Détection Directionnelle De Matière Sombre Avec MIMAC

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Détection Directionnelle De Matière Sombre Avec MIMAC THÈSE Pour obtenir le grade de DOCTEUR DE L’UNIVERSITÉ DE GRENOBLE Spécialité : Cosmologie et astroparticules Arrêté ministériel : 7 août 2006 Présentée par Quentin Riffard Thèse dirigée par Daniel Santos préparée au sein du Laboratoire de physique subatomique et de cosmologie (LPSC) à l’école doctorale de Physique de Grenoble Détection directionnelle de matière sombre avec MIMAC Thèse soutenue publiquement le Lundi 12 Octobre 2015, devant le jury composé de : Laurent Derome LPSC Grenoble, Président Philippe Di Stefano Queen’s University Kingston, Rapporteur Jacque Dumarchez LPNHE Paris, Examinateur Emmanuel Moulin CEA Saclay, Examinateur Fabrice Piquemal CENBG/LSM Bordeaux/Modane, Rapporteur Daniel Santos LPSC Grenoble, Directeur de thèse Table des matières I Matière sombre non-baryonique : Observations astrophysiques et détec- tion 7 1 Observations astrophysiques et supersymétrie 9 1.1 La matière sombre à différentes échelles. ....................... 10 1.1.1 À l’échelle locale : l’échelle galactique ..................... 10 1.1.2 À l’échelle des amas .............................. 11 1.1.3 A l’échelle cosmologique ............................ 13 1.2 Candidats à la matière sombre non-baryonique ................... 17 1.2.1 Contraintes sur le candidat : la densité relique . 17 1.2.2 Le WIMP, un candidat à la matière sombre non-baryonique . 19 1.3 Physique des particules et matière sombre ...................... 19 1.3.1 La supersymétrie ................................ 19 1.3.2 Le MSSM .................................... 20 1.3.3 Neutralino : un candidat au WIMP ...................... 21 1.4 Stratégies de détection de matière sombre ...................... 22 1.4.1 Détection directe ................................ 22 1.4.2 Détection indirecte ............................... 23 1.4.3 Production de matière sombre ......................... 25 1.5 Conclusions ....................................... 26 2 De la détection directe non-directionnelle à la détection directe directionnelle de matière sombre. 29 2.1 Interaction WIMP-Matière .............................. 30 2.1.1 Le taux d’événements ............................. 30 2.1.2 Interaction indépendante du spin ....................... 32 2.1.3 Interaction dépendante du spin ........................ 34 2.1.4 Facteurs de forme ................................ 35 2.2 Modélisation du halo de matière sombre ....................... 39 2.2.1 Le modèle du halo ............................... 39 2.2.2 Sous-structures du halo galactique ...................... 40 2.2.3 Distribution de vitesses locale ......................... 41 2.3 Détection directe non-directionnelle .......................... 43 2.3.1 Stratégies de la détection directe non-directionnelle . 44 2.3.2 État de l’art ................................... 45 2.3.3 Limitation et bruit de fond .......................... 46 2.4 Détection directionnelle ................................ 47 2.4.1 Origine du signal directionnel ......................... 47 2.4.2 Exclusion par la détection directionnelle ................... 47 i 2.4.3 Découverte par la détection directionnelle . 48 2.4.4 Identification par la détection directionnelle . 51 2.5 État de l’art de la détection directionnelle ...................... 51 2.5.1 DRIFT ..................................... 52 2.5.2 DM-TPC .................................... 52 2.5.3 NEWAGE .................................... 53 2.5.4 EMULSION ................................... 53 2.6 Conclusions ....................................... 53 II Résultats expérimentaux et de simulations 55 3 Stratégie de détection du projet MIMAC 57 3.1 Le projet MIMAC ................................... 58 3.1.1 Fonctionnement de la µ-TPC ......................... 58 3.1.2 Processus d’ionisation ............................. 59 3.1.3 Collection des charges ............................. 60 3.1.4 Passage de la grille et amplification ...................... 61 3.2 Stratégie de détection ................................. 63 3.2.1 Mesure de l’énergie ............................... 63 3.2.2 Mesure de la trace ............................... 66 3.2.3 Système d’acquisition ............................. 68 3.3 Le prototype bi-chambre ................................ 69 3.3.1 Description générale .............................. 69 3.3.2 Système de circulation du gaz ......................... 69 3.3.3 Dispositif d’étalonnage du détecteur ..................... 70 3.3.4 Installation au Laboratoire Souterrain de Modane . 71 3.4 Signal cathode ..................................... 71 3.4.1 Dispositif expérimental et prise de données . 72 3.4.2 Mesure du signal induit sur la cathode .................... 73 3.4.3 Mesure de la vitesse de dérive et fiducialisation . 