Resolutions on the Policies of Apartheid of the Government of South Africa Adopted by the General Assembly of the United Nations at its Forty-Third Session

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Alternative title Notes and Documents - United Nations Centre Against ApartheidNo. 1/89 Author/Creator United Nations Centre against Apartheid Publisher United Nations, New York Date 1989-01-00 Resource type Reports Language English Subject Coverage (spatial) South Africa Coverage (temporal) 1985 - 1989 Source Northwestern University Libraries Description INTRODUCTION. RESOLUTIONS ADOPTED BY THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY ON 5 DECEMBER 1988 UNDER AGENDA ITEM 36: "POLICIES OF APARTHEID OF THE GOVERNMENT OF SOUTH AFRICA. International solidarity with the liberation struggle in South Africa. Military collaboration with South Africa. Comprehensive and mandatory sanctions against the racist regime of South Africa. Imposition, co-ordination and strict monitoring of measures against racist South Africa. Relations between South Africa and Israel. Programme of work of the Special Committee against Apartheid. Special session of the General Assembly on apartheid and its destructive consequences in southern Africa. Dissemination of information against the policies of apartheid of the regime of racist South Africa. United Nation Trust Fund for South Africa. Oil embargo against South Africa. Concerted international action for the elimination of apartheid. Annexes. Elements of resolutions and voting. Explanation of votes. Partial voting table for resolutions on apartheid, 1985-1988. Format extent 40 page(s)

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http://www.aluka.org UNITED NATIONS

UNITED NATIONS CENTRE AGAINST APARTHEID NOTES AND DOCUMENTS* January 1989 APR I 9 IMSOLUTIONS ON THE POLICIES OF APARTHEID OF THE GWErff9W OF SXH AFRICA ADOPTED BY THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY OF THE UNITED NATIONS AT ITS FORTY-THIRD SESSION *All material in these Notes and Documents may be freely reprinted. Acknowledgement, together with a copy of the publication containing the reprint, would be appreciated. United Nations, New York 10017 -... 1/89 89-02146

/ 1(7 CONTENTrS I rRO...... o o ...... o.. 3 RSOLUTIONS ADOPTED BY THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY ON 5 DCEMBR 1988 UNER AGENDA ITE 36: "POLICIES OF APARTHEID OF THE GOVERWDEUM OF SOUTH AFRICA" ..5.....** ..... oo ...... **...**** 5 43/50 A. International solidarity with the liberation struggle in South Africa ..o...... 6 43/50 B. Military collaboration with South Africa ...... 9 43/50 C. Comprehensive and mandatory sanctions against the racist regime of South Africa ...... 11 43/50 D. Imposition, co-ordination and strict monitoring of measures against racist South Africa ...... 13 43/50 E. Relations between South Africa and Israel ...... 15 43/50 F. Programme of work of the Special Committee against Apartheid ..-o...... o. 17 43/50 G. Special session of the General Assembly on apartheid and its destructive consequences in southern Africa ..... 18 43/50 H. Dissemination of information against the policies of apartheid of the regime of racist South Africa ...... 19 43/50 I. United Nation Trust Fund for South Africa ...... 22 43/50 J. Oil embargo against South Africa ...... 23 43/50 K. Concerted international action for the elimination of apartheid ...... 26 Annexes I. Elements of resolutions and voting ...... 31 II. Explanation of votes ...... 35 III. Partial voting table for resolutions on apartheid, 1985-1988 ...... 38

-3- INMTDUCTION On 5 December 1988, the General Assembly adopted 11 resolutions on the item "Policies of aatheid of the Government of South Africa". The resolutions obtained roughly the same support as those of the previous year. In some cases the support was even stronger; the resolution on the imposition and monitoring of selective sanctions gained the support of the Nordic countries and of Australia, Canada and New Zealand. While eight of the resolutions repeated basically the content and form of the streamlined resolutions of 1987, three new ones were added, one of which, adopted by consensus, called for a special session of the General Assembly in September 1989 on apartheid and its destructive consequences in southern Africa. The General Assembly again expressed support for the liberation movements of South Africa and spelled out the measures that Pretoria should introduce in order to create the appropriate conditions "for free consultations among all the people of South Africa with a view to negotiating a just and lasting solution to the conflict in that country"; it strongly urged those States which directly or indirectly infringe the arms embargo to terminate such acts and urged the Security Council to strengthen the monitoring of the arms embargo and introduce comprehensive mandatory sanctions against South Africa. The General Assembly expressed concern at States that exploited the trade gaps created by the imposition of sanctions by other States; called upon States that had increased their trade with South Africa, and in particular Japan, which was in 1987 the most important trading partner of South Africa, to sever trade relations with South Africa. States were urged, pending comprehensive mandatory sanctions, to adopt legislative and/or comparable measures imposing effective sanctions in a ntnber of areas, such as trade of particular comodities, finance and transport, to strictly implement those measures and to punish violators; the Assembly also called for the strengthening of the oil embargo and decided to hold hearings in April 1989 on the subject; called upon Israel to abide by the recent resolution of the General Assembly, in particular its long-term contracts for military supplies to South Africa; condemned overt and covert destablization of neighbouring States; and appealed to all Governments to take appropriate action to ensure the effectiveness of the sports and cultural boycotts of South Africa. Finally, the Assembly endorsed the programne of work of the Special Comittee. The new resolution calling for a "Special session of the General Assembly on apartheid" in September 1989 was adopted by consensus. Another on "1MMiitry collaboration with South Africa" (proposed by the African Group) urging States, particularly Western States and Israel, to terminate direct or indirect infringement of the arms embargo, was approved by 123 votes to 2 (United States of America and Israel), with 29 abstentions. A third resolution (proposed by the African Group) on "Dissemination of information against the policies of apartheid of the regime of racist South Africa", requesting the Secretary-General to expand the Department of Public Information unit dealing with radio programmes for South Africa, .was adopted by 132 votes to 1, with 21 abstentions. The primary objection of the Western countries, which did not support the resolution, was a perceived infringement on the authority of the Secretary-General as Chief Administrator of the organization and the financial implications involved.

-4- Among the traditional resolutions, the one that obtained the strongest support over the previous year's was a resolution tabled for the first time in 1987, calling for the "Imposition, co-ordination and strict monitoring of measures against racist South Africa". It was adopted by 136 votes to 4 (United States, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, the Federal Republic of Germany and Portugal, which shifted its vote from abstention to negative), with 14 abstentions (128-3-24 in 1987). The Nordic countries, along with Australia, Canada and New Zealand, shifted their position from abstention to a positive vote. The resolution on "International solidarity with the liberation struggle in South Africa" was approved by 131 votes to 3 (United States, United Kingdom and Portugal), with 21 abstentions (129-3-22 in 1987). The main objection was to the term "armed struggle" as a legitimate means of the struggle of the South African people. It should be noted that at the previous session when for the first time the term used was "armed resistance", Greece had voted in favour. There were two separate votes in the voting on the resolution on "Comprehensive and mandatory sanctions against the racist r~gie of South Africa"; the first vote was on paragraph 3, calling upon States, particularly Japan, which had recently emerged as the most important trade partner of South Africa, to sever trade relations with that country. The sentence was retained by 50 votes to 41, with 43 abstentions. The other vote on paragraph 6, appealing to the Governments of United Kingdom and United States to collaborate in the imposition of comprehensive and mandatory sanctions, was maintained by 81 votes to 27, with 31 abstentions. The resolution as a whole maintained exactly the same support as in 1987: 123 votes to 12, with 19 abstentions. Japan voted against the resolution. The resolution on "Relations between South Africa and Israel" was adopted by 106 votes to 23, with 26 abstentions (103-29-23 in 1987). "Progranme of work of the Special Committee against Apartheid" was adopted by 144 votes to 1 (United States), with 9 abstentions. Canada, which abstained in 1987 cast a positive vote (145-1-10 in 1987). The resolution on the "United Nations Trust Fund for South Africa" was again adopted by consensus. The resolution on the "Oil embargo against South Africa" received the same positive votes as last year, 138 votes to 2, with 14 abstentions (138-4-12 in 1987). The Federal Republic of Germany and France shifted from no to abstention. The resolution traditionally prepared by the Nordic countries on "Concerted action for the elimination of apartheid" received the highest support: 149 votes to 2 (United States and United Kingdom), with 2 abstentions (Federal Republic of Germany and Portugal) (149-2-4 in 1987). C8te d'Ivoire and Malawi, which abstained in 1987 voted in favour, Portugal shifted its positive vote to abstention, while Chile, Dominica, Lesotho and Paraguay did not participate in the vote.

