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Incidental Catches of Marine Mammals in Fisheries in Sabah and Sarawak Waters, East Malaysia

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Incidental Catches of Marine Mammals in Fisheries in Sabah and Sarawak Waters, East Malaysia CM 2005/X:07 INCIDENTAL CATCHES OF MARINE MAMMALS IN FISHERIES IN SABAH AND SARAWAK WATERS, EAST MALAYSIA Saifullah A. JAAMAN1,2, Yuhana U. LAH-ANYI2, and Graham J. PIERCE1 1. Department of Zoology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Tillydrone Avenue, Aberdeen AB24 2TZ, United Kingdom (E-mail: [email protected]). 2. Marine Mammals and Whale Shark Research and Conservation Program, Borneo Marine Research Institute, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Locked Bag 2073, 88999 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia. ABSTRACT: The nature and magnitude of incidental catches of marine mammals in fisheries was investigated in Sabah and Sarawak waters, East Malaysia, using a combination of interview survey procedures and observer trips on fishing boats. Between March 1997 and December 2004, we interviewed fishermen working on 753 and 358 boats in Sabah and Sarawak, respectively, who were employing trawl nets, purse seines, gillnets and fish stakes (kelong). They were asked questions about sightings of marine mammals and interactions with fishing. We also followed 36 trawl and 10 purse seine fishing trips in Sabah between June 2003 and December 2004. Fishing was conducted in coastal waters and the methods were briefly described and total annual catches by each method and region were estimated. Marine mammals were reported incidentally caught by 310 (41%) and 99 (28%) fishing boats in Sabah and Sarawak, respectively. Gillnetters, trawlers and fish stakes were reported to catch cetaceans and dugongs, while purse seiners caught only cetaceans. In certain areas, some caught animals were consumed, traded and/or used as shark bait. Overall, the magnitude of incidental catches of marine mammals is significantly greater in gillnets, as compared to other fishing gears. No catches were seen during observer trips. A total of 306 (95% CI = 250 – 369) cetaceans and 479 (95% CI = 434 – 528) dugongs were estimated to be caught annually by fishing fleets in Sabah. The Sarawak fishing fleet is estimated to incidentally catch 221 (95% CI = 189 – 258) cetaceans and 14 (95% CI = 2 – 30) dugongs per year. The estimated number of by-catches, particularly in gillnets, may be unsustainably high. A monitoring and educational program, together with the establishment of MPAs, is paramount to minimise the threat. KEYWORDS: conservation; cetacean; Dugong dugon; fisheries; by-catch; Malaysia; Sabah; Sarawak 1 1. INTRODUCTION The countries of Southeast Asia are dominated by coast, making fishing an integral part of the industry and culture of their people (Dolar, 1994). East Malaysia, which comprises the states of Sabah and Sarawak, and the Federal Territory of Labuan, occupies the northern one-third of the island of Borneo (Figure 1). It is surrounded by the South China Sea to the north and west, the Sulu Sea to the northeast and the Celebes Sea to the east. The East Malaysian territorial waters, including the 200-nautical mile (nm) Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ), cover an area of about 330,800 km2 and the total length of its coastline is approximately 2,607 km (MOSTE, 1997). The seas are significant because of the continental shelf, which is extremely nutrient rich and able to support a remarkable diversity of species (MOSTE, 1997; Oakley et al., 2000). Although predominantly small-scaled and coastal, with more than 70% of the catches taking place within 30 nm from shore, the fisheries sector is an important source of employment in East Malaysia and plays a significant role in the Sabah and Sarawak economy (DoFS, 2004; DoMFS, 2004). Fish constitutes 60-70% of animal protein intake, with an average annual consumption of 47.8 kg per person. The fishing industry involves multi-gear fisheries and hence the catch is normally made up of a large variety of marine species, of which prawns are the most important commercially valuable species. Between 25-50% of the amount of fish landed in 2002, particularly from trawlers, is by-catch or incidental catch of miscellaneous fishes (trash fish) including undesirable size or age classes of the target species (DoFS, 2004; DoMFS, 2004). Unfortunately, other non-target species, such as marine mammals and turtles, are also occasionally caught in fisheries (Jaaman et al., 2000; Jaaman and Lah-Anyi, 2002, 2003; Jaaman, 2004). By-catch of marine mammals in fisheries is often a controversial issue and of major concern to scientists and resource managers worldwide (Northridge, 1984; Lien et al., 1994; Perrin et al., 1994; 1996; In press; Tregenza et al., 1997; Morizur et al., 1999; Northridge and Hofman, 1999; Silvani et al., 1999; Marsh et al., 2002; López et al., 2003; Reeves et al., 2003; Tudela et al., 2005). Perrin et al. (In press) stated that the by-catch in fisheries in Southeast Asia is even greater than previously supposed, and there is no indication that this problem has been addressed in a meaningful or satisfactory way