blockchain technology, cryptocurrency systems protect their public ledgers of accounts against manipulation, so that users can only send cryptocurrency to which they have access, thus allowing users to make valid transfers without a centralized, trusted intermediary.