DOCSLIB.ORG

Environmental Health Biomed Central

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Environmental Health Biomed Central () Environmental Health BioMed Central Proceedings Impacts of climate variability and future climate change on harmful algal blooms and human health Stephanie K Moore* 1,2, Vera LTrainer2, Nathan J Mantua3, Micaela S Parker4, Edward A Laws5, Lorraine C Backer6 and Lora E Fleming7 1 2 Address: School of Oceanography, University of Washington, Box 355351, Seattle, Washington 98195-5351, USA, NOAA, Northwest Fisheries 3 Science Center, West Coast Center for Oceans and Human Health, 2725 Montlake Blvd. E., Seattle, Washington 98112-2013, USA, Climate 4 Impacts Group and School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, University of Washington, Box 355020, Seattle, Washington 98195-5020, USA, Pacific 5 Northwest Center for Human Health and Ocean Studies, University of Washington, Box 357940, Seattle, Washington 98195-7940, USA, School of the Coast and Environment, 1002 K Energy, Coast and Environment Building, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803-4110, 6 USA, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Highway NE MS F-46, Chamblee, 7 Georgia 30341-3717, USA and Department of Epidemiology and Public Health and Department of Marine Biology and Fisheries, University of Miami School of Medicine and Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, 1120 NW 14th Street, Miami; Florida 33136-2107, USA Email: Stephanie K Moore - [email protected]; Vera LTrainer - [email protected]; Nathan J Mantua - [email protected]; Micaela S Parker - [email protected]; Edward A Laws - [email protected]; Lorraine C Backer - [email protected]; Lora E Fleming - [email protected] • Corresponding author from Centers for Oceans and Human Health Investigators Meeting Woods Hole, MA. USA. 24-27 April 2007 Published: 7 November 200B Environmental Health 2008, 7(Suppl 2):S4 doi:10.1186/1476·069X·7·S2·S4 This article is available from: http://www.ehjournal.net/content/7/S2/S4 © 2008 Moore et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution. and reproduction in any medium. provided the original work is properly cited. Abstract Anthropogenically-derived increases in atmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations have been implicated in recent climate change, and are projected to substantially impact the climate on a global scale in the future. For marine and freshwater systems, increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases are expected to increase surface temperatures, lower pH, and cause changes to vertical mixing, upwelling, precipitation, and evaporation patterns. The potential consequences of these changes for harmful algal blooms (HABs) have received relatively little attention and are not well understood. Given the apparent increase in HABs around the world and the potential for greater problems as a result of climate change and ocean acidification, substantial research is needed to evaluate the direct and indirect associations between HABs, climate change, ocean acidification, and human health. This research will require a multidisciplinary approach utilizing expertise in climatology, oceanography, biology, epidemiology, and other disciplines. We review the interactions between selected patterns of large-scale climate variability and climate change, oceanic conditions, and harmful algae. Introduction result of human activities since 1750, and now far exceed Global atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide, pre-industrial values determined from ice cores spanning methane, and nitrous oxides have increased markedly as a many hundreds of thousands of years. Carbon dioxide Page 1 of 12 (page number not for citation purposes) Environmental Health 2008, 7(Suppl 2):S4 http://www.ehjournal.netcontent/7/S2/S4 (CO2) concentrations have increased from roughly 280 has been said of infectious disease that climate constrains ppmv in pre-industrial times to present day levels of ~380 the range and weather determines the timing and inten- ppmv, mostly due to fossil fuel burning and deforestation sity of outbreaks [14]. This is also likely applicable to [1]. The direct and indirect impacts of these increases in HABs. In this review, we summarize established climate greenhouse gas concentrations on the oceans will include impacts on the oceans and toxin-producing HA species, increasing