-5- Among the African countries, Equatorial Guinea in two resolutions changed its previous year's positive votes to abstentions, while Lesotho and Malawi abstained on five resolutions. Portugal was the only country that shifted its position in one case from positive to abstention and in another from abstention to negative. After the vote, the Chairman of the Special Committee said that the sponsors of the resolutions, which had for a second consecutive year maintained a streamlined format of the drafts and non-condemnatory language, were rather disappointed by the result of some votes. At the same time they appreciated the new support from the Nordic countries, Australia, Canada and New Zealand in one resolution and the improvement of the stand of the Federal Republic of Germany and France on the resolution on the oil embargo. RESOLUTICNS ADOPTED BY THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY ON 5 DECEMBER 1988 UNER AENDA ITEM 36: "POLICIES OF APARTHEID OF THE GOVERNMENT OF SOUTH AFRICA"* Resolution Title Vote International solidarity with the liberation struggle in South Africa Military collaboration with South Africa Comprehensive and mandatory sanctions against the racist regime of South Africa Imposition, co-ordination and strict monitoring of measures against racist South Africa Relations between South Africa and Israel Programme of work of the Special Committee against Apartheid Special session of the General Assembly on apartheid and its destructive consequences in southern Africa 131-3-21 (recorded) 123-2-29 (recorded) 123-12-19 (recorded) 136-4-14 (recorded) 106-23-26 (recorded) 144-1-9 (recorded) Adopted w/o vote * The final texts of the resolutions reproduced in the present issue of Notes and Documents had not been issued at the time of preparation of the issue. The texts reproduced are those of the draft resolutions before the General Assembly (A/43/L.30/Rev.I, L.31-L.39, L.41 and L.42). The official texts of the resolutions will appear as Official Records of the General Assembly, Forty-third Session, Supplement No. 49 (A/43/49). 43/50 A 43/50 B 43/50 C 43/50 D 43/50 E 43/50 F 43/50 G -6- 43/50 H Dissemination of information against the 132-1-21 (recorded) policies of apartheid of the regime of racist South-Africa 43/50 I United Nations Trust Fund for South Africa Adopted w/o vote 43/50 J Oil embargo against South Africa 138-2-14 (recorded) 43/50 K Concerted international action for the 149-2-2 (recorded) elimination of apartheid 43/50 A. International solidarity with the liberation struggle in South Africa The General Assembly, Recalling its resolution 42/23 of 20 November 1987, Having considered the report of the Special Committee against Apartheid, particularly paragraphs 183 to 194, i/ Gravely concerned at the escalating repression of and State terror against opponents of apartheid and the increasing intransigence of the racist r6gime of South Africa, exemplified by the continuous extension of the state of emergency, the imposition of severe restrictions on peaceful anti-apartheid organizations and individuals, the increasing numbers of arbitrary detentions, trials, torture and killings, including those of women and children, the increased use of vigilante groups and the stifling of the press, Noting with serious concern the racist regime's continuing acts of aggression and destabilization against neighbouring independent African States, including assassinations and abductions of freedom fighters in those States, and elsewhere, and the continuing illegal occupation of Namibia, 1. Reaffirms its full support to the majority of the South African people in their struggle, under the leadership of their national liberation movements, the African National Congress of South Africa and the Pan Africanist Congress of Azania, to eradicate apartheid totally, so that all the people of South Africa as a whole, irrespective of race, colour or creed, may enjoy equal and full political and other rights, and participate freely in the determination of their destiny; 2. Reaffirms further the legitimacy of the struggle of the people of South Africa and their right to choose the necessary means, including armed struggle, 1/ Official Records of the General Assembly, Forty-third Session, Supplement No. 22 (A/43/22). to attain the eradication of apartheid, and the establishment of a free, democratic, unfragmented and non-racial South Africa; 3. Condemns the racist regime and its policies and practices of apartheid and, in particular, the execution of patriots and captured freedom fighters in South Africa and demands that the racist regime: (a) Stay the execution of those now on death row; (b) Recognize prisoner-of-war status of captured freedom fighters in accordance with the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949 2/ and Additional Protocol I of 1977; / 4. Demands again: (a) The lifting of the state of emergency; (b) The immediate and unconditional release of Nelson Mandela and all other political prisoners and detainees; (c) The lifting of the ban on all political organizations and opponents of apartheid; (d) The safe return of all political exiles; (e) The withdrawal of the regime's troops from black townships; (f) The repeal of restrictions on the freedom of the press; (g) The end of the policy of bantustanization and forced population removals; (h) The end of military and paramilitary activities aimed at the neighbouring countries; 5. Demands in particular that all detained children be unconditionally released and that the abhorrent practice of applying repressive measures to children and minors cease immediately; 6. Considers that the implementation of the above demands would create the appropriate onitiEions for free consultations among all the people of South Africa with a view to negotiating a just and lasting solution to the conflict in that country; 7. Appeals to all States, intergovernmental and non-governmental organizations, mass media, and city and other local authorities as well as individuals to increase urgently political, economic, educational, legal, 2/ United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 75, Nos. 970-973. 2/ A/32/144, annex I.

-8- humanitarian and all other forms of necessary assistance to the people of South Africa and their national liberation movements; 8. Also appeals to all States, intergovernmental and non-governmental organizations to step up material, financial and other forms of support to the front- line and other neighbouring independent States; 9. Urges all countries to contribute generously to the Action for Resisting Invasion, Colonialism and Apartheid Fund set up by the Eighth Conference of Heads of State or Government of Non-Aligned Countries with the aim of increasing support to the national liberation movements fighting the apartheid regime and to the front-line and other neighbouring independent States; 10. Decides to continue the authorization of adequate financial provision in the regular budget of the United Nations to enable the South African liberation movements recognized by the Organization of African Unity namely, the African National Congress of South Africa and the Pan Africanist Congress of Azania - to maintain offices in New York in order to participate effectively in the deliberations of the Special Committee against Apartheid and other appropriate bodies; 11. Requests Governments and intergovernmental and non-governmental organizations to exert their influence towards the inplementation of this resolution. ADOPIED: In favour: 131; Against: 3; Abstentions: 21 RECORIED VOTE CN HESOLfMON 43/50 A: In favour: Afghanistan, Albania, Algeria, Angola, Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Bahamas, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Barbados, Belize, Benin, Bhutan, Bolivia, Botswana, Brazil, Brunei Darussalam, Bulgaria, Burkina Faso, Burma, Burundi, Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, Chile, China, Colombia, Comoros, Congo, Costa Rica, C~te d'Ivoire, Cuba, Cyprus, Czechoslovakia, Democratic Kampuchea, Democratic Yemen, Djibouti, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Equatorial Guinea, Ethiopia, Fiji, Gabon, Gambia, German Democratic Republic, Ghana, Grenada, Guatemala, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Hungary, India, Indonesia, Iran (Islamic Republic of), Iraq, Jamaica, Jordan, Kenya, Kuwait, Lao People's Democratic Republic, Lebanon, Lesotho, Liberia, Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, Maldives, Mali, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico, Mongolia, Morocco, Mozambique, Nepal, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Oman, Pakistan, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Qatar, Romania, Rwanda, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Samoa, Sao Tome and Principe, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Singapore, Solomon Islands, Somalia, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Suriname, Swaziland, Syrian Arab Republic, Thailand, Togo, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, Uganda, Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic, Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, United Arab Emirates, United Republic of Tanzania, Uruguay, Venezuela, Viet Nam, Yemen, Yugoslavia, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe.

-9- Against: Portugal, United Kingdom, United States. Abstaining: Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Dermark, Finland, France, Germany, Federal Republic of, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Japan, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Spain, Sweden. Absent: Dominica, Paraguay, Vanuatu.* Result of vote on the above resolution and on previous similar resolutions Year Resolution Yes No Abstention 1988 43/50 A 131 3 21 1987 42/23 A 129 3 22 1986 41/35 A 130 8 18 1985 40/64 B 128 8 18 43/50 B. Military collaboration with South Africa The General Assembly, Recalling its resolutions and those of the Security Council on the arms embargo, as well as other resolutions on collaboration with South Africa, Taking note of the report of the Special Comittee against Apartheid, including annex I thereof, I/ Considering that the full implementation of an arms embargo against South Africa is an essential element of international action against apartheid, Taking note of the statement adopted by the Security Council Committee established by resolution 421 (1977) of 9 December 1977 concerning the question of South Africa on 18 December 1987 which "noted with alarm and great concern that large quantities of arms and military equipment, including highly sophisticated materiel, were still reaching South Africa directly or via clandestine routes", Regretting that some countries surreptitiously continue to deal in arms with South Africa and allow South Africa to participate in international arms exhibitions, I/ Official Records of the General Assembly, Forty-third Session, Supplement No. 22 (A/43/22). * Subsequently the delegation of Vanuatu advised the Secretariat that it had intended to vote in favour.

- 10 - 1. Strongly urges those States which directly or indirectly infringe the arms embargo and continue to collaborate with South Africa in the military, nuclear, and military intelligence and technology fields, in particular, certain Western States and Israel, to terminate forthwith such acts; 2. Urges the Security Council to consider immediate steps to ensure the scrupulous and full implementation of the arms embargo imposed by the Council in resolution 418 (1977) of 4 November 1977 and its effective monitoring; 3. Requests the Special Committee to keep the matter under constant review and to report thereon to the General Assembly and the Security Council as appropriate. ADOPTED: In favour: 123; Against: 2; Abstentions: 29 REK ORDED VOIE (ON RESOLUTION 43/50 B: In favour: Afghanistan, Albania, Algeria, Angola, Argentina, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Barbados, Belize, Benin, Bhutan, Bolivia, Botswana, Brazil, Brunei Darussalam, Bulgaria, Burkina Faso, Burma, Burundi, Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, China, Colombia, Comoros, Congo, Costa Rica, C~te d'Ivoire, Cuba, Cyprus, Czechoslovakia, Democratic Kampuchea, Democratic Yemen, Djibouti, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Equatorial Guinea, Ethiopia, Fiji, Gabon, Gambia, German Democratic Republic, Ghana, Guatemala, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, Hungary, India, Indonesia, Iran (Islamic Republic of), Iraq, Jamaica, Jordan, Kenya, Kuwait, Lao People's Democratic Republic, Lebanon, Liberia, Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, Madagascar, Malaysia, Maldives, Mali, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico, Mongolia, Morocco, Mozambique, Nepal, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Oman, Pakistan, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Qatar, Romania, Rwanda, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Sao Tome and Principe, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Singapore, Solomon Islands, Somalia, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Suriname, Swaziland, Syrian Arab Republic, Thailand, Togo, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, Uganda, Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic, United Soviet Socialist Republics, United Arab Emirates, United Republic of Tanzania, Uruguay, Venezuela, Viet Nam, Yemen, Yugoslavia, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe. Against: Israel, United States. Abstaining: Antigua and Barbuda, Australia, Austria, Bahamas, Belgium, Canada, Chile, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Federal Republic of, Greece, Honduras, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Lesotho, Luxembourg, Malawi, Malta, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Portugal, Samoa, Spain, Sweden, United Kingdom. Absent: Dominica, Grenada, Paraguay, Vanuatu.* * Subsequently the delegation of Vanuatu advised the Secretariat that it had intended to vote in favour.

