Chuluu Ujiyediin a Thesis Submitted in Conformity with the Requirements For

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Chuluu Ujiyediin a Thesis Submitted in Conformity with the Requirements For Chuluu Ujiyediin A thesis submitted in conformity with the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, Graduate Department of East Asian Studies University of Toronto 8 Copyright by Chuluu Ujiyediin 1998 Bibliothèque nationale du Canada Acquisitions and Acquisitions et Bibliographic Services services bibliographiques 395 Wellington Street 395, me Wellington OttawaON K1AW Ottawa ON K1A ON4 Canada Canada The author has granted a non- L'auteur a accordé une licence non exclusive licence allowing the exclusive permettant à la National Library of Canada to BibIiotheque nationale du Canada de reproduce, loan, distribute or selI reproduire, prêter, distribuer ou copies of this thesis in microfom, vendre des copies de cette thèse sous paper or electronic formats. la forme de microfiche/nIm, de reproduction sur papier ou sur format électronique. The author retains ownership of the L'auteur conserve la propriété du copyright in this thesis. Neither the droit d'auteur qui protège cette thèse. thesis nor substantial extracts i?om it Ni la thèse ni des extraits substantiels may be printed or otheNVise de celle-ci ne doivent être imprimés reproduced without the author's ou autrement reproduits sans son permission. autorisation. Studies on Mongolian Verb Morphology Chuluu Ujiyedün The degree of Dodor of Philosophy Graduate Department of East Asian Studies University of Toronto 1998 ABSTRACT This dissertation studies Mongolian verb morphology on the basis of the Modem Mongolian (Inner Mongolia) rnatenals. It is based on the descriptive and theoretical advances made in modem linguistics and provides extensive analysis of the key issues conceming verb morphoiogy with regard to the Mongolian situation. The dissertation consists of seven chapters, but the main conceni of the thesis 1s essentially twofold, the derivational and inflectional morphemes of the verbs. The first section presents a discussion of verb derivation, focusing on the issue of the verb derived by suffixation. The second part is a discussion of the inflectional categories of the verb. In this section, we deal with several issues, such as converb, awiliary, tense, aspect, mood, voice, and the causative. Converbs can be divided into contextual and speciaiized converbs by semantic criteria and each of these converbs expresses particular circumstantial meanings. The auxiliary in Mongolian is generally used either to place the situation descnbed in the sentence with reference to time (tense), to ascribe a temporal contour to it (aspect), or to assess its reality (modality). The tense categories in Mongolian distinguish the non-past and past tenses. We examine in depth the meanings and functions of the various tense morphemes. There is no dient idectional morpheme for rnarking either the opposition of the perfective and imperfective aspects or the perlect in Mongolian, but there are severai kinds of single fom or compound structure for signaling the sub-classes of imperfective and perfect Mood and modaiity in Mongolian can be expressed in different ways. our discussion is. however, restncted to modaiity expressed through verbal morphology only and some auxiliary verbs which express mood. Voice includes active. passive. and reciprocal voices. In this section. we present some cletaileci description of the meanings and functions of voice suffixes. In the discussion of the causaiive construction. we reveal some characteristic features of the causative in terms of the relaûonship between the causer and causee. CONTENTS Lisr of tables IX Chapter 1 Introduction 1 1.1 The Mongols and their Ianguages 1.1.1 The Mongols and related peoples 1.1.2 TheMongoliclanguages 1.1.3 Mongolian 1.2 Studies on the Mongolian verb system 1.2.1 Studies on verb derivation 1 2.3 Studies on verb inflection 1.3 Theoretical framework 1-3.1 Some basic morphologicai terms 1.3.2 The distinction between denvation and inflection 1 -4 Outline of Mongolian Morphology 1.5 Data and conventions of transcription Chapter 2 Verb Derivation 35 S. 1 The suffixes used across the word-class 35 2.1.1 The suffix -la-/-le- 36 2.1.2 The -rd-re- suffix 40 2.1.3 The 4%-1453- suffix 40 2.1.4 The difference between these suffixes 42 2.2 The suffixes used with nouns or adjectives 49 3-21 The-daide-suffis 49 2.2.2 The -Mila-/-Mile- suffix 52 2.2.3 The 4la-I-Eile- suffix 54 2.2.4 The -ji- suffix 56 2.1.5 The -jira-1-pre- suffix 57 2.2.6 The -si- suffix 58 2.2.7 The &a-/-sire- suffix 59 2.2.8 The -siya-1-siye- suffix 60 2.2.9 The -rqa/-rke suffix 61 2-2-10The -sa-/-se- suffix 64 2.3 The