73 3.5 Conclusion ........................................ 74 4 Mesure de l’énergie et stratégie d’étalonnage du détecteur 77 4.1 Modélisation du signal de préamplificateur de charge . 78 4.1.1 Mise en place du modèle ............................ 78 4.1.2 Validation du modèle .............................. 79 4.1.3 Linéarité de la mesure de l’énergie des électrons et erreurs systématiques . 80 4.2 Étalonnage en énergie d’ionisation .......................... 81 4.2.1 Étalonnage du détecteur à Modane : dispositif expérimental . 81 4.2.2 Étalonnage du détecteur à Modane : analyse des données de l’étalonnage . 82 4.2.3 Résolution du détecteur ............................ 85 4.2.4 Erreur relative sur la mesure de l’énergie d’ionisation des reculs nucléaires 86 4.2.5 Stabilité du gain lors de la prise de données au LSM . 87 4.3 Étalonnage de la mesure en énergie de recul ..................... 88 4.3.1 Le facteur de quenching en ionisation ..................... 88 4.3.2 Dispositif de mesure : la ligne LHI ...................... 88 4.3.3 Mesures du facteur de quenching en ionisation pour la recherche de matière sombre ...................................... 89 4.4 Conclusions ....................................... 90 ii 5 Étude de la discrimination électron/recul 93 5.1 Champ neutronique et prise de données auprès de l’installation AMANDE . 94 5.1.1 Production et caractérisation du champ neutronique . 94 5.1.2 Prise de données neutron ........................... 95 5.2 Coupures minimales et observables discriminantes . 96 5.2.1 Coupures minimales .............................. 97 5.2.2 Observables discriminantes .......................... 98 5.2.3 Correlation ...................................103 5.3 Réjection du bruit de fond par Arbres de décision boostés . 103 5.3.1 Arbres de décision boostés (BDT) . 103 5.3.2 Résultats de l’analyse BDT . 104 5.3.3 Réjection des reculs d’électrons . 105 5.4 Estimation de l’acceptance ...............................107 5.4.1 Simulation de reculs nucléaires de 19F . 108 5.4.2 Application de la classification BDT à la simulation . 110 5.4.3 Estimation de l’acceptance du détecteur . 111 5.5 Conclusions .......................................112 6 Mesure des descendants du radon 113 6.1 Origines des descendants du radon et leurs signatures . 114 6.1.1 Origines des émanations de radon . 114 6.1.2 Les signatures des reculs de la descendance du radon . 115 6.2 Détection de reculs nucléaires de la descendance du radon . 119 6.2.1 Mise en évidence d’une pollution au 222Rn . 119 6.2.2 Événement en coïncidence . 120 6.2.3 Détection de RPR ...............................123 6.3 Identification de la position des reculs nucléaires issus de la descendance du radon 124 6.3.1 Définition de la Mean Projected Diffusion . 124 6.3.2 Identification de la position des événements . 126 6.4 Conclusions .......................................129 7 Estimation du bruit de fond neutron 131 7.1 Production de neutrons en laboratoire souterrain : les neutrons provenant de la roche ...........................................132 7.1.1 Production de neutrons dans la roche. 132 7.1.2 Modèle de propagation des neutrons dans la caverne. 133 7.2 Production de neutrons en laboratoire souterrain : les neutrons cosmogéniques . 135 7.2.1 Les muons en laboratoire souterrain . 136 7.2.2 Production de neutrons par les muons cosmiques . 137 7.2.3 Propagation des neutrons cosmogéniques . 138 7.3 Modélisation du détecteur ...............................140 7.3.1 Taux d’événements venant des neutrons de la roche . 141 7.3.2 Taux d’événements venant des neutrons cosmogéniques . 142 7.3.3 Simulation du taux d’événements neutron dans la caverne du LSM . 143 7.4 Impact de l’estimation du fond neutron sur le potentiel d’exclusion directionnelle 144 7.4.1 Exclusion directionnelle ............................145 7.4.2 Impact du modèle de bruit de fond sur le potentiel d’exclusion . 147 7.5 Conclusions .......................................148 iii III Impact des limites LHC sur la phénoménologie de la détection di- recte. 149 8 Impact des limites LHC sur la masse des squarks pour la détection directe 151 8.1 Étude du MSSM ....................................153 8.1.1 L’espace des paramètres supersymétriques du pMSSM . 153 8.1.2 Échantillonnage par Markov Chains Monte-Carlo . 153 8.2 Limites sur la masse des squarks . 155 8.2.1 Contraintes du LHC ..............................155 8.2.2 Implication des limites sur la masse des squarks sur l’interaction WIMP- nucléon .....................................157 8.3 Nouveau paradigme pour la détection directe . 159 8.3.1 Taux d’événement ...............................159 8.3.2 Section efficace indépendante du spin . 160 8.3.3 Section efficace dépendante du spin . 160 SI SI SD SD 8.3.4 Implication des corrélations (σp ,σn ) et (σp ,σn ) . 161 8.4 Comparaisons
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