- 11 - 43/50 C. Comprehensive and mandatory sanctions against the racist regime of South Africa The General Assembly, Recalling its resolution 42/23 C of 20 November 1987, Recalling its earlier resolutions and those of the Security Council calling for concerted international action to force the racist r4gime of South Africa to eradicate apartheid, Having considered the report of the Special Committee against Apartheid, 1/ in particular paragraphs 188 to 194, Noting with satisfaction the entering into force on 3 April 1988 of the International Convention against Apartheid in Sports, Z/ Gravely concerned at the continuing defiance by the apartheid r4gime of the will of the international community, the regime's provocatilve non-compliance with resolutions of the Security Council and the General Assembly, its escalating terror against the people of South Africa, its continuing illegal occupation of Namibia, and its acts of military aggression and political and economic destabilization against independent African States, Expressing serious concern at the continuing violation of the arms embargo against South Africa, Noting with grave concern that some Member States and transnational corporations have continued economic relations with South Africa, while some others have begun to exploit opportunities created by sanctions imposed by other States thus substantially increasing their trade with South Africa, 1. Reaffirms that apartheid is a crime against humanity and a threat to international peace and security, and that it is a primary responsibility of the United Nations to assist in efforts to eliminate apartheid without further delay; 2. Encourages States that have not yet done so to accede to the International Convention against Apartheid in Sports, and calls upon all States to support the work of the Commission against Apartheid in Sports; 3. Calls upon those States which have increased their trade with South Africa and, particularly, Japan, which recently emerged as the most important trading partner of South Africa, to sever trade relations with South Africa; 4. Decides once again that the imposition of comprehensive and mandatory sanctions by the Security Council under Chapter VII of the Charter / Official Records of the General Assembly, Forty-third Session, Supplement No. 22 (A/43/22). 2_/ Resolution 40/64 G, annex.

- 12 - of the United Nations would be the most appropriate, effective and peaceful means to bring apartheid to an end and to discharge the responsibilities of the United Nations forthe maintenance of international peace and security, which are threatened and violated by the apartheid regime; 5. Urgently requests the Security Council, therefore, to consider immediate action under Chapter VII of the Charter with a view to applying comprehensive and mandatory sanctions against the racist regime of South Africa and calls upon those Governments which are opposed to the application of comprehensive and mandatory sanctions to reassess their policies and cease their opposition to the application of such sanctions by the Security Council; 6. Appeals to the Governments of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and the United States of America to co-operate in the imposition of comprehensive, mandatory sanctions by the international community against racist South Africa as a means for achieving peaceful change in that country; 7. Urges the Security Council to strengthen the mandatory arms embargo imposed by its resolutions 418 (1977) of 4 November 1977 and 558 (1984) of 13 December 1984 in order to bring to an end the continued violations of the arms embargo. ADOPTED: In favour: 123; Against: 12; Abstentions: 19 RECORDED VOTE ON THE WORDS "and, particularly, Japan, which recently emerged as the most important trading partner of South Africa", in operative paragraph 3: In favour of retaining the words: 50; Against: 41; Abstentions: 43 RBCOFEE VOTE CN OPERATIVE PARAGRAPH 6: In favour of retaining the paragraph: 82; Against: 27 Abstentions: 31 RECORDED VOTE ON RESOLUTION 43/50 C: In favour: Afghanistan, Albania, Algeria, Angola, Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Bahamas, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Barbados, Belize, Benin, Bolivia, Brazil, Brunei Darussalam, Bulgaria, Burkina Faso, Burma, Burundi, Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, China, Colombia, Comoros, Congo, Costa Rica, C8te d'Ivoire, Cuba, Cyprus, Czechoslovakia, Democratic Kampuchea, Democratic Yemen, Djibouti, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Ethiopia, Fiji, Gabon, Gambia, German Democratic Republic, Ghana, Grenada, Guatemala, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, Hungary, India, Indonesia, Iran (Islamic Republic of), Iraq, Jamaica, Jordan, Kenya, Kuwait, Lao People's Democratic Republic, Lebanon, Liberia, Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, Madagascar, Malaysia, Maldives, Mali, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico, Mongolia, Morocco, Mozambique, Nepal, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Oman, Pakistan, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Qatar, Romania, Rwanda, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Samoa, Sao Tome and Principe, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Singapore, Solomon Islands, Somalia, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Suriname, Syrian Arab Republic, Thailand, Togo, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, Uganda, Ukrainian Soviet Socialist

- 13 - Republic, United Soviet Socialist Republics, United Arab Emirates, United Republic of Tanzania, Uruguay, Venezuela, Viet Nam, Yemen, Yugoslavia, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe. Against: Belgium, Canada, France, Germany, Federal Republic of, Israel, Italy, Japan, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Portugal, United Kingdom, United States. Abstaining: Australia, Austria, Bhutan, Botswana, Denmark, Equatorial Guinea, Finland, Greece, Honduras, Iceland, Ireland, Lesotho, Malawi, Malta, New Zealand, Norway, Spain, Swaziland, Sweden. Absent: Chile, Dominica, Paraguay, Vanuatu.* Result of vote on the above resolution and on previous similar resolutions Year Resolution Yes No Abstention 1988 43/50 C 123 12 19 1987 42/23 C 126 11 17 1986 41/35 B 126 16 13 1985 40/64 A 122 18 14 43/50 D. Imposition, co-ordination and strict monitoring of measures against racist South Africa The General Assembly, Recalling its resolutions on sanctions against South Africa, TakinV note of the report of the Special Committee against Apartheid, 1/ particularly its paragraphs 191 to 194, and of the Secretary-General's report on inplementation of national measures adopted against South Africa, 3/ Consideri that measures taken by States individually and some collecively, while commendable, vary in coverage and degree of enforcement, which allows for the exploitation of existing gaps and loopholes, Concerned at the increasing number of States that exploit the trade gaps created by the imposition of these measures, * Subsequently the delegation of Vanuatu advised the Secretariat that it had intended to vote in favour. / Official Records of the General Assembly, Forty-third Session, Supplement No. 22 (A/43/22). 2/ A/43/786.

- 14 - Commending action taken by labour unions, women's organizations, student groups and other anti-apartheid organizations for the isolation of the apartheid r4gime, 1. Urges all States that have not yet done so, pending the imposition of comprehensive and mandatory sanctions, to adopt legislative and/or comparable measures to impose effective sanctions against South Africa and, in particular; (a) To impose embargoes on the supply of all products, technologies, skills and services that can be used for the military and nuclear industry of South Africa, including military intelligence; (b) To impose embargoes on the supply of oil and petroleum products; (c) To prohibit the import of coal, gold, other minerals and agricultural products from South Africa and Namibia; (d) To induce transnational corporations, banks and financial institutions to withdraw effectively from South Africa by ceasing equity and non- equity investment, transfer of technology and know-how, and provision of credit and loans; (e) To sever all air, sea and other transport links with South Africa; (f) To prevent, through appropriate measures, their citizens, from serving in South Africa's armed forces and other sensitive sectors; (g) To take appropriate measures to ensure the effectiveness of the sports and cultural boycott of the racist regime of South Africa; 2. Further urges all States to monitor strictly the implementation of the above measures and adopt when necessary legislation providing for penalties on individuals and enterprises violating those measures; 3. Requests the Secretary-General to report to the General Assembly at its forty- fourth session on new legislative and/or comparable measures adopted and implemented by States against South Africa, especially on areas in which the South African economy depends on the outside world. ADOPTED: In favour: 136; Against: 4; Abstentions: 14 RECORED VOTE ON RESOLUTION 43/50 D: In favour: Afghanistan, Albania, Algeria, Angola, Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Australia, Bahamas, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Barbados, Belize, Benin, Bhutan, Bolivia, Botswana, Brazil, Brunei Darussalam, Bulgaria, Burkina Faso, Burma, Burundi, Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic, Cameroon, Canada, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, China, Colombia, Comoros, Congo, Costa Rica, C6te d'Ivoire, Cuba, Cyprus, Czechoslovakia, Democratic Kampuchea, Democratic Yemen, Dernark, Djibouti, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Ethiopia, Fiji, Finland, Gabon, Gambia, German Democratic Republic, Ghana, Grenada, Guatemala, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Hungary,

- 15 - Iceland, India, Indonesia, Iran (Islamic Republic of), Iraq, Jamaica, Jordan, Kenya, Kuwait, Lao People's Democratic Republic, Lebanon, Liberia, Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, Madagascar, Malaysia, Maldives, Mali, Malta, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico, Mongolia, Morocco, Mozambique, Nepal, New Zealand, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Norway, Oman, Pakistan, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Qatar, Romania, Rwanda, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Sama, Sao Tome and Principe, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierre Leone, Singapore, Solomon Islands, Somalia, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Suriname, Swaziland, Sweden, Syrian Arab Republic, Thailand, Togo, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, Uganda, Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic, United Soviet Socialist Republics, United Arab Emirates, United Republic of Tanzania, Uruguay, Venezuela, Viet Nam, Yemen, Yugoslavia, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe. Against: Germany, Federal Republic of, Portugal, United Kingdom, United States. Abstaining: Austria, Belgium, Equatorial Guinea, France, Greece, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Japan, Lesotho, Luxembourg, Malawi, Netherlands, Spain. Absent: Chile, Dominica, Paraguay, Vanuatu.* Result of vote on the above resolution and on previous similar resolutions Year Resolution Yes No Abstention 1988 43/50 D 136 4 14 1987 42/23 B 128 3 24 43/50 E. Relations between South Africa and Israel The General Assembly, Recalling its resolution 42/23 D of 20 November 1987, Having considered the report of the Special Comnittee against Apartheid, particularly annex I on recent developments concerning relations between South Africa and Israel, i/ * Subsequently the delegation of Vanuatu advised the Secretariat that it had intended to vote in favour. Y Official Records of the General Assembly, Forty-third Session, Supplement No. 22 (A/43/22).