temperatures, acidification, changes to the den- and discuss the implications for human health. Finally, sity structure of the upper ocean which will alter vertical directions for future research are provided. mixing of waters, intensification/weakening of upwelling winds, and changes to the timing and volume of freshwa- This paper does not aim to prove that anthropogenic cli- ter runoff into coastal marine waters, to name a few. mate change is responsible for the global outbreak of Indeed, evidence is emerging to suggest that some of these HABs [15]. Few examples in the literature have quantita- changes are already underway [2]. tively demonstrated this potential link; primarily because it is extremely difficult to separate the influence of climate The predicted changes in our oceans are likely to impact change (natural and anthropogenic) from other anthro- both directly and indirectly the interactions between pogenic impacts that are known to contribute to HABs humans and the oceans. Recent studies have reviewed using the limited datasets that are currently available. general oceanic responses to future climate change, while Nevertheless, evidence that climate change has influenced acknowledging the impacts that these changes will have the frequency, duration, and geographical range of HABs on human societies [3-5]. Likewise, over the past decade, is emerging as monitoring data temporally and spatially several studies have suggested possible relationships accumulates. Given the potential impact it is recom- between climate and the magnitude, frequency, and dura- mended that the influence of climate be considered and tion of harmful algal blooms (HABs) [6-11]. incorporated into future HAB research and monitoring efforts. The term "harmful" has been used to describe blooms of algae that can cause a range of deleterious physiological Discussion and environmental effects [12]. Some harmful algae (HA) Climate impacts on HABs produce potent natural toxins that are bioconcentrated by HA species comprise only a small component of the phy- some filter feeding shellfish and finfish, and passed along toplankton community, and their individual responses to the food chain causing illness or death if consumed by climate variation and change can differ from that of the humans or other organisms. Other HA are non-toxic, but phytoplankton community as a whole. In the ocean, the attain high biomass resulting in substantial reductions in most important HA and their poisoning syndromes (in biodiversity of the phytoplankton community structure parentheses) are diatoms from the genus Pseudo-nitzschia and the amount of light reaching the benthos [13]. The (amnesic shellfish poisoning), and species of dinoflagel- decomposition of senescent blooms can lead to serious lates from the genera Alexandrium, Pyrodinium, and Gym- reductions in dissolved oxygen concentrations. Because of nodinium (paralytic shellfish poisoning), Karenia the ecological and physiological diversities among HA (neurotoxic shellfish poisoning, and aerosolized Florida species (discussed below), their responses to the same red tide respiratory syndrome), Dinophysis and Prorocen- changes in climate will vary. trum (diarrhetic shellfish poisoning), and Gambierdiscus (ciguatera fish poisoning). In freshwater, the most impor- Few studies have used comprehensive datasets together tant HABs are caused by certain species of cyanobacteria with rigorous statistical analyses to confirm linkages (blue green algae) from the genera Anabaena, Microcystis, between climate and HABs. Even fewer have attempted to and Aphanizomenon (cyanobacterial poisoning) [16]. In include epidemiological information on HAB-related ill- both marine and freshwater systems, for humans and nesses. The aim of this paper is to provide a synopsis of other animals, exposure to HA toxins results from eating the current state of knowledge of climate impacts on contaminated fish or shellfish, drinking contaminated HABs and their known and potential consequences for water, inhaling contaminated aerosol, or by contacting human health, particularly as it relates to the main contaminated water. research themes of the NSF/NIEHS and NOAA Centers for Oceans and Human Health. It is generally accepted that HABs are increasing in fre- quency, intensity, and duration in all aquatic environ- We use the term "climate" here to refer to large-scale and ments on a global scale [17,18], and some of this may be low frequency patterns of climate variability, such as the due to changes in climate. However, relatively little work El Nino/Southern Oscillation, as well as anthropogenic has been done to characterize this link, and it is poorly climate change. This is opposed to "weather" events that understood [19-21]; primarily due to difficulty in separat- occur over much shorter timescales [i.e., days to weeks). It ing the influence of climate change (natural and anthro- Page 2 of 12 (page number not for citation purposes) Environmental Health 2008, 7(Suppl 2):S4 http://www.ehjournal.net/content/7/S2/S4 pogenic) from other anthropogenic