suffixes used after adverb, adjective, and verb W 2.3.1 The -i-. -Ija/-1-lje-. -baljd-/-belje-, -yaijja/-/-gel je-, and -yana/-/-gene- suffixes 65 2.3.2 The -gi-. +na-/-@ne-. Eiyina-/-Eigine-, and -km-1-kire- suffixes 73 Chapter 3 Converb, Verbal noun, and Auxiliary 3.1 Converb 3.1.1 Contextual Converb 3.1-1 .1 Converbs in -3-Jü or 4dEü 3.1.1.2 Converbs in -n 3.1.1.3 Converb in -yadl-ged 3.1.1.4 Discussion of contextual converbs 3.1.1.5 Converb in -pyar/-gseger 3.1.2 Specialized converbs 3.1.2.1 Converbs in -bd-bd and -baW-b&ü 3.1.2.2 Converbs in qulad-Mer. quia/-kiile. and -=$a/-meg& 3.1 -3.3 Converbs in -tala/-tele 3.1.2.4 Converbs in qad-ker 3.2. Verbal noun 3.2.1 Verbal noun in -ysad-gsen 3.2.2 Theqd-küsuffix 3.2.3 The-da./-degsuffix 3.2.4 The-yal-gesuffix 3.2.5 The -mar/-mer suffix 3.3 Adiary 3-3.1 The Copular Auxiliary 3 -3-2 The Quasi-auuiiiary Chapter 4 Tense 4.1 Tense system 4.2 Tense in Mongolian 4.3.1 The non-past tense 4.22 The past tense 4.2 -3 The sernantic meaning of the verb and Mongolian tense suffixes 4.2.4 The dif ference betsveen the past teme morphemes Chapter 5 Aspect and Mood 5.1 Aspect 5.2 Aspectuai expressions in Mongotian 5.2.1 Perfect 5.2.2 Progressive 5.2.3 Habitua1 5.2.4 Continuative 5.2.5 The aspectual expression of the quasi-auiliary verbs 5.3 Mood and modaiity 5.3.1 Imperative mood 5.32 Optativemood 5.3 -3 Hortative mood 5.3.4 Permissive mood 5.3.5 Admonitivemood 5.3.6 The quasi-auxiliaries expressing mood and modality Chapter 6 Voice and Causative 6.1 Voice 6.2.1 Passivevoice 6.2.1 Reciprocal voice 6.2 Causative Chapter 7 Conclusions Re ferences PREFACE This is a study of Mongolian verb morphology on the bisof the modem language spoken in Imer Mongolia The main concem of the dissertation are the verb-formation processes. i-e. the derivational and idectional morphemes of the verbs. Our study. based on descriptive and theoretical advances made in modern linguistics. attempts a comprehensive survey of the existing literature and also covers a wide range issues concerning Mongolian verb morphology. It extends the analysis of the key areas of verb morphology by focusing on specific characteristics of some particular morphemes and supplying a broader range of data Another goal of the dissertation is to take a criticai view of the existing literature and to reveal important topics omitted from previous studies. Our analysis shows that previous studies are often either too narrow or too generai and so fail to capture some important derivational or inflectional feature of the Mongolian verb. The study is divided into seven chapters. Chapter one introduces the following issues. First, there is a brief introduction of the Mongolic languages and the dialect variations of Mongolian in which 1 present some of the problerns existing in the previous studies classifying both the Mongolic languages and the Mongolian dialects. Secondly. I review the studies on the Mongolian verb system. focusing on the two issues: verb denvation and inflection. The previous studies on verbs differ in various ways but their major difference is the varieci treatment of the voice and aspect suffixes among scholars. Third. I outline the theoretical frameworks for the dissertation. also by focusing on two issues: the basic morphological terms used in this dissertation and the basic pnnciples for distinguishing derivation from inflection. In the final two subsections in this chapter. I give the outline of Mongolian morphology and the brief description of the data and the transliteration king used in the thesis. Chapter two presents a discussion of verb derivation, focusing on the issue of the verb derived by suffixation. Suffixation is a productive way to form a new verb from various word-classes. By suffixation, a verb can be derived from a noun, adjective, verb, or adverb with various meanings. in this chapter 1 ddwith several different classes of the suffixes. narnely, suffixes that are added after nouns and adjectives. those that are added after verbs to form verbs, and those that are added across word-ciasses. There are aIso special suffixes to derive verbs from adverbs to form what are called sound irnitating or onomatopoeic words. Chapter three is a discussion of converbs. verbal nouns, and auxiliaries. Following Haspelrnath (1995). we view converbs as a nonfinite verb form whose main function is to mark adverbial subordination. After separating converbs by their semantic meaning into contextual and specialized converbs. and further distinguishing them by their subject references into same-subject and varying-subject converbs, we will describe the general meanings and the specid uses of each of the converb suffixes. The second section is a brief description of the verbal noun in Mongolian.
