“God Cannot Keep Silent” Strong Religious-Nationalism– Theory and Practice
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Rearticulations of Enmity and Belonging in Postwar Sri Lanka
BUDDHIST NATIONALISM AND CHRISTIAN EVANGELISM: REARTICULATIONS OF ENMITY AND BELONGING IN POSTWAR SRI LANKA by Neena Mahadev A dissertation submitted to Johns Hopkins University in conformity with the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Baltimore, Maryland October, 2013 © 2013 Neena Mahadev All Rights Reserved Abstract: Based on two years of fieldwork in Sri Lanka, this dissertation systematically examines the mutual skepticism that Buddhist nationalists and Christian evangelists express towards one another in the context of disputes over religious conversion. Focusing on the period from the mid-1990s until present, this ethnography elucidates the shifting politics of nationalist perception in Sri Lanka, and illustrates how Sinhala Buddhist populists have increasingly come to view conversion to Christianity as generating anti-national and anti-Buddhist subjects within the Sri Lankan citizenry. The author shows how the shift in the politics of identitarian perception has been contingent upon several critical events over the last decade: First, the death of a Buddhist monk, which Sinhala Buddhist populists have widely attributed to a broader Christian conspiracy to destroy Buddhism. Second, following the 2004 tsunami, massive influxes of humanitarian aid—most of which was secular, but some of which was connected to opportunistic efforts to evangelize—unsettled the lines between the interested religious charity and the disinterested secular giving. Third, the closure of 25 years of a brutal war between the Sri Lankan government forces and the ethnic minority insurgent group, the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE), has opened up a slew of humanitarian criticism from the international community, which Sinhala Buddhist populist activists surmise to be a product of Western, Christian, neo-colonial influences. -
Liah Greenfeld
curriculum vitae1Liah Greenfeld LIAH GREENFELD Curriculum Vitae January 2013 Current Address Boston University Tel.: 617-358-1772 The University Professors Fax: 617-353-5084 745 Commonwealth Avenue [email protected] Boston, MA 02215 Current Appointment University Professor, Professor of Sociology, Political Science, and Anthropology, Boston University; Distinguished Adjunct Professor, Lingnan University, Hong Kong. Personal Born August 22, 1954, in Vladivostok, USSR; educated through high-school in Sochi (Krasnodar region); emigrated to Israel in 1972; moved to the United States in 1982; married; one child. Appointments in Academic Institutions 2011-2016 Distinguished Adjunct Professor, Lingnan University, Hong Kong. February 2009 Visiting Professor, St. George University, Grenada. 12/ 2005-1/2006 Guest Member, Institute for Advanced Studies, Jerusalem, Israel. Summers 2004- Visiting Professor, Institute of Federalism, Law School, University of Fribourg, 2005 Switzerland – Summer University Spring 1998 Fellow, Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, Washington, D.C. Spring 1997 Visiting Professor (Directeur d'Etudes), Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales, Paris curriculum vitae2Liah Greenfeld 1989-1992 John L. Loeb Associate Professor of Social Sciences, Harvard University Fall 1992 Visiting Associate Professor, Department of Political Science, MIT 1985-97 Fellow, Russian Research Center, Harvard University 1989-90 Member, Institute for Advanced Study, School of Social Science, Princeton 1985-94 Assistant, then Associate Professor -
(Ethnic) Nationalism. the Origins and Critique of the Dichotomy