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Geohab Core Research Project
    GEOHAB CORE RESEARCH PROJECT: HABs IN STRATIFIED SYSTEMS “Advances and challenges for understanding physical-biological interactions in HABs in Strati fied Environments” A Workshop Report ISSN 1538 182X GEOHAB GLOBAL ECOLOGY AND OCEANOGRAPHY OF HARMFUL ALGAL BLOOMS GEOHAB CORE RESEARCH PROJECT: HABs IN STRATIFIED SYSTEMS AN INTERNATIONAL PROGRAMME SPONSORED BY THE SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE ON OCEANIC RESEARCH (SCOR) AND THE INTERGOVERNMENTAL OCEANOGRAPHIC COMMISSION (IOC) OF UNESCO Workshop on “ADVANCES AND CHALLENGES FOR UNDERSTANDING PHYSICAL-BIOLOGICAL INTERACTIONS IN HABs IN STRATIFIED ENVIRONMENTS” Edited by: M.A. McManus, E. Berdalet, J. Ryan, H. Yamazaki, J. S. Jaffe, O.N. Ross, H. Burchard, I. Jenkinson, F.P. Chavez This report is based on contributions and discussions by the organizers and participants of the workshop. TABLE OF CONTENTS This report may be cited as: GEOHAB 2013. Global Ecology and Oceanography of Harmful Algal Blooms, GEOHAB Core Research Project: HABs in Stratified Systems.W orkshop on "Advances and Challenges for Understanding Physical-Biological Interactions in HABs in Stratified Environments." (Eds. M.A. McManus, E. Berdalet, J. Ryan, H. Yamazaki, J.S. Jaffe, O.N. Ross, H. Burchard and F.P. Chavez) (Contributors: G. Basterretxea, D. Rivas, M.C. Ruiz and L. Seuront) IOC and SCOR, Paris and Newark, Delaware, USA, 62 pp. This document is GEOHAB Report # 11 (GEOHAB/REP/11). Copies may be obtained from: Edward R. Urban, Jr. Henrik Enevoldsen Executive Director, SCOR Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of College
    [Show full text]
  • A Thesis Entitled Diel Vertical Distribution of Microcystis And
    A Thesis entitled Diel Vertical Distribution of Microcystis and Associated Environmental Factors in the Western Basin of Lake Erie by Eva L. Kramer Submitted to the Graduate Faculty as partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Master of Science Degree in Biology ___________________________________________ Dr. Thomas Bridgeman, Committee Chair ___________________________________________ Dr. Timothy Davis, Committee Member ___________________________________________ Dr. Daryl Moorhead, Committee Member ___________________________________________ Dr. Cyndee Gruden, Dean College of Graduate Studies The University of Toledo December 2018 Copyright 2018, Eva Lauren Kramer This document is copyrighted material. Under copyright law, no parts of this document may be reproduced without the expressed permission of the author. An Abstract of Diel Vertical Distribution of Microcystis and Associated Environmental Factors in the Western Basin of Lake Erie by Eva L. Kramer Submitted to the Graduate Faculty as partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Master of Science Degree in Biology The University of Toledo December 2018 Harmful algal blooms comprised of the cyanobacteria Microcystis have recently caused multiple “do not drink” advisories in Ohio communities that draw their drinking water from Lake Erie, including the city of Toledo. Microcystis colonies are able to regulate their buoyancy and have a tendency to aggregate in thick scums at the water’s surface on a diel cycle under certain conditions. The city of Toledo’s drinking water intake draws water from near the bottom of the water column, thus a concentration of the bloom near the surface would present an opportunity to minimize Microcystis biomass and microcystin toxin entering the drinking water system. To better understand the vertical distribution of Microcystis over diel cycles, five temporally intensive sampling events were conducted from 2016-2017 under calm weather conditions near the drinking water intake in the western basin of Lake Erie.