- 16 - 1. Calls upon Israel to abide by the relevant resolutions of the General Assembly and the Security Council by terminating forthwith all forms of military, nuclear, intelligence, economic and other collaboration, particularly its long-term contracts for military supplies, with South Africa; 2. Requests the Special Committee against Apartheid to continue to monitor the relations between South Africa and Israel and keep them under constant review, including the implementation of the measures adopted by Israel, and report to the General Assembly and the Security Council as appropriate. ADOPIED: In favour: 106; Against: 23; Abstentions: 26 RECOR[D VOTE ON 43/50 E: In favour: Afghanistan, Albania, Algeria, Angola, Argentina, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Barbados, Benin, Bhutan, Bolivia, Botswana, Brazil, Brunei Darussalam, Bulgaria, Burkina Faso, Burma, Burundi, Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic, Cape Verde, Chad, China, Comoros, Congo, Cuba, Cyprus, Czechoslovakia, Democratic Kampuchea, Democratic Yemen, Djibouti, Ecuador, Egypt, Ethiopia, Gabon, Gambia, German Democratic Republic, Ghana, Guatemala, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, Hungary, India, Indonesia, Iran (Islamic Republic of), Iraq, Jamaica, Jordan, Kenya, Kuwait, Lao People's Democratic Republic, Lebanon, Liberia, Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, Madagascar, Malaysia, Maldives, Mali, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico, Mongolia, Morocco, Mozambique, Nepal, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Oman, Pakistan, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Qatar, Rumania, Rwanda, Sao Tome and Principe, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Somalia, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Suriname, Swaziland, Syrian Arab Republic, Thailand, Togo, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, Uganda, Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic, United Soviet Socialist Republics, United Arab Emirates, United Republic of Tanzania, Venezuela, Viet Nam, Yemen, Yugoslavia, Zambia, Zimbabwe. Against: Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, Dominican Republic, Finland, France, Germany, Federal Republic of, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, United Kingdom, United States. Abstaining: Antigua and Barbuda, Bahamas, Belize, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, C8te d'Ivoire, El Salvador, Equatorial Guinea, Fiji, Grenada, Honduras, Japan, Lesotho, Malawi, Malta, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Samoa, Singapore, Solomon Islands, Uruguay, Zaire. Absent: Dominica, Paraguay, Vanuatu.* * Subsequently the delegation of Vanuatu advised the Secretariat that it had intended to vote in favour.

- 17 - Result of vote on the above resolution and on previous similar resolutions Year Resolution Yes No Abstention 1988 43/50 E 106 23 26 1987 42/23 D 103 29 23 1986 41/35 C 102 29 26 1985 40/64 E 102 20 30 43/50 F. Progranme of work of the Special Committee against Apartheid The General Assembly, Having considered the report of the Special Committee against Apartheid, i/ 1. Cormends the Special Cumuittee against Apartheid for its work in the discharge of its responsibilities in promoting international action against apartheid; 2. Takes note of the report of the Special Comittee against Apartheid and endorses the reccomendations contained in paragraph 194 of the report relating to its programme of work; 3. Decides to make a special allocation of $400,000 to the Special Committee for 1989 from the regular budget of the United Nations to cover the cost of special projects to be decided upon by the Conittee; 4. Requests Governments and organizations to provide financial and other assistance for the special projects of the Special Committee and to make generous contributions to the Trust Fund for Publicity against Apartheid; 5. Appeals to all Governments, intergovernmental organizations, information media, non-governmental organizations and individuals to co-operate with the Centre against Apartheid and the Department of Public Information of the Secretariat in their activities against apartheid, and in particular in disseminating information on the deteriorating situation in South Africa in order to mitigate the effects of the restraints on the press in South Africa and to effectively counteract South African propaganda. ADOPTED: In favour: 144; Against: 1; Abstentions: 9 RECORED VOTE CN RESOLUTIN 43/50 F; In favour: Afghanistan, Albania, Algeria, Angola, Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Australia, Austria, Bahamas, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Barbados, Belize, Benin, Bhutan, Bolivia, Botswana, Brazil, Brunei Darussalam, Bulgaria, Burkina Faso, Burma, Burundi, Byelorussian Soviet Socialist l/ Official Records of the General Assembly, Forty-third Session, Supplement No. 22 (A/43/22).

- 18 - Republic, Cameroon, Canada, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, Chile, China, Colombia, Comoros, Congo, Costa Rica, C~te d'Ivoire, Cuba, Cyprus, Czechoslovakia, Democratic Kampuchea, Democratic Yemen, Denmark, Djibouti, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Equatorial Guinea, Ethiopia, Fiji, Finland, Gabon, Gambia, German Democratic Republic, Ghana, Greece, Grenada, Guatemala, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Hungary, Iceland, India, Indonesia, Iran (Islamic Republic of), Iraq, Ireland, Jamaica, Japan, Jordan, Kenya, Kuwait, Lao People's Democratic Republic, Lebanon, Lesotho, Liberia, Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, Maldives, Mali, Malta, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico, Mongolia, Morocco, Mozambique, Nepal, New Zealand, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Norway, Oman, Pakistan, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Peru, Poland, Qatar, Romania, Rwanda, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Samoa, Sao Tome and Principe, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Singapore, Solomon Islands, Somalia, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Suriname, Swaziland, Sweden, Syrian Arab Republic, Thailand, Togo, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, Uganda, Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic, United Soviet Socialist Republics, United Arab Emirates, United Republic of Tanzania, Uruguay, Venezuela, Viet Nam, Yemen, Yugoslavia, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe. Against: United States. Abstaining: Belgium, France, Germany, Federal Republic of, Israel, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Portugal, United Kingdom. Absent: Dominica, Paraguay, Philippines, Vanuatu*. Result of vote on the above resolution and on previous similar resolutions Year Resolution Yes No Abstention 1988 43/50 F 144 1 9 1987 42/23 E 145 1 10 1986 41/35 D 145 2 10 1985 40/64 F 141 2 12 43/50 G. Special session of the General Assembly on apartheid and its destructive consequences in southern Africa The General Assembly, Gravely concerned at the escalating repression mounted against the opponents of apartheid in South Africa, Further concerned about the racist r4gime's continued aggression against the front-line States and its destructive consequences, * Subsequently the delegations of Philippines and Vanuatu advised the Secretariat that they had intended to vote in favour.

- 19 - Taking note of the Declaration of the Conference of Foreign Ministers of non- aligned countries held in Nicosia, Cyprus, on 7 and 10 September 1988, Indignant at the continued non-implementation of the United Nations General Assembly and Security Council resolutions by South Africa, 1. Decides to hold a special session of the General Assembly on apartheid and its destructive consequences in southern Africa before its forty-fourth session, on a date to be determined by the Secretary-General in consultation with the Special Committee against Apartheid; 2. Requests the Secretary-General to make the necessary administrative arrangements towards the convening of the special session. ADOPTED WITHUT A VOTE. 43/50 H. Dissemination of information against the policies of apartheid ofthe regime of racist South Africa The General Assembly, Recalling and reaffirming the legislative mandate of resolutions 32/105 H of 17 December 1977, paragraph 4, and 33/183 I of 24 January 1979, in which it requested the Secretary-General to undertake in co-operation with Member States a regular programme of radio broadcasts directed at South Africa, Recalling further General Assembly resolutions 13 (1) of 13 February 1946, 595 (VI) of 4 February 1952, 1335 (XIII) of 13 December 1958, 1405 (XIV) of 1 December 1959, 3535 (XXX) of 17 December 1975, 32/105 B of 17 December 1977, 33/115 of 18 December 1978, 34/181 and 34/182 of 18 December 1979, 35/201 of 17 December 1980, 36/149 of 16 December 1981 and 40/64 D of 10 December 1985, in which it requested the Secretary-General to intensify and expand radio programmes for broadcast to southern Africa, Strongly convinced of the need to intensify and expand activities aimed at mobilizing world public opinion against the evil system of apartheid in South Africa, Mindful of the important role of the United Nations and its specialized agencies in the dissemination of information against apartheid, as enshrined in the relevant General Assembly resolutions, Bearing in mind the malicious propaganda activities of the racist regime of South Africa, which continues to commit numerous acts of military aggression and destabilization against the front-line States, and other neighbouring States in the region, and the imperative need to effectively counter these activities, Alarmed at the planned reduction in the establishment of the Anti-Apartheid Programmes Section of the Department of Public Information of the Secretariat,