polish 3()’ 171 10 sociological review ISSN 1231 – 1413 KRZYSZTOF JASKUŁOWSKI Warsaw School of Social Sciences and Humanities Western (civic) versus Eastern (ethnic) Nationalism. The Origins and Critique of the Dichotomy Abstract: The author focuses on Hans Kohn (1891–1971) who is generally regarded as the founding father of modern Anglophone academic research on nationalism. He was first to adopt a more neutral stance toward nationalism, one that made sustained attempt at dispassionate analysis of the phenomenon in order to define, classify and explain it. However, not only did he bring in a innovative and novel perspective to the subject by producing broad comparative studies but he was responsible for introducing one of the basic and long-lasting themes to the study of nationalism, namely a strongly moralistic distinction between a good nationalism, which he associated with the West, and a bad nationalism allegedly typical for the non-Western world. The paper discusses three questions: first, how did Kohn conceptualize the differences between the two types of nationalism? Second, how and why did he come to his conclusions and, finally, if it can be argued as many authors claim, that his discrimination between the two types of nationalism are valid and useful? Keywords: Hans Kohn; nationalism; Eastern nationalism; ethnic nationalism; Western nationalism; civic nationalism; nationalism studies. Introduction Anglophone students of nationalism have recognized Hans Kohn (1891–1971) as one of the most learned and influential authorities on history of nationalism (Wolf 1976: 651; Kuzio 2002; Özkirimli 2000; Snyder 1995). Kohn’s works together with the writings of Carlton Hayes are generally regarded as a turning point in the study of nationalism in the English-speaking world. -
CURRICULUM VITAE Eric Malczewski Harvard University
CURRICULUM VITAE Eric Malczewski Harvard University, Social Studies William James Hall #334, Cambridge, MA 02138 [email protected] PERSONAL Citizenship: USA Hometown: Santa Fe, NM EDUCATION 2012 Ph.D. in Sociology, Political Science, and Philosophy of Social Science, Boston University, University Professors Program Dissertation: The Elements of ‘Social’ Science Committee: Liah Greenfeld (Chair), University Professor and Professor of Sociology, Political Science, and Anthropology; Charles Lindholm, University Professor and Professor of Anthropology; and, John Stone, Professor of Sociology 2004 M.P.P. (with Honors), The University of Chicago, Harris School of Public Policy Thesis: “A Perspective on Ecological Anthropocentrism” 2000 B.S. Management and Organizational Behavior, New York University–Stern APPOINTMENTS 2009–Present Harvard University, Faculty of Arts & Sciences Social Studies Lecturer on Social Studies (2012–Present) Member of the Board of Advisors (2009–Present) Teaching Fellow (2009–2012) Dudley House Program Manager, Visiting Undergraduate Student Program (2013–Present) Resident Tutor (2014–Present) Non-Resident Tutor (2012–2013) 2014–Present Yale University, Department of Sociology The Center for Cultural Sociology Faculty Fellow (2016–Present) Visiting Fellow (2014–2016) AREAS OF RESEARCH Sociological Theory Culture Environmental Sociology Historical Sociology Nationalism Social Theory American Studies Institutions Philosophy of Social Science Malczewski 2 REFEREED ARTICLES 2016 “Materiality, Iconic Nature, and Albert Bierstadt’s ‘Great Pictures’.” The American Journal of Cultural Sociology Vol. 4(3). (in press) 2015 “On the Centrality of Action: Social Science, Historical Logics, and Max Weber’s Legacy.” The Journal of Historical Sociology Vol. 28(4): 523-547. 2014 “This is Social Science: A ‘Patterned Activity’ Oriented to Attaining Objective Knowledge of Human Society.” The Journal of Classical Sociology Vol. -
Culture Wars and COVID‐19 Conduct
JOURNAL for the SCIENTIFIC STUDY of RELIGION Culture Wars and COVID-19 Conduct: Christian Nationalism, Religiosity, and Americans’ Behavior During the Coronavirus Pandemic Samuel L. Perry Andrew L. Whitehead Department of Sociology Department of Sociology University of Oklahoma Indiana University–Purdue University Indianapolis Joshua B. Grubbs Department of Psychology Bowling Green State University During the COVID-19 pandemic, Americans’ behavioral responses were quickly politicized. Those on the left stressed precautionary behaviors, while those on the (religious) right were more likely to disregard recommended precautions. We propose the far right response was driven less by partisanship or religiosity per se, but rather by an ideology that connects disregard for scientific expertise; a conception of Americans as God’s chosen and protected people; distrust for news media; and allegiance to Trump–Christian nationalism. Analyzing panel data collected in the thick of the COVID-19 crisis, we find Christian nationalism was the leading predictor that Americans engaged in