    [Show full text]
  • Harmful Algal Bloom Response Program
    What are HABs? • Blue-green algae are bacteria that grow in water, contain chlorophyll, and can photosynthesize. They are not a new occurrence. WHEN IN DOUBT, STAY OUT! Kansas Department of Health • When these bacteria reproduce rapidly, For additional information: and Environment it can create a Harmful Algal Bloom (HAB). Please visit • HABs can sometimes produce toxins www.kdheks.gov/algae-illness. Harmful that affect people, pets, livestock, and Or call the KDHE HAB Hotline at wildlife. The toxins can affect the skin, 785-296-1664. liver, and nervous system. Algal Bloom • People and animals may be exposed to toxins via ingestion, skin contact, or Response inhalation of contaminated water. Program • The most common human health effects from HABs can include vomiting, diarrhea, skin rashes, eye irritation, and respiratory symptoms. • Boiling water does not remove or Department of Health inactivate toxins from blue-green algae, and Environment and there is no known antidote. • Animal deaths due to HAB toxins have Department of Health been documented, so: and Environment When in doubt, stay out! To protect and improve the health and environment of all Kansans. How else is KDHE working to What causes HABs? HAB Advisory Levels prevent HABs? Blue-green algae are a natural part of water- Threshold Levels based ecosystems. They become a problem Harmful Algal Blooms thrive in the presence when nutrients (phosphorus and nitrogen) are Watch Warning Closure of excess nutrients such as nitrogen and present in concentrations above what would phosphorus. Thus, KDHE continually works to occur naturally. Under these conditions, algae blue green reduce nutrient input and improve overall can grow very quickly to extreme numbers, cell counts 80,000 250,000 10,000,000 water quality through a series of interrelated resulting in a Harmful Algal Bloom.
    [Show full text]
  • Harmful Algal Bloom Online Resources
    Harmful Algal Bloom Online Resources General Information • CDC Harmful Algal Bloom-Associated Illnesses Website • CDC Harmful Algal Blooms Feature • EPA CyanoHABs Website • EPA Harmful Algal Blooms & Cyanobacteria Research Website • NOAA Harmful Algal Bloom Website • NOAA Harmful Algal Bloom and Hypoxia Research Control Act Harmful Algal Bloom Monitoring and Tracking • EPA Cyanobacteria Assessment Network (CyAN) Project • NCCOS Harmful Algal Bloom Research Website • NOAA Harmful Algal Bloom Forecasts • USGS Summary of Cyanobacteria Monitoring and Assessments in USGS Water Science Centers • WHO Toxic Cyanobacteria in water: A guide to their public health consequences, monitoring, and management Harmful Algal Blooms and Drinking Water • AWWA Assessment of Blue-Green Algal Toxins in Raw and Finished Drinking Water • EPA Guidelines and Recommendations • EPA Harmful Algal Bloom & Drinking Water Treatment Website • EPA Algal Toxin Risk Assessment and Management Strategic Plan for Drinking Water Document • USGS Drinking Water Exposure to Chemical and Pathogenic Contaminants: Algal Toxins and Water Quality Website Open Water Resources • CDC Healthy Swimming Website - Oceans, Lakes, Rivers • EPA State Resources Website • EPA Beach Act Website • EPA Beach Advisory and Closing On-line Notification (BEACON) • USG Guidelines for Design and Sampling for Cyanobacterial Toxin and Taste-and-Odor Studies in Lakes and Reservoirs • NALMS Inland HAB Program • NOAA Illinois-Indiana and Michigan Sea Grant Beach Manager’s Manual • USGS Field and Laboratory Guide
    [Show full text]
  • Harmful Algal Blooms
    NSF GK-12 Graduate Fellows Program Award # DGE-0139171 University of North Carolina at Wilmington Harmful Algal Blooms by Tika Knierim, Department of Chemistry This activity is aligned with the 2001 North Carolina Standard Course of Study for 8th Grade Science: Goal # 1 & 2 Algal species sometimes make their presence known as a massive “bloom” of cells that may discolor the water These “blooms” alter marine habitats Every coastal state has reported major blooms Although they are referred to as harmful algal blooms, not all HABs are toxic Toxic blooms are caused by algae that produce potent toxins that can cause massive fish kills, marine mammal deaths, and human illness There are several types of toxins produced by these harmful algae. .commonly the toxins affect the functioning of nerve and muscle cells Toxic blooms have been responsible for causing diarrhea, vomiting, numbness, dizziness, paralysis, and even death The key is how the toxins move through the food web The key to this scenario is bioaccumulation!! BIOACCUMULATION is the process by which compounds accumulate or build up in an organism at a faster rate than they can be broken down. Some organisms, such as krill, mussels, anchovies, and mackerel, have been found to retain toxins in their bodies Today we are going to do a little activity in order to better understand the concept of bioaccumulation and how toxins are transferred through the food chain. Each person will be assigned one of the following organisms: Krill: Seal: Fish: Killer Whale: There is an outbreak of a Harmful Algal Bloom within the boundaries of this classroom, and there is algae (green beads) spread all over the area.