- 20 - Concerned at the continuous reduction in programme output over the years, and distressed at the prospect of the Department of Public Information's proposal to further reduce radio programmes directed at the people of South Africa and Namibia at this crucial period when the racist regime has escalated its disinformation campaign and mass media black-out, Bearin in mind resolution 41/213 of 19 December 1986 regarding the restructuring of the administrative and financial functioning of the United Nations and, in particular, the need to ensure that reforms are implemented with flexibility and do not have a negative impact on mandated and priority programes, Noting with appreciation that the Secretary-General has initiated radio programmes in co-operation with Member States whose broadcasts can be heard in southern Africa in the main languages spoken in South Africa, which are English, Afrikaans, Sesotho, Setswana, Xhosa and Zulu, Taking into consideration that radio is the commonly and widely used as well as easily accessible medium of communication in the region, 1. Urges the Secretary-General to: (a) Intensify, increase and expand these radio broadcasts as well as the production of audio-visual material and to maintain, without interference, the unique linguistic features and characteristics of these programmes; (b) Provide all appropriate technical and financial assistance to radio stations of those Member States which are broadcasting or willing to broadcast to South Africa, in order to enable their radio transmitters to be heard inside South Africa; (c) Ensure regular monitoring and evaluation of the impact of these programnes; (d) Retain and commensurately increase the personnel in these programmes in accordance with the relevant resolutions of the General Assembly, in particular resolution 42/220 of 21 December 1987; (e) Further strengthen and enhance these radio programmes by engaging, at the upper echelons of the Secretariat and senior policy-making and supervisory levels, personnel from the region who will readily understand, interpret and be responsive to developments in the region; (f) Maintain these radio programmes as an exclusively separate entity for purposes of enhancing their effectiveness; 2. Appeals to all Governments, non-governmental organizations and the specialized agencies to co-operate with the Secretary-General in order to ensure the widest possible dissemination of information against apartheid, in particular, these radio programmes; 3. Expresses its appreciation to those Member States and international organizations which have provided the Department of Public Information of the Secretariat with their broadcasting facilities, as well as their contribution - 21 - to the Trust Fund for Publicity, and request those which have not done so to do the same; 4. Requests the Secretary-General to report to the General Assembly at its forty-fourth session on the implementation of the present resolution. ADOPTED: In favour: 132; Against: 1; Abstentions: 21 RFXORDED VOTE ON 43/50 H: In favour: Afghanistan, Albania, Algeria, Angola, Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Bahamas, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Barbados, Belize, Benin, Bhutan, Bolivia, Botswana, Brazil, Brunei Darussalam, Bulgaria, Burkina Faso, Burma, Burundi, Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, China, Colombia, Comoros, Congo, Costa Rica, CSte d'Ivoire, Cuba, Cyprus, Czechoslovakia, Democratic Kampuchea, Democratic Yemen, Djibouti, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Equatorial Guinea, Ethiopia, Fiji, Gabon, Gambia, German Democratic Republic, Ghana, Grenada, Guatemala, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Hungary, India, Indonesia, Iran (Islamic Republic of), Iraq, Jamaica, Jordan, Kenya, Kuwait, Lao People's Democratic Republic, Lebanon, Lesotho, Liberia, Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, Madagascar, Malaysia, Maldives, Malawi, Mali, Malta, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico, Mongolia, Morocco, Mozambique, Nepal, New Zealand,* Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Oman, Pakistan, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Qatar, Romania, Rwanda, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Samoa, Sao Tome and Principe, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Singapore, Solomon Islands, Somalia, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Suriname, Swaziland, Syrian Arab Republic, Thailand, Togo, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, Uganda, Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic, United Soviet Socialist Republics, United Arab Emirates, United Republic of Tanzania, Uruguay, Venezuela, Viet Nam, Yemen, Yugoslavia, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe. Against: United States. Abstaining: Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Federal Republic of, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Japan, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, United Kingdom. Absent: Dominica, Paraguay, Vanuatu.** * Subsequently the delegation of New Zealand advised the Secretariat that it had intended to abstain. ** Subsequently the delegation of Vanuatu advised the Secretariat that it had intended to vote in favour.

- 22 - 43/50 I. United Nations Trust Fund for South Africa The General Assembly, Recalling its earlier resolutions on the United Nations Trust Fund for South Africa, in particular resolution 42/23 H of 20 November 1987, Having considered the report of the Secretary-General on the United Nations Trust Fund for South Africa, 1/ to which is annexed the report of the Committee of Trustees of the Trust Fund, Gravely concerned at the continued nation-wide state of emergency and security regulations which criminalize and stifle political dissent and protest, Increasingly alarmed by the continued detentions without trials, forced removals, bannings, restriction orders, political trials, death sentences imposed on opponents of apartheid, harassment of trade unions, church and other organizations and individuals involved in peaceful protest and dissent, Reaffirming that increased humanitarian and legal assistance by the international community to those persecuted under repressive and discriminatory legislation in South Africa and Namibia is more than ever necessary to alleviate their plight and sustain their efforts, Strongly convinced that increased contributions to the Trust Fund and to the voluntary agencies concerned are necessary to enable them to meet the extensive needs for humanitarian and legal assistance, 1. Endorses the report of the Secretary-General on the United Nations Trust Fund for South Africa; 2. Expresses its appreciation to the Governments, organizations and individuals that have contributed to the Trust Fund and to the voluntary agencies engaged in rendering humanitarian and legal assistance to the victims of apartheid and racial discrimination; 3. Appeals for generous and increased contributions to the Trust Fund; 4. Also aoeals for direct contributions to the voluntary agencies engaged in rendering assistance to the victims of apartheid and racial discrimination in South Africa and Namibia; 5. Commends the Secretary-General and the Committee of Trustees of the United Nations Trust Fund for South Africa for their persistent efforts to promote humanitarian and legal assistance to persons persecuted under _/ A/43/682.

- 23 - repressive and discriminatory legislation in South Africa and Namibia, as well as assistance to their families and to refugees from South Africa. ADOPTED WITHOUT A VOTE. 43/50 J. Oil embargo against South Africa The General Assembly, Having considered the report of the Intergovernmental Group to Monitor the Supply and Shipping of Oil and Petroleum Products to South Africa, 1/ Recalling its resolutions on an oil embargo against South Africa, in particular resolution 42/23 F of 20 November 1987, Noting that, while oil-exporting States have conitted themselves to an oil embargo against South Africa, very few major shipping States have done so, Concerned that the racist regime of South Africa has been able to circumvent the oil embargoes and comparable measures adopted by States, Commending action taken by labour unions, student groups and anti-apartheid organizations against companies involved in the violation of the oiliembargo against South Africa, and for the enforcement of the embargo, Convinced that an effective oil embargo against South Africa would complement the arms embargo against the apartheid regime, and serve to curtail both its acts of aggression against the front-line States and its repression of the people of South Africa and Namibia, 1. Takes note of the report of the Intergovernmental Group to Monitor the Supply and Shipping of Oil and Petroleum Products to South Africa; Y 2. Urges the Security Council to take action without further delay to impose a mandatory embargo on the supply and shipping of oil and petroleum products to South Africa as well as the supply of equipment and technology to, financing of and investment in its oil industry and coal liquefaction projects; 3. Reuests all States concerned, pending a decision by the Security Council, to adopt effective measures and/or legislation to broaden the scope of the oil embargo in order to ensure the complete cessation of the supply and shipping of oil and petroleum products to South Africa and Namibia, whether directly or indretly, and in particular: (a) To apply strictly the "end users" clause and other conditions 1/ Official Records of the General Assembly, Forty-third Session, Supplement No. 44 (A/43/44).

- 24 - concerning restriction on destination to ensure compliance with the embargo; (b) To compel the companies originally selling or purchasing oil or petroleum products, as appropriate to each nation, to desist from selling, reselling or otherwise transferring oil and petroleum products to South Africa and Namibia, whether directly or indirectly; (c) To establish strict control over the supply of oil and petroleum products to South Africa and Namibia by intermediaries, oil companies and traders by placing responsibility for the fulfilment of the contract on the first buyer or seller of oil and petroleum products who would, therefore, be liable for the actions of these parties; (d) To prevent access by South Africa to other sources of energy, including the supply of raw materials, technical know-how, financial assistance and transport; (e) To prohibit all assistance to apartheid South Africa, including the provision of finance, technology, equipment or personnel for the prospecting, development or production of hydrocarbon resources, the construction or operation of oil-from- coal or oil-from-gas plants or the development and operation of plants producing fuel substitutes and additives such as ethanol and methanol; (f) To prevent South African corporations from maintaining or expanding their holdings in oil companies or properties outside South Africa; (g) To terminate the transport of oil to South Africa by ships flying their flags, or by ships that are ultimately owned, managed or chartered by their nationals or by companies within their jurisdiction; (h) To develop a system for registration of ships, registered or owned by their nationals, that have unloaded oil in South Africa in contravention of embargoes imposed; (i) To impose penal action against companies and individuals that have been involved in violating the oil embargo, and to publicize cases of successful prosecutions in conformity with their national laws; (j) To gather, exchange and disseminate information regarding violations of the oil embargo, including ways and means to prevent such violations and to take concerted measures against violators; 4. Decides to hold hearings in April 1989 on the strengthening of the oil embargo against South Africa, to be organized by the Intergovernmental Group in co-operation with the Special Committee against Apartheid; 5. e2ests the Intergovernmental Group to submit to the General Assembly at its forty-fourth session a report on the implementation of the present resolution, including proposals for strengthening the mechanism to monitor the supply and shipment of oil and petroleum products to South Africa; 6. Requests all States to extend their co-operation to the IntergovermentaT Group in the implementation of the present resolution;

- 25 - 7. Requests the Secretary-General to provide the Intergovernmental Group with all necessary assistance for the implementation of the present resolution. ADOPTED: In favour: 138; Against: 2; Abstentions: 14 RECOR1WD VOTE ON 43/50 J: In favour: Afghanistan, Albania, Algeria, Angola, Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Australia, Austria, Bahamas, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Barbados, Belize, Benin, Bhutan, Bolivia, Brazil, Brunei Darussalam, Bulgaria, Burkina Faso, Burma, Burundi, Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, China, Colombia, Comoros, Congo, Costa Rica, C8te d'Ivoire, Cuba, Cyprus, Czechoslovakia, Democratic Kampuchea, Democratic Yemen, Denmark, Djibouti, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Equatorial Guinea, Ethiopia, Fiji, Finland, Gabon, Gambia, German Democratic Republic, Ghana, Grenada, Guatemala, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Hungary, Iceland, India, Indonesia, Iran (Islamic Republic of), Iraq, Ireland, Italy, Jamaica, Jordan, Kenya, Kuwait, Lao People's Democratic Republic, Lebanon, Liberia, Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, Madagascar, Malaysia, Maldives, Mali, Malta, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico, Mongolia, Morocco, Mozambique, Nepal, New Zealand, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Norway, Oman, Pakistan, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Qatar, Romania, Rwanda, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Samoa, Sao Tome and Principe, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Singapore, Solomon Islands, Somalia, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Suriname, Sweden, Syrian Arab Republic, Thailand, Togo, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, Uganda, Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic, United Soviet Socialist Republics, United Arab Emirates, United Republic of Tanzania, Uruguay, Venezuela, Viet Nam, Yemen, Yugoslavia, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe. Against: United Kingdom, United States. Abstaining: Belgium, Botswana, Canada, France, Germany, Federal Republic of, Greece, Israel, Japan, Lesotho, Luxembourg, Malawi, Netherlands, Portugal, Swaziland. Absent: Chile, Dominica, Paraguay, Vanuatu.* Result of vote on the above resolution and on previous similar resolutions Year Resolution Yes No Abstention 1988 43/50 J 138 2 14 1987 42/23 F 138 4 12 1986 41/35 F 136 5 15 * Subsequently the delegation of Vanuatu advised the Secretariat that it had intended to vote in favour.