Recommended publications
  • Mongghul, Mangghuer and Beyond: Estimating the Proximity
    Ilya Gruntov†, Olga Mazo‡ † Institute of Linguistics of the Russian Academy of Sciences / Yandex, Moscow; [email protected] ‡ Russian State University for the Humanities / Higher School of Economics, Moscow; [email protected] Mongghul, Mangghuer and beyond: estimating the proximity The paperʼs chief goal is to evaluate the intensity of relations between various idioms of Mongolic languages within the Qinghai-Gansu Sprachbund, with special focus on Mangghuer and Mongghul dialects. On the basis of 58 grammatical and phonological shared innovations we attempt to deepen our understanding of the pathways and patterns of lan- guage change taking place in this area. Keywords: Qinghai-Gansu Sprachbund; language contacts; Monguor language; Shirongolic languages; Mangghuer language; Mongghul language; Mongolic languages; shared innova- tions. Mongghul and Mangghuer are two closely related endangered languages of the Mongolic family, spoken in Qinghai and Gansu provinces of China. For a long time they have been gen- erally considered as a single Monguor language with two main dialects. Although the division of these idioms into at least two languages has gradually become accepted among specialists, new linguistic works continue to be published in which both languages are still referred to as Monguor dialects. Our paper is an attempt to clarify and evaluate the intensity of relations between various idioms of QG Mongolic languages with special focus on Mangghuer and Mongghul, and to investigate various isoglosses within these languages. We do not discuss here the peculiarities and features shared by all QG Mongolic languages. The languages of the region belong to the so called Qinghai-Gansu Sprachbund (Yellow River language union, Amdo Sprachbund, the Northwest China Sprachbund, etc., see Dwyer 1992, 1995; Slater 2003a; Janhunen 2007, 2012).
    [Show full text]
  • The Mongolia-Tibet Interface Brill’S Tibetan Studies Library
    The Mongolia-Tibet Interface Brill’s Tibetan Studies Library Edited by Henk Blezer Alex McKay Charles Ramble VOLUME 10/9 The Mongolia-Tibet Interface Opening New Research Terrains in Inner Asia PIATS 2003: Tibetan Studies: Proceedings of the Tenth Seminar of the International Association for Tibetan Studies, Oxford, 2003. Managing Editor: Charles Ramble. Edited by Uradyn E. Bulag and Hildegard G.M. Diemberger LEIDEN • BOSTON 2007 On the cover: Copy of a painting of Dugan Jaisan by Tsagaan Jamba in the Fine Arts Musuem, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia (Caroline Humphrey's private collection; photograph by Don Manning). Back cover: ‘Mongolian leading the tiger’ in a Tibetan painting, courtesy of Dr. Stephen Hugh-Jones. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data International Association for Tibetan Studies. Seminar (10th : 2003 : Leiden, Netherlands) The Mongolia-Tibet Interface : opening new research terrains in Inner Asia : Proceedings of the Tenth Seminar of the International Association for Tibetan Studies, Oxford, 2003. p. cm. — (Brill’s Tibetan studies library) “Authors Hildegard G. M. Diemberger and Uradyne E. Bulag” Includes bibliographical references. ISBN 978-90-04-15521-3 (hardback : alk. paper) 1. Tibet (China)—Civilization— Mongolian influences. 2. Mongolia—Civilization—Tibetan influences. 3. Inner Mongolia (China)—Civilization. I. Bulag, Uradyn Erden. II. Diemberger, Hildegard. III. Title. IV. Series. DS786.I485 2006 303.48’25150517—dc22 2007031193 This book is printed on acid-free paper. ISSN: 1568-6183 ISBN: 978 90 04 15521 3 Copyright 2007 by Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands. Koninklijke Brill NV incorporates the imprints Brill, Hotei Publishing, IDC Publishers, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers and VSP. All rights reserved.