incautious behavior like eating in restaurants, visiting family/friends, or gathering with 10+ persons (though not attending church), and was the second strongest predictor that Americans took fewer precautions like wearing a mask or sanitizing/washing one’s hands. Religiosity, in contrast, was the leading predictor that Americans engaged in more frequent precautionary behaviors. Findings document that Christian nationalism, not religious commitment per se, undergirded the far-right response to COVID-19 that disregarded precautionary recommendations, thus potentially worsening the pandemic. Keywords: COVID-19, coronavirus, Christian nationalism, religion, religiosity, science. INTRODUCTION Among the many factors contributing to the comparatively high number of cases and fa- talities in the United States throughout the COVID-19 pandemic was how quickly the pan- demic itself became absorbed into partisan culture wars (Newport 2020; Singal 2020). -
Nationalism and Economic Growth
The Spirit of Capitalism LIAH GREENFELD The Spirit of Capitalism Nationalism and Economic Growth HARVARD UNIVERSITY PRESS Cambridge, Massachusetts, and London, England Copyright © 2001 by Liah Greenfeld All rights reserved Printed in the United States of America First Harvard University Press paperback edition, 2003 Second printing, 2003 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Greenfeld, Liah. The spirit of capitalism : nationalism and economic growth / Liah Greenfeld. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-674-00614-3 (cloth) ISBN 0-674-01239-9 (paper) 1. Economic development. 2. Nationalism—Economic aspects. I. Title. HD82.G655 2001 338.9—dc21 2001024608 To Gil Contents Acknowledgments ix Introduction 1 I Another Take on How It All Began 27 1 The Capitalist Spirit and the British Economic Miracle 29 2 “The Great Seventeenth-Century Exception” 59 II The Spread of the New Economic Consciousness on the European Continent 105 3 The First Convert: France 107 4 The Power of Concerted Action: Putting the Spirit of Capitalism to Work in Germany 154 III The Asian Challenge: The Way of Japan 225 5 Japanese Nationalism 227 6 Racing and Fighting 299 IV The Economic Civilization: The Spirit of Capitalism in the New World 363 7 Searching for the American System 369 8 The Thrust 428 Epilogue: Looking Backward from Year 2000 473 Notes 487 Index 533 Acknowledgments An anonymous reviewer of the manuscript for this book wondered about the disciplinary affiliation of the author. Some parts of the manuscript sug- gested she was an economist, others seemed to reflect the hand of a histo- rian, still others made the reviewer think of political science. -
Rethinking Religious Nationalism and Radicalization
Rethinking Political Islam: Mustafa Gürbüz RETHINKING POLITICAL ISLAM SERIES June 2016 The “glocal” effect: Rethinking religious nationalism and radicalization Mustafa Gürbüz, American University Editor’s note: As part of Brookings's Rethinking Political Islam project, we’ve asked a select group of outside scholars to react and respond to the overall project, in order to draw attention to potential blind spots, trends of note, and more. Halis Bayuncuk—Abu Hanzala by nom de guerre—is the well-known leader of ISIS in Turkey. Ethnically Kurdish, Bayuncuk was active in Kurdish Hezbollah (an entirely separate militant organization from Hezbollah in Lebanon) until he joined al-Qaeda in 2007, and would go on to join the Islamic State (ISIS). In March 2016, Bayuncuk’s release from prison sparked outrage, with the ruling AKP government being seen as too accommodating of the Islamic State. ISIS, as it turns out, is fighting against the Kurdistan Workers’ Party (PKK)—Turkey’s nemesis since 1984. Such complex relations between Turks and Kurds bring to mind the Turkish military’s “dirty war” in the 1990s, where the then secular Turkish government supported Kurdish Islamists (Hezbollah) against Kurdish “Marxists” in a bloody conflict.1 In his Brookings paper on Pakistan’s Islamists, Matthew Nelson nicely captures the complex dynamics between the nation-state and Islamism. “The key question facing Pakistan is no longer ‘whether Islam’ but rather ‘which Islam’,” notes Nelson. “In fact,” he goes on, “it may be helpful to reach beyond a simple distinction between mainstream and militant politics to focus, more specifically, on a range of mainstream political parties (and the military) working both ‘with’ and ‘against’ an assortment of rival 1 Mustafa Gürbüz, Rival Kurdish Movements in Turkey: Transforming Ethnic Conflict (Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 2016). -