anywhere in the region. The distinction between catch and by-catch is often not clearly expressed, since that fisheries have multiple target species and almost anything that is caught has value (whether for commercial sale, use as bait, or domestic consumption). In East Malaysia, many fishermen regarded cetaceans and dugongs as fish species and incidentally caught animals are known consumed, traded or used as fishing bait, particularly in Sabah, where some fishermen opportunistically hunt the animals during fishing trips (Jaaman et al., 2004). Despite federal and state legislation that protects the species, directed fisheries or incidental catches of cetaceans and dugongs in fisheries are apparently not being monitored and documented. This study represents a first attempt to determine the nature and magnitude of by-catches of marine mammals and estimate the associated level of mortality in fisheries in East Malaysia. It is part of a long-term study on the distribution, abundance and conservation status of marine mammals in Malaysia. The study was based on an interview survey and on-board observation. While interview surveys are not necessarily a reliable source of quantitative data on marine mammal catches (see Lien et al., 1994 for a detailed critique), especially if fishermen wish to conceal the occurrence of such mortality, interview survey offers a means of obtaining a minimum 2 estimate for numbers of animals killed (López et al., 2003). In contrast, the placement of observers on-board fishing boats is considered the most reliable method for collecting information regarding marine mammal catches (Perrin et al., 1994; Tregenza et al., 1997; Morizur et al., 1999; Silvani et al., 1999). The combination of these two methods has proved useful in estimating by-catch of cetaceans from a large fleet of small scale or artisanal fisheries, coupled with the diversity of fishing areas and gears, such as in Galicia, Spain (López et al., 2003) and could be used in Southeast Asia (Perrin et al., In press). 2. BACKGROUND 2.1 East Malaysian fishing industry In general, East Malaysian waters are shallow (< 200 m, mostly less than 100 m). The continental shelf is relatively wide (over 100 km) along the Sarawak coast, between 30-100 km on the west and northeast and becomes very narrow (< 30 km) on the east of Sabah. Fishing is controlled by three acts, namely the Fisheries Act 1985 (up to the EEZ boundaries), Fisheries Regulations 1964 (within the territorial waters of Sabah) and Fisheries (Maritime) Regulations 1976 (within the territorial waters of Sarawak). The management authorities in Sabah and Sarawak are the Department of Fisheries Sabah (DoFS) and the Department of Marine Fisheries Sarawak (DoMFS), respectively. There are four fishing zones that have been established through a licensing scheme, whereby zones are designated for specific fishing gear, classes of vessels and ownership. The four management zones attempted to provide equitable allocation of resources and reduce conflict between traditional and commercial fishermen. Basically, the four zones are: 1) Zone A (< 5 nm from shore), is reserved solely for small-scale fishers using traditional fishing gear, gillnet and owner-operated vessels, 2) Zone B (> 5 nm), where owner- operated commercial fishing vessels of less than 40 Gross Registered Tonnage (GRT) using trawl nets and purse seine nets are allowed to operate, 3) Zone C (> 12 nm), where commercial fishing vessels of more than 40 GRT are allowed to operate, and 4) Zone C2 (> 30 nm), where deep-sea fishing vessels of 70 GRT and above are allowed to operate. The marine capture fisheries are characterised by various types of fishing gears used to harvest a large variety of species (DoFS, 2004; DoFMS, 2004). The fishing gear is classified into commercial (i.e., trawl nets, purse seines and gillnets) and traditional. The otter bottom trawl is the main fishing gear used to harvest demersal finfish and prawn resources and the purse seine is used to exploit the pelagic fish resources. Two main types of purse-seines are employed; the fish purse seine, which is used to catch pelagic fishes [e.g., fringescale sardine (Sardinella fimbriata), longtail tuna (Thunnus tonggol), Indian mackerel (Rastrelliger kanagurta), scads (Selar spp., Decapterus spp.) and squids (Loligo spp.)] and the anchovy purse-seine, which is used to fish for anchovies (Stolephorus spp.). Gillnets (including driftnets) are another category of important fishing gear used to harvest coastal fisheries resources. The finfish gillnets and driftnets mainly target high-valued pelagic fish species, such as, pomfrets (Formio niger, Pampus spp.), treadfins (Polynemus spp., Eleutheronema tetradactylum), longtail shad (Shad hilsa macrura) and Spanish mackerel (Scomberomorus spp.). However, the bottom set gillnets are also used by coastal fishermen to catch demersal fish species, such as, marine catfish (Tachysurus spp. and Arius spp.) and jewfish (Decapterus spp.). The crustacean gillnets are actually trammel nets, and are employed to catch the more valuable crustacean species, such as, the Penaeus shrimps, blue crab (Portunus pelagicus) and Indo-Pacific swamp crab (Scylla serrata).
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