- 26 - 43/50 K. Concerted international action for the elimination of apartheid The General Assembly, Alarmed by the continuous aggravation of the situation in South Africa caused by the policy of apartheid, and in particular by the extension and further tightening of the nationwide state of emergency, Convinced that the root-cause of the crisis in southern Africa is the policy of apartheid, Notinq with grave concern that in order to perpetuate aartheid in South Africa the authorities there have committed acts of aggression and breaches of the peace, Convinced that only the total eradication of apartheid and the establishment of majority rule on the basis of the free and fair exercise of universal adult suffrage can lead to a peaceful and lasting solution in South Africa, Noting that the so-called reforms in South Africa have the effect of further entrenching the apartheid system and further dividing the people of South Africa, Recognizing that the policy of bantustanization deprives the majority of the people of their citizenship and makes them foreigners in their own country, Recognizing the responsibility of the United Nations and the international community to take all necessary action for the eradication of apartheid, and, in particular, the need for increased and effective pressure on the South African authorities as a peaceful means of achieving the abolition of apartheid, Encouraged, in this context, by the growing international consensus, as demonstrated by the adoption of Security Council resolution 569 (1985) of 26 July 1985, and the increase in and expansion of national, regional and intergovernmental measures to this end, Consider in sanctions to be the most effective peaceful means available to the international comunity to increase pressure on the South African authorities, Convinced of the vital importance of the strict observance of Security Council resolution 418 (1977) of 4 November 1977, by which the Council instituted a mandatory arms embargo against South Africa, and Security Council resolution 558 (1984) of 13 December 1984 concerning the import of arms, ammunition and military vehicles produced in South Africa, and of the need to make these embargoes fully effective in conformity with Security Council resolution 591 (1986) of 28 November 1986, Commending the national policies not to sell and export oil to South Africa,

- 27 - Considering that measures to ensure effective and scrupulous implementation of such embargoes through international co-operation are essential and urgent, Taking note, in this respect, of the efforts undertaken by the Intergovernmental Group to Monitor the Supply and Shipping of Oil and Petroleum Products to South Africa, Noting with dee? concern that, through a combination of military and economic pressures, in violation of international law, the authorities of South Africa have resorted to economic reprisals and aggression against, and destabilization of, neighbouring States, Alarmed by the seriously deteriorating situation of millions of refugees, returnees and displaced persons in southern Africa caused by these policies and actions, Considering that contacts between apartheid South Africa and the front-line and other neighbouring States, necessitated by geography, colonial legacy and other reasons, should not be used by other States as a pretext for legitimizing the apartheid system or justifying attempts to break the international isolation of that system, Convinced that the existence of apartheid will continue to lead to ever-increasing resistance by the oppressed people, by all possible means, and increased tension and conflict that will have far-reaching consequences for southern Africa and the world, Convinced that policies of collaboration with the apartheid r4gime, instead of respect for the legitimate aspirations of the genuine representatives of the great majority of the people, will encourage its repression and aggression against neighbouring States and its defiance of the United Nations, Expressing its full support for the legitimate aspiration of African States and peoples, and of the Organization of African Unity, for the total liberation of the continent of Africa from colonialism and racism, 1. Strongly condemns the policy of apartheid that deprives the majority of the Sout African population of their dignity, fundamental freedoms and human rights; 2. Strongly condemns the South African authorities for the killings, arbitrary mass arrests and the detention of members of mass organizations as well as other individuals who are opposing the apartheid system and the state of emergency, and for the detention of and use of violence against children; 3. Further condemns the overt and the covert aggressive actions, which South Africa has carried out for the destabilization of neighbouring States, as well as those aimed against refugees from South Africa and Namibia; 4. Demands that the authorities of South Africa:

- 28 - (a) Release imediately and unconditionally Nelson Mandela and all other political prisoners, detainees and restrictees; (b) Immediately lift the state of emergency; (c) Abrogate discriminatory laws and lift bans on all organizations and individuals, as well as end restrictions on and censorship of news media; (d) Grant freedom of association and full trade union rights to all workers of South Africa; (e) Initiate without pre-conditions a political dialogue with genuine leaders of the majority population with a view of eradicating apartheid without delay and establishing a representative government; (f) Eradicate the bantustan structures; (g) Imediately end the destabilization of front-line and other States; 5. Urges the Security Council to consider without delay the adoption of effectivemandatory sanctions against South Africa; 6. Further urmes the Security Council to take steps for the strict implementation of the mandatory arms en'bargo instituted by it in resolution 418 (1977) and of the arms embargo requested in its resolution 558 (1984) and, within the context of the relevant resolutions, to secure an end to military and nuclear co-operation with South Africa and the import of military equipment or supplies from South Africa; 7. Appeals to all States that have not yet done so, pending mandatory sanctions by the Security Council, to consider national legislative or other appropriate measures to increase the pressure on the apartheid r4gime of South Africa, such as: (a) Cessation of further investment in, and financial loans to, South Africa; (b) An end to all promotion of and support for trade with South Africa; (c) Prohibition of the sale of krugerrand and all other coins minted in South Africa; (d) Cessation of all forms of military, police or intelligence co-operation with the authorities of South Africa, in particular the sale of computer equipment; (e) An end to nuclear collaboration with South Africa; (f) Cessation of export and sale of oil to South Africa; (g) Other measures within the economic and commercial fields;

- 29 8. Recognizes the pressing need, existing and potential, of South Africa's neighbouring States for economic assistance, as a complement and not as an alternative to sanctions against South Africa, and appeals to all States, organizations and institutions: (a) To increase assistance to the front-line States and the Southern African Development Co-ordination Conference in order to increase their economic strength and independence from South Africa; (b) To increase humanitarian, legal, educational and other such assistance and support to the victims of apartheid, to the liberation movements recognized by the Organization of African Unity and to all those struggling against apartheid and for a non-racial, democratic society in South Africa; 9. Welcomes the Declaration and Plan of Action adopted by the International Conference on the Plight of Refugees, Returnees and Displaced Persons in Southern Africa, i_/ which was held at Oslo from 22 to 24 August 1988; 10. Appeals to all Governments and organizations to take appropriate action for the cessation of all academic, cultural, scientific and sports relations that would support the apartheid regime of South Africa, as well as relations with individuals, institutions and other bodies endorsing or based on apartheid; 11. Coamends the States that have already adopted voluntary measures against the aartheid r6gime of South Africa in accordance with General Assembly resoIution42/23 G of 20 November 1987 and invites those which have not yet done so to follow their example; 12. Reaffirms the legitimacy of the struggle of the oppressed people of South Africa for the total eradication of apartheid and for the establishment of a non- racial, democratic society in which all the people, irrespective of race, colour or creed, enjoy fundamental freedoms and human rights; 13. Pays tribute to and expresses solidarity with organizations and individuals struggling against apartheid and for a non-racial, democratic society in accordance with the principles of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights; 2/ 14. Requests the Secretary-General to report to the General Assembly at its forty- fourth session on the inplementation of the present resolution. ADOPTED: In favour: 149; Against: 2; Abstentions: 2 I/ A/43/717, appendix. 2/ Resolution 217 A (III).

- 30 - REORED VOTE ON 43/50 K: In favour: Afghanistan, Albania, Algeria, Angola, Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Australia, Austria, Bahamas, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Barbados, Belize, Belgium, Benin, Bhutan, Bolivia, Botswana, Brazil, Brunei Darussalam, Bulgaria, Burkina Faso, Burma, Burundi, Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic, Cameroon, Canada, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, China, Colombia, Comoros, Congo, Costa Rica, C8te d'Ivoire, Cuba, Cyprus, Czechoslovakia, Democratic Kampuchea, Democratic Yemen, Denmark, Djibouti, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Equatorial Guinea, Ethiopia, Fiji, Finland, France, Gabon, Gambia, German Democratic Republic, Ghana, Greece, Grenada, Guatemala, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Hungary, Iceland, India, Indonesia, Iran (Islamic Republic of), Iraq, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Jordan, Kenya, Kuwait, Lao People's Democratic Republic, Lebanon, Liberia, Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, Luxembourg, Madagascar, Malaysia, Maldives, Malawi, Mali, Malta, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico, Mongolia, Morocco, Mozambique, Nepal, Netherlands, New Zealand, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Norway, Oman, Pakistan, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Qatar, Romania, Rwanda, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Samoa, Sao Tome and Principe, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Singapore, Solomon Islands, Somalia, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Suriname, Swaziland, Sweden, Syrian Arab Republic, Thailand, Togo, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, Uganda, Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic, United Soviet Socialist Republics, United Arab Emirates, United Republic of Tanzania, Uruguay, Venezuela, Viet Nam, Yemen, Yugoslavia, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe. Against: United Kingdom, United States. Abstaining: Germany, Federal Republic of, Portugar. Absent: Chile, Dominica, Lesotho, Paraguay, Vanuatu.* Result of vote on the above resolution and on previous similar resolutions Year Resolution Yes No Abstention 1988 43/50 K 149 2 2 1987 42/23 G 149 2 4 1986 41/35 H 149 2 5 1985 40/64 I 149 2 4 * Subsequently the delegation of Vanuatu advised the Secretariat that it had intended to vote in favour.