    [Show full text]
  • Preliminary Study on Vertical Migrations of Dinoflagellates in a Dynamic Coastal Sea (Gulf of Trieste, Northern Adriatic)
    ISSN: 0001-5113 ACTA ADRIAT., UDC: 582.276(262.3.04) AADRAY 53(2): 181 - 188, 2012 (450.361 Trst) 581.522.6 Preliminary study on vertical migrations of dinoflagellates in a dynamic coastal sea (Gulf of Trieste, northern Adriatic) Janja fRANCÉ* and Patricija MOzETIČ National Institute of Biology, Marine Biology Station, Fornače 41, 6330 Piran, Slovenia *Corresponding author, e-mail: [email protected] The purpose of this preliminary study was to define the vertical migration pattern in the dinoflagellate community in the shallow coastal sea. Migrations were followed in an area of mussel farming, through two 24-hour samplings, first during mixed and second during stratified water column conditions. Despite variable physical environment we were able to follow vertical migrations of some autotrophic dinoflagellate species in the period of stratified water column. The results also suggest that Heterocapsa sp. may preserve its vertical migration pattern also under mixed conditions. Migrations were observed also for Dinophysis sacculus that can cause DSP problems in the area. Key words: dinoflagellates, vertical migrations, dynamic environment, coastal sea, Adriatic INTRODUCTION of migratory behaviour. The majority of stud- ies of vertical migration have been conducted Vertical migration as one of advantageous under controlled conditions on isolated or cul- characteristics of dinoflagellates (SMAyDA, 1997) tured dinoflagellate species (hEANEy & EPP- permits these organisms to access the water layer LEy, 1981; kAMykOWSkI, 1981; MACINTyRE et with an adequate quantity of inorganic nutrients, al., 1997), whereas in situ studies are fewer since thereby improving their retrieval. Consequently, they offer less understanding of dinoflagellates’ the benefit of migration is especially evident physiological responses, but, on the other hand, present a true combination of environmental under stratified water column conditions where stresses.
    [Show full text]
  • HARMFUL ALGAL BLOOMS in COASTAL WATERS: Options for Prevention, Control and Mitigation
    Science for Solutions A A Special Joint Report with the Decision Analysis Series No. 10 National Fish and Wildlife Foundation onald F. Boesch, Anderson, Rita A dra %: Shumway, . Tesf er, Terry E. February 1997 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR William M. Daley, Secretary Bruce Babbitt, Secretary The Decision Analysis Series has been established by NOAA's Coastal Ocean Program (COP) to present documents for coastal resource decision makers which contain analytical treatments of major issues or topics. The issues, topics, and principal investigators have been selected through an extensive peer review process. To learn more about the COP or the Decision Analysis Series, please write: NOAA Coastal Ocean Office 1315 East West Highway Silver Spring, MD 209 10 phone: 301-71 3-3338 fax: 30 1-7 13-4044 Cover photo: The upper portion of photo depicts a brown tide event in an inlet along the eastern end of Long Island, New York, during Summer 7986. The blue water is Block lsland Sound. Photo courtesy of L. Cosper. Science for Solutions NOAA COASTAL OCEAN PROGRAM Special Joint Report with the Decision Analysis Series No. 10 National Fish and WildlifeFoundation HARMFUL ALGAL BLOOMS IN COASTAL WATERS: Options for Prevention, Control and Mitigation Donald F. Boesch, Donald M. Anderson, Rita A. Horner Sandra E. Shumway, Patricia A. Tester, Terry E. Whitledge February 1997 National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration National Fish and Wildlife Foundation D. James Baker, Under Secretary Amos S. Eno, Executive Director Coastal Ocean Office Donald Scavia, Director This ~ublicationshould be cited as: Boesch, Donald F.