    [Show full text]
  • Phonetic Changes of Eastern Yugur Language
    Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research, volume 87 2nd International Conference on Economics, Management Engineering and Education Technology (ICEMEET 2016) Phonetic Changes of Eastern Yugur Language--- Case Study of Vowel /ɐ/ Han Wu 1, a, Yasheng Jin 2 1, 2 Key Lab of China's National Linguistic Information Technology, Northwest University for Nationalities, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China; a [email protected] Key words: Eastern Yugur language, vowel /ɐ/, reduction, diphthongization Abstract. As one of the two native languages of Yugur Nationality, Eastern Yugur language is already an endangered language and is still constantly changing. In order to get a better understanding of the nature of Eastern Yugur language for the sake of both language protection and pedagogy, the article focuses on vowel /ɐ/ and discusses the changes of this very vowel: in unstressed syllable /ɐ/ is reduced, omitted and devoiced, and some of these changes have been reflected in the spelling. Consonants [ʧ, ʧh] can trigger diphthongization of /ɐ/, but the reasons behind this is the influence of Chinese upon Eastern Yugur language through language contact. Introduction As one of the 56 officially acknowledged nationalities in China, Yugur nationality is one with a small population (14378 according to China Population Census in 2010) and mainly inhabited in Gansu Province (Sunan Yugur Autonomous County of Zhangye City and Huangnibu Yugur Autonomous Township of Jiuquan City). Though Yugur nationality has a small population, their history dated back to Tang Dynasty (618—907 A. D.). The ancestry of Yugur nationality is universally acknowledged to be Huihu (another name of Huihe), and those Huihu people had built their own empire in West China in history.
    [Show full text]
  • Ko, Seongyeon. 2018. Tongue Root Harmony and Vowel Contrast In
    TONGUE ROOT HARMONY AND VOWEL CONTRAST IN NORTHEAST ASIAN LANGUAGES A Dissertation Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School of Cornell University In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy by Seongyeon Ko August 2012 © 2012 Seongyeon Ko TONGUE ROOT HARMONY AND VOWEL CONTRAST IN NORTHEAST ASIAN LANGUAGES Seongyeon Ko, Ph. D. Cornell University 2012 This dissertation investigates the synchrony and diachrony of the vocalism of a variety of Northeast Asian languages, especially Korean, Mongolic, and Tungusic languages, which have traditionally been described as having developed from a palatal system. The dissertation rewrites the vocalic history by demonstrating that the original vowel harmony in these languages was in fact based on an RTR, rather than a palatal, contrast, and provides a formal account for the development of individual vowel systems within the framework of Contrastive Hierarchy (Dresher, 2009). Following the general and theoretical background in Chapter 1, Chapter 2 begins to explore how the vowel contrasts in the modern Mongolic languages are hierarchically structured. It proceeds to propose an RTR analysis for Old Mongolian (contra Poppe, 1955) based on a combination of arguments from the comparative method, the typology of vowel shifts, and the phonetics of vowel features. Consequently, the palatal system in Kalmyk/Oirat is understood not as a retention but an innovation as a result of an RTR-to-palatal shift, contra Svantesson‘s (1985) palatal-to-RTR shift hypothesis. Chapter 3 presents an innovative view that Middle Korean had an RTR contrast-based vowel system and that various issues in Korean historical phonology receive better treatment under the contrastive hierarchy approach.
    [Show full text]
  • Gönlung Jampa Ling and the Rise of Mega Monasteries in Northeastern Tibet Copyright 2013 Brenton
    The Mother of All Monasteries: Gönlung Jampa Ling and the Rise of Mega Monasteries in Northeastern Tibet Copyright 2013 Brenton Thomas Sullivan Stilwell, Kansas M.A., University of Virginia, 2013 M.A., University of Kansas, 2007 B.A., University of Notre Dame, 2003 A Dissertation presented to the Graduate Faculty of the University of Virginia in Candidacy for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of Religious Studies University of Virginia August, 2013 The Mother of All Monasteries: Gönlung Jampa Ling and the Rise of Mega Monasteries in Northeastern Tibet Brenton Thomas Sullivan Qing-period painting of Gönlung. Photo is from the “Huzhu Government Study” (see below). ii Abstract “Mass monasticism,” defined as “an emphasis on recruiting and sustaining very large numbers of celibate monks for their entire lives,” has been called one of “Tibet’s unique contribution[s] to humanity and the world” (Goldstein 1998 and 2009). The number of monks residing in some of the largest institutions swelled into the thousands, making them the largest monasteries in the world. Nonetheless, to date there has been no study that accounts for the origin and development of these monasteries. The current study begins to address this lacuna in our knowledge by looking at the largest monastery in seventeenth- century Northeastern Tibet (or Amdo), Gönlung Jampa Ling (dgon lung byams pa gling). Although Gönlung Monastery was not as early as some of the more famous institutions found in Central Tibet, it did house the first Geluk sect seminary in Northeastern Tibet, an essential feature of most mass or “mega monasteries.” The monastery also boasted a rich and regimented liturgical calendar, a strict and consistent system of governance and discipline, an extensive network of local patrons and subsidiary and allied monasteries, and, finally, political and economic connections with both the Dalai Lama’s government in Lhasa and the newly established Qing Dynasty in Beijing.
    [Show full text]