- 31 - Annex I EID4TS OF RESOLUTIONS AND VOTING In resolution 43/50 A on "International solidarity with the liberation struggle in South Africa" the General Assembly concentrated, as it did at the forty-second session, on the internal situation in South Africa and retained the main elements of that resolution. At the forty-third session, the Assembly again reaffirmed its full support to the South African people, under the leadership of their national liberation movements, in their struggle to eradicate apartheid; reaffirmed their right to choose the necessary means, including armed struggle, to attain its eradication (in the previous year's resolution, the words used were "armed resistance"); demanded that South Africa lift the state of emergency, lift the ban on anti-apartheid organizations, withdraw its troops from black townships and put an end to bantustanization and forced population removals, and release all detained children; appealed for increased assistance to the South African people and to their liberation movements, as well as for increased support for the front- line States; and decided to continue to authorize the provision of funds to enable the two national liberation movements (the African National Congress of South Africa (ANC) and the Pan Africanist Congress of Azania (PAC)) to maintain offices in New York. The resolution was adopted by 131 votes to 3, with 21 abstentions (129-3-22 in 1987). In 1988, as in 1987, Portugal, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and the United States of America voted against the resolution. The other States members of the Western European and Others Group, Israel and Malta abstained. Dominica, Paraguay and Vanuatu did not participate in the vote. Out of the Western European and Others Group, only Turkey voted affirmatively for all the resolutions. In resolution 43/50 B on "Military collaboration with South Africa", a new resolution introduced in 1988 by the African Group, the General Assembly strongly urged those States continuing to collaborate with South Africa in the military, nuclear and military intelligence and technology fields particularly "certain Western States and Israel" - to terminate such collaboration; and further urged the Security Council to consider immediate steps to ensure the scrupulous implementation and effective monitoring of its 1977 arms embargo against South Africa. The resolution was adopted by 123 votes to 2, with 29 abstentions. Israel and the United States voted against the resolution. The other members of the Western European and Others Group, Antigua and Barbuda, Chile, Honduras, Lesotho, Malawi, Malta, and Samoa abstained. Dominica, Grenada, Paraguay and Vanuatu did not participate in the vote. Resolution 43/50 C on "Comprehensive and mandatory sanctions against the racist r~gime of South Africa" was - with few exceptions - similar to the previous year's resolution on the same subject. The General Assembly urgently requested the Security Council to consider imposing such sanctions; appealed specifically to the United Kingdom and the United States to co-operate in their imposition; reaffirmed that apartheid was a crime against humanity and a threat to international peace and security; called upon those States that had

- 32 - increased their trade with South Africa - particularly Japan, which was identified as that country's current major trading partner - to sever such trade relations. Three new elements were introduced into the current resolution. In preambular paragraph 7, it was noted "with grave concern" that some Member States had "begun to exploit opportunities created by sanctions imposed by other States thus substantially increasing their trade with South Africa"; secondly, operative paragraph 2, encouraged "States that have not done so to accede to the International Convention against Apartheid in Sports" and, lastly, in operative paragraph 3, Japan was identified by name as having "emerged as the most important trading partner of South Africa". Japan requested that the words "and, particularly, Japan, which recently emerged as the most important trading partner of South Africa," be deleted. The wording was retained by 50 votes to 41, with 43 abstentions. Moreover, operative paragraph 6 of the same resolution, which read: "Appeals to Governments of the United Kingdom ... and the United States ... to co-operate in the imposition of comprehensive, mandatory sanctions by the international community against racist South Africa as a means for achieving peaceful change in that country" was also requested to be deleted. The paragraph was retained by 82 votes to 27, with 31 abstentions. In 1987 a similar motion resulted in 78 votes to 38, with 27 abstentions. The resolution as a whole was adopted by 123 votes to 12, with 19 abstentions (126-11-17 in 1987). Belgium, Canada, France, the Germany, Federal Republic of, Israel, Italy, Japan, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Portugal, the United Kingdom and the United States voted against. Japan, which had abstained in 1987, was the only Western European and Others Group member to change its vote to negative. Australia, Austria, Denmark, Finland, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, New Zealand, Norway, Spain and Sweden abstained. Bhutan, Botswana, Equatorial Guinea, Honduras, Lesotho, Malawi, Malta and Swaziland also abstained. Chile, Dominica, Paraguay and Vanuatu did not participate in the vote. In resolution 43/50 D on the "Imposition, co-ordination and strict monitoring of measures against South Africa", roughly similar to resolution 42/23B on the application of co-ordinated and strictly monitored measures, the General Assembly urged States, pending the imposition of comprehensive and mandatory sanctions, to adopt legislative and/or comparable measures to impose effective sanctions against South Africa, in particular embargoes on the supply of all products, technologies and skills that could be used for military or nuclear purposes and of oil and petroleum products, credit and loans; to sever all air, sea and other transport links; service by their citizens in South Africa's armed forces and other sensitive sectors; and induce the transnational corporations, banks and financial institutions to withdraw effectively from South Africa and take appropriate measures to ensure effectiveness of the sports and cultural boycotts. It also urged States to monitor strictly the implementation of such sanctions and provide for penalties for violators. The resolution was adopted by 136 votes to 4, with 14 abstentions (128-3-24 in 1987). In 1988, the Nordic countries, Australia, Canada and New Zealand supported the resolution (they abstained in 1987). The Federal

- 33 - Republic of Germany, Portugal (which abstained in 1987), the United Kingdom and the United States voted against. Austria, Belgium, France, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Luxembourg, the Netherlands and Spain abstained. Equatorial Guinea, Israel, Lesotho and Malawi also abstained. Chile, Dominica, Paraguay and Vanuatu did not participate in the vote. Resolution 43/50 E on "Relations between South Africa and Israel" was a two paragraph resolution in which the General Assembly called upon Israel to terminate collaboration with South Africa, particularly its long-term contracts for military supplies, and requested the Special Committee to monitor the relations between the two countries and keep them under constant review. It was adopted by 106 votes to 23, with 26 abstentions (103-29-23 in 1987). Most of the members of the Western European and Others Group, the Dominican Republic, and Israel voted against. Japan and 25 developing countries abstained. Cameroon, C6te d'Ivoire, El Salvador, Honduras and Zaire, which had voted against last year were among those that abstained. Dominica, Paraguay and Vanuatu did not participate in the vote. In resolution 43/50 F on the "Programme of work of the Special Committee against Apartheid", the General Assembly decided to make a special allocation of $400,00to the Special Comittee for 1989 to cover the cost of special projects to be decided upon by the Ccmmittee. This resolution was adopted by 144 votes to 1 against (United States), with 9 abstentions (145-1-10 in 1987); Belgium, France, the Federal Repbulic of Germany, Israel, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Portugal and the United Kingdom abstained. Canada, which abstained in 1987, changed its vote to positive in 1988. Dominica, Paraguay, Philippines and Vanuatu did not participate in the vote. In resolution 43/50 G, the General Assembly called for a "Special session of the General Assembly on a Mtheid and its destructive consequences in southern Africa", to be held in 1989. It was adopted without a vote. Resolution 43/50 H on "Dissemination of information against the policies of apartheid of the regine of racist South Africa", which was prepared by the front- line States, dealt with the United Nations radio broadcasts to South Africa by the United Nations Department of Public Information. In that resolution the General Assembly urged the Secretary-General to "intensify, increase and expand" that section's broadcasts, maintain the progranmes' unique linguistic features and characteristics and provide "all appropriate technical and financial assistance to radio stations of these Member States which are broadcasting or willing to broadcast to South Africa" and "retain and commensurately increase the personnel involved". The resolution was adopted by 132 votes to 1 (United States), with 21 abstentions (Western European and Others Group, Israel). Chile, Dominica, Paraguay and Vanuatu did not participate in the vote. In resolution 43/50 I on the "United Nations Trust Fund for South Africa", the General Assembly appealed for generous and increased contributions to the Fund, and for direct contributions to voluntary agencies

- 34 - rendering assistance to victims of apartheid in South Africa and Namibia. As in the previous years, it was adopted without a vote. Resolution 43/50 J on the "Oil Embargo against South Africa" was generally similar to the 1987 resolution. In 1988 operative paragraph 3 (i) contained the following additions, "and to publicize cases of successful prosecutions in conformity with their national laws", and paragraph 3 (j) added "including ways and means to prevent such violations and to take concerted measures against violators". Furthermore, in operative paragraph 4, it was decided to hold hearings in April 1989 on the strengthening of the oil embargo against South Africa. The resolution was adopted by 138 to 2 (the United Kingdom, the United States) with 14 abstentions (138-4-12 in 1987). Belgium, Canada, Greece, Japan, Luxembourg, Netherlands and Portugal abstained. Israel also abstained. The Federal Republic of Germany and France which had voted against in 1987 switched their vote to abstention in 1988. Botswana, Lesotho, Malawi and Swaziland abstained. Chile, Dominica, Paraguay and Vanuatu did not participate in the vote. Resolution 43/50 K on "Concerted international action for the elimination of aartheid", as in the past, was prepared by the Nordic countries. In the resolution the General Assembly condemned the policy of apartheid and the South African authorities for their acts of repression and destabilization; demanded the unconditional release of Nelson Mandela and all other political prisoners and the lifting of the state of emergency, etc.; urged the Security Council "to consider without delay the adoption of effective, mandatory sanctions against South Africa"; and appealed to all States, pending mandatory sanctions, "to consider national, legislative or other appropriate measures to increase the pressure on the apartheid regime". (A number of measures were spelled out in operative paragraph 7). It also appealed to all States to increase assistance to the front-line States, as well as humanitarian, legal, educational and other such assistance to the victims of apartheid and to the liberation movements recognized by the Organization of African Unity; called upon all Governments to take appropriate action for the "cessation of all academic, cultural, scientific and sports relations that would support the apartheid r4gime, as well as of relations with individuals, institutions and other bodies endorsing or based on apartheid"; and reaffirmed the "legitimacy of the struggle of the oppressed people of South Africa for the eradication of aprtheid and for the establishment of a non-racial, democratic society in iiiaWl the people, irrespective of race, colour or creed, enjoy fundamental freedoms and human rights ". It was adopted by 149 votes to 2 (the United Kingdom, the United States) with 2 abstentions, the Federal Republic of Germany and Portugal (149-2-4 in 1987). In 1987, Portugal had voted in favour, while in 1988 it abstained. C8te d'Ivoire and Malawi, which abstained in 1987, voted in favour. Chile, Dominica, Lesotho, Paraguay and Vanuatu did not participate in the vote. This resolution overlaps to a certain degree with resolutions A, C and D, which deal with the same elements in a more unequivocal manner.