    [Show full text]
  • Review of Harmful Algal Blooms in the Coastal Mediterranean Sea, with a Focus on Greek Waters
    diversity Review Review of Harmful Algal Blooms in the Coastal Mediterranean Sea, with a Focus on Greek Waters Christina Tsikoti 1 and Savvas Genitsaris 2,* 1 School of Humanities, Social Sciences and Economics, International Hellenic University, 57001 Thermi, Greece; [email protected] 2 Section of Ecology and Taxonomy, School of Biology, Zografou Campus, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 16784 Athens, Greece * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +30-210-7274249 Abstract: Anthropogenic marine eutrophication has been recognized as one of the major threats to aquatic ecosystem health. In recent years, eutrophication phenomena, prompted by global warming and population increase, have stimulated the proliferation of potentially harmful algal taxa resulting in the prevalence of frequent and intense harmful algal blooms (HABs) in coastal areas. Numerous coastal areas of the Mediterranean Sea (MS) are under environmental pressures arising from human activities that are driving ecosystem degradation and resulting in the increase of the supply of nutrient inputs. In this review, we aim to present the recent situation regarding the appearance of HABs in Mediterranean coastal areas linked to anthropogenic eutrophication, to highlight the features and particularities of the MS, and to summarize the harmful phytoplankton outbreaks along the length of coastal areas of many localities. Furthermore, we focus on HABs documented in Greek coastal areas according to the causative algal species, the period of occurrence, and the induced damage in human and ecosystem health. The occurrence of eutrophication-induced HAB incidents during the past two decades is emphasized. Citation: Tsikoti, C.; Genitsaris, S. Review of Harmful Algal Blooms in Keywords: HABs; Mediterranean Sea; eutrophication; coastal; phytoplankton; toxin; ecosystem the Coastal Mediterranean Sea, with a health; disruptive blooms Focus on Greek Waters.
    [Show full text]
  • Ocean Fertilization the Potential of Ocean Fertilization for Climate Change Mitigation
    Report to Congress Ocean Fertilization The potential of ocean fertilization for climate change mitigation Requested on page 636 of House Report 111-366 accompanying the fiscal year 2010 Consolidated Appropriations Act (P.L. 111-117). 1 Executive Summary Page 636 of House Report 111-366 that accompanies the Consolidated Appropriations Act of 2010 (Public Law 111-117) calls for the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) to “provide a report on the potential of ocean fertilization for climate change mitigation” to the House and Senate Committees on Appropriation within 60 days of enactment of the Act. Climate change mitigation includes any efforts to reduce climate change including reducing emissions of heat-trapping gases and particles, and increasing removal of heat-trapping gases from the atmosphere. The oceans contain about 50 times as much carbon dioxide (CO2) as the atmosphere, comprising around 38,118 billion metric tons of carbon compared to 762 billion metric tons in the atmosphere. What allows the oceans to store so much CO2 is the fact that when CO2 dissolves in surface seawater, it reacts with a vast reservoir of carbonate ions to form bicarbonate ions. This reaction effectively removes the dissolved gas form of CO2 from the surface water, allowing the water to absorb more gas from the overlying air. This process, in combination with large-scale ocean circulation, has resulted in the transfer of between a quarter and a third of human-induced emissions of CO2 from the atmosphere into the ocean since the beginning of the industrial revolution. Ocean biology enhances the ocean’s ability to absorb CO2 from the atmosphere as follows: plants in the ocean, mostly microscopic floating plants called phytoplankton, absorb CO2 and nutrients when they grow, packaging them into organic material.