- 35 - Annex II EXPLANATION OF VOTES A. Western European and Others Group The representative of Finland, on behalf of the Nordic countries, said that the Nordic countries agreed with the main thrust of the 11 resolutions. However, they had difficulties on the following five principles: universality as a basic principle of the United Nations; the principle of peaceful solutions to conflicts ran counter to the endorsement of "armed struggle"; singling out of individual countries or group of countries in the texts; certain formulations in the texts encroached upon the constitutional rights of Nordic citizens and private organizations, for example, certain parts of the International Convention against Apartheid in Sports; and lastly, binding decisions on Member States could only be adopted by the Security Council. The representative of Greece, on behalf of the European Economic Community (EEC), said that some of the resolutions contained language causing the Community certain problems. Only the Security Council could adopt binding decisions; the total isolation of South Africa would not bring about the total abolition of apartheid; and channels of communication must remain open so as to maintain pressure on the South African Government. Moreover, use of force or "armed struggle" should not be supported by the General Assembly. EEC also opposed singling out Member States or groups of countries. Lastly, the language in operative paragraph 1 of resolution 43/50 H, on dissemination of information against the policies of apartheid of the racist r4gime of South Africa, would be difficult to reconcile with the prerogatives of the Secretary-General as the chief administrative officer of the United Nations. The draft also contained language broadly interpreting expenses of the United Nations on the issue. Japan requested that operative paragraph 3 of resolution 43/50 C which contained a reference to Japan emerging as "the most important trading partner of South Africa" be deleted (for voting on this issue, see page 32). He said that Japanese trade with South Africa in terms of the yen was decreasing. Reference to Japan in the resolution, therefore, conveyed the wrong impression that Japan had increased its trade with South Africa. The Japanese Government had also taken additional steps to discourage further trade with South Africa and, in that connection, made an appeal to businesses to exercise maximum restraint. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland said that peace and security in South Africa could only be achieved through dialogue and fundamental change and not through the imposition of punitive and other measures. He said that although the United Kingdom would join the consensus on resolution 43/50 G calling on the General Assembly to hold a special session on apartheid in 1989, the British Government was disappointed that the favourable developments of the last few months had not been taken into account in the resolution. Canada said that although the resolutions had considerably improved, Canada was not in a position to support the idea of armed struggle. Furthermore, Canada would not support resolutions singling out countries or

- 36 - groups of countries or the resolution on the "Oil embargo against South Africa" because it was in conflict with Canadian laws on extraterritoriality. Belgium regretted the retention of the resolution on "Relations between South Africa and Israel", the reaffirmation of the armed struggle and the selective references. The Federal Republic of Germany upported the gist of most of the resolutions. However, the wording in some of the texts was in contradicton with his country's position with regard to economic sanctions, the use of force in political disputes and name calling. The United States said that the current resolutions contained language and prescriptions which the United States could not agree with. Comprehensive and mandatory sanctions were harmful; the net impact of the United States' economic sanctions was a decline in "positive United States economic and political influence in South Africa " which resulted in the strengthening of "reactionary political forces and a narrowing of opportunities for economic and political empowerment by black South Africans". Legitimization of the armed conflict was also unacceptable. Although the practice of explicit critical references to the United States had not disappeared, it had declined. If the Special Session were to be held in 1989, the United States assumed that there would be no further debate on the subject during the next regular session. New Zealand said it could not endorse the "use of force for purposes not envisaged under the Charter". (New Zealand's vote on resolution 43/50 H should have registered as an abstention, rather than a vote in favour). Austria expressed agreement with the general thrust of the resolutions. However, Austria could not support armed struggle or singling out Member States. Australia expressed reservations on resolutions dealing with "legitimate armed struggle", with the sports Convention and with the singling out of Member States. However, Australia indicated that sanctions should be implemented by all, including South Africa's major trading partners. Ireland emphasized the unacceptability of "armed struggle", the singling out "the names of certain States" and of a number of provisions in the International Convention against Apartheid in Sports. Portugal expressed reservations, in principle, on some of the resolutions. Portugal could not endorse "armed struggle"; and opposed the singling out of countries for criticism. B. African Group Botswana expressed support for resolution 43/50 D on the "Imposition, co- ordination and strict monitoring of measures against racist South Africa" and resolution 43/50 K on "Concerted international action for the elimination of apartheid". However, for obvious reasons it was unable to support paragraphs calling for mandatory sanctions.

- 37 - Swaziland expressed support for all the resolutions with the exception of resolution 43/50 C on "Comprehensive and mandatory sanctions against the racist r~gime of South Africa" and resolution 43/50 J on the "Oil embargo against South Africa". It was also disappointed that Swaziland was mentioned in the annual report of the Special Committee. Malawi said that it would support six of the resolutions. However, Malawi reserved its position on the legitimacy of armed struggle. It also abstained on resolution 43/50 C on "Comprehensive and mandatory sanctions against the racist regime of South Africa" because of its reference to Japan as South Africa's major trading partner and on resolution 43/50 E on "Relations between South Africa and Israel". C. Others Israel expressed concern on being continually singled out for unwarranted criticism and called on the "objective" countries not to support resolutions 43/50 E on "Relations between Israel and South Africa" and 43/50 B "Military collaboration with South Africa". It also said that the implementation of resolution 43/50 C on "Comprehensive and mandatory sanctions against the racist regime of South Africa" would increase tensions in the area. Malta said that it was understood that people might have no choice but to become freedom-fighters when they were denied legitimate means to achieve their legitimate aspirations. However, resolution 43/50 A on "International solidarity with the liberation struggle in South Africa" "might imply more ". Malta, therefore, in accordance with its national policy reluctantly abstained on the resolution. Malta was also against singling out names of individual States. Guyana said that its abstention in the recorded vote on paragraph 3 of resolution 43/50 A on "International solidarity with the liberation struggle in South Africa" was only meant as gesture of encouragement to those Goverrments which professed their intention to heed the call for stricter sanctions against South Africa. In this connection, the Commonwealth Committee of Foreign Ministers was actively engaged in a current diplomatic dialogue which offered some hope of positive response. It was with that in mind that Guyana had abstained.

Annex III Partial voting table for resolutions on apartheid 1985-1988 43/50A Liberation struggle 85-86-87-88 Australia Austria Belgium Canada Denmark Finland France Germany, Federal Republic of Greece Iceland Ireland Israel Italy Japan Luxembourg Malta Netherlands New Zealand Norway Portugal Spain Sweden Turkey United Kingdom United States 43/508 MilItary col lab. 88 43/50C Comprehensive sanctions 85-86-87-88 NNAA A N YAYA A A AAAA A N AAAA A N AAAA N N NNAA A N AAAA A N NNAA A N YYAA A Y AAAA A N AAAA A A AAAA A N NNNN A N AAAA A N AAAA A A YYY Y Y NNNN A N 43/50D Strictly mon It. measures 87-88 AYAAAAAYAYAYAA 43/50E Israel & South Africa 85-86-87-88 NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN 43/WOF Prog. of work of SCM 85-86-87-88 NN NNNN AAAA AA AANN Yyyy AY NNNN YYyy AA NNNN yyyy AA NNNN AAAA AA NNNN AAAA AA AAAA YYYY AA NNNN AAAA yy YYAA YyyY AA NNNN AAAA AY NNNN YYYY AY NNNN yyYY AN ANNN AAAA AA ANNN AYYY AY NNNN yyyy Yy YYYY YYYY NN NNNN NNAA 43/50H Inform. DPI 88 A A A A A A A 43/50J Oil embargo 86-87-88 yyyyyYYAAAAAA y y y Y Y Y N N A 43/50K Concerted Intl. action 85-86-87-88 YYYYYyyyYYYYY YYYyyYYYY Y Yyy Y Y A NNA AA A AAA YY A YYY YY A yyY yy A NAA AA A AYY YY A AAA yy A AAA YY Y yYY yy A AAA YY A YYY YY A yy y YA AAA YYA AYY yyA YyY Yyy Yyy YyA NNN NN NNNNNNNNN N NNN NNNN NNNNNNNNNNN

43/50A L iberat Ion struggle 85-86-87-88 43/50B MiItary col lab. 88 Y YY y Y Y A AY Y A A y ---Y A Y YY 43/WOC Comprehensive sanctions 85-86-87-88 43/50D Strictly mon It. measures 87-88 AA-A Y Y AAAY A Y y Y Y Y y y YY Y Y Y Y YY Y Y y - y Y Y Y YY 43/50E Israel & South Africa 85-86-87-88 43/50F Prog. of work of SCAA 85-86-87-88 43/50H Inform. DPI 88 YVYY Y YAYY Y VYVY Y - y - Y -NNA YYYY YAAAA A-- Y Y 43/50J Oil embargo 86-87-88 43/50K Concerted Intl. action 85-86-87-88 A -A Y YYY AAY YAAY -- y - - y - . y YYYY Botswana Cameroon Cate dlivolre Equatorial Guinea Lesotho Liberia Malawi Swaziland Zaire Antigua and Barbuda Bahamas Barbados Bel ize Burma Chile Colombia Costa Rica Dominica Doml nlcan Republ Ic El Salvador FIJI

43/50C Comprehens I ve sanctions 85-86-87-88 43/50D Strictly mon it. measures 87-88 43/50E Israel & South Africa 85-86-87-88 43/50F Prog. of work of SCM 85-86-87-88 43/50H Inform. DPI 88 43/50J Oil embargo 86-87-88 43/50K Concerted Intl. action 85-86-87-88 Grenada Honduras Jamlaca Panama Paraguay St. Lucia St. Vincent & Grenadines Samoa Singapore Solomon Islands Trinidad & Tobago Uruguay AAYYA YY Y YYYYAY Y YY Y NAAA Y ANNA Y AAAY Y AAAY YYYYY ANAAY AAAAAA yYYY YY A YAA YYYY Y YYYY - y Y Y A A A A Note: A = abstention N = no Y = yes 43/50A Liberation struggle 85-86-87-88 43/50B Military col lab. 88 YYYY YYYY