    [Show full text]
  • Spatiotemporal Variability in Phytoplankton Bloom Phenology in Eastern Canadian Lakes Related to Physiographic, Morphologic, and Climatic Drivers
    environments Article Spatiotemporal Variability in Phytoplankton Bloom Phenology in Eastern Canadian Lakes Related to Physiographic, Morphologic, and Climatic Drivers Claudie Ratté-Fortin 1,2 , Karem Chokmani 1,2,* and Isabelle Laurion 1,2 1 Institut national de la recherche scientifique, Centre Eau Terre Environnement, 490 Rue de la Couronne, Quebec City, QC G1K 9A9, Canada; [email protected] (C.R.-F.); [email protected] (I.L.) 2 Interuniversity Research Group in Limnology, University of Montreal, C.P. 6128, Succ. Centre-Ville, Montreal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 31 July 2020; Accepted: 21 September 2020; Published: 27 September 2020 Abstract: Phytoplankton bloom monitoring in freshwaters is a challenging task, particularly when biomass is dominated by buoyant cyanobacterial communities that present complex spatiotemporal patterns. Increases in bloom frequency or intensity and their earlier onset in spring were shown to be linked to multiple anthropogenic disturbances, including climate change. The aim of the present study was to describe the phenology of phytoplankton blooms and its potential link with morphological, physiographic, anthropogenic, and climatic characteristics of the lakes and their watershed. The spatiotemporal dynamics of near-surface blooms were studied on 580 lakes in southern Quebec (Eastern Canada) over a 17-year period by analyzing chlorophyll-a concentrations gathered from MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) satellite images. Results show a significant increase by 23% in bloom frequency across all studied lakes between 2000 and 2016. The first blooms of the year appeared increasingly early over this period but only by 3 days (median date changing from 6 June to 3 June).
    [Show full text]
  • Diel Vertical Migration in Marine Dinoflagellates Jephson, Therese
    Diel vertical migration in marine dinoflagellates Jephson, Therese 2012 Link to publication Citation for published version (APA): Jephson, T. (2012). Diel vertical migration in marine dinoflagellates. Department of Biology, Lund University. Total number of authors: 1 General rights Unless other specific re-use rights are stated the following general rights apply: Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. • Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research. • You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain • You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal Read more about Creative commons licenses: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/ Take down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. LUND UNIVERSITY PO Box 117 221 00 Lund +46 46-222 00 00 Diel vertical migration in marine dinoflagellates Therese Jephson AKADEMISK AVHANDLING som för avläggande av filosofie doktorsexamen vid naturvetenskapliga fakulteten, Lunds universitet kommer att offentligen försvaras i Blå Hallen, Ekologihuset, Sölvegatan 37, Lund, torsdagen den 15 november 2012 kl 9:30 Fakultetens opponent: Associate Professor Tammi L. Richardson, Dept. of Marine Science Program and Biological Sciences University of South Carolina, USA Avhandlingen kommer att försvaras på engelska Dissertation Lund 2012 List of papers This thesis is based on the following papers, referred to in the text by their roman numerals: I.
    [Show full text]
  • 2014, 639–644. Evidence for Active Vertical Migration by Two
    Limnol. Oceanogr., 59(3), 2014, 660–673 E 2014, by the Association for the Sciences of Limnology and Oceanography, Inc. doi:10.4319/lo.2014.59.3.0660 Evidence for active vertical migration by two dinoflagellates experiencing iron, nitrogen, and phosphorus limitation Melissa B. Peacock * and Raphael M. Kudela Ocean Sciences Department, University of California at Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California Abstract Vertical migration and subsequent assimilation of iron (Fe) and nitrate at depth by the dinoflagellates Akashiwo sanguinea and Prorocentrum micans were investigated using laboratory vertically stratified water columns. Active migration was observed in four separate experiments with varying degrees of nitrogen (N), 57 15 phosphorus, and Fe stress. Stable isotopes of Fe ( Fe-FeCl3) and N ( N-NaNO3) were assimilated from the bottom 0.4 m of the column during migration, with significant enrichment of particulate samples collected from the surface compared to the initial A. sanguinea culture or natural water from Monterey Bay containing P. micans. In all four experiments, there was significant drawdown of nitrate from the column, with depth-integrated drawdown of greater than 50 mmol m22 in the P. micans experiment over 72 h. These experiments provide evidence for dinoflagellate assimilation of N and Fe at depth. Harmful algal blooms of vertically migrating dinoflagellates such as A. sanguinea and P. micans are often associated with macro- and micronutrient depletion in surface waters; assimilation of iron as well as macronutrients at depth could be an important ecological advantage in environments where light and nutrients are spatially separated. Blooms of the dinoflagellate Akashiwo sanguinea are ammonium (Hall and Pearl 2011), and P (Watanabe et al.
    [Show full text]