THE ROLE of RELIGION in CONFLICT and PEACE- BUILDING the British Academy Is the UK’S Independent National Academy Representing the Humanities and Social Sciences
THE ROLE OF RELIGION IN CONFLICT AND PEACE- BUILDING The British Academy is the UK’s independent national academy representing the humanities and social sciences. For over a century it has supported and celebrated the best in UK and international research and helped connect the expertise of those working in these disciplines with the wider public. The Academy supports innovative research and outstanding people, informs policy and seeks to raise the level of public engagement with some of the biggest issues of our time, through policy reports, publications and public events. The Academy represents the UK’s research excellence worldwide in a fast changing global environment. It promotes UK research in international arenas, fosters a global approach across UK research, and provides leadership in developing global links and expertise. www.britishacademy.ac.uk The Role of Religion in Conflict and Peacebuilding September 2015 THE BRITISH ACADEMY 10 –11 Carlton House Terrace London SW1Y 5AH www.britiahacademy.ac.uk Registered Charity: Number 233176 © The British Academy 2015 Published September 2015 ISBN 978-0-85672-618-7 Designed by Soapbox, www.soapbox.co.uk Printed by Team Contents Acknowledgements iv Abbreviations v About the authors vi Executive summary 1 1. Introduction 3 2. Definitions 5 3. Methodology 11 4. Literature review 14 5. Case study I: Religion and the Israeli-Palestinian conflict 46 6. Case study II: Mali 57 7. Case study III: Bosnia and Herzegovina 64 8. Conclusions 70 9. Recommendations for policymakers and future research 73 10. Bibliography 75 Acknowledgements The authors are grateful to Leonie Fleischmann and Vladimir Kmec for their assistance in the preparation of this report and to Philip Lewis, Desislava Stoitchkova and Natasha Bevan in the British Academy’s international policy team. -
LIAH GREENFELD Curriculum Vitae January 2010 Current Address
curriculum vitae1Liah Greenfeld LIAH GREENFELD Curriculum Vitae January 2010 Current Address Boston University Tel.: 617-358-1772 The University Professors Fax: 617-353-5084 745 Commonwealth Avenue [email protected] Boston, MA 02215 Current Appointment University Professor, Professor of Sociology, Political Science, and Anthropology; and Director, Institute for the Advancement of the Social Sciences, Boston University. Personal Born August 22, 1954, in Vladivostok, USSR; educated through high-school in Sochi (Krasnodar region); emigrated to Israel in 1972; moved to the United States in 1982; married; one child. Appointments in Academic Institutions February 2009 Visiting Professor, St. George University, Grenada. 12/ 2005-1/2006 Guest Member, Institute for Advanced Studies, Jerusalem, Israel. Summers 2004- Visiting Professor, Institute of Federalism, Law School, University of Fribourg, 2005 Switzerland – Summer University Spring 1998 Fellow, Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, Washington, D.C. Spring 1997 Visiting Professor (Directeur d'Etudes), Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales, Paris 1989-1992 John L. Loeb Associate Professor of Social Sciences, Harvard University curriculum vitae2Liah Greenfeld Fall 1992 Visiting Associate Professor, Department of Political Science, MIT 1985-97 Fellow, Russian Research Center, Harvard University 1989-90 Member, Institute for Advanced Study, School of Social Science, Princeton 1985-94 Assistant, then Associate Professor of Sociology and Social Studies, Harvard University 1984-85 Visiting -
Religion and Nationalism: Contradictions of Islamic Origins and Secular Nation-Building ∗ in Turkey, Algeria, and Pakistan
Religion and Nationalism: Contradictions of Islamic Origins and Secular Nation-Building ∗ in Turkey, Algeria, and Pakistan Sener Akturk, Koc¸University Objectives. Turkey, Algeria, and Pakistan have been persistently challenged, since their founding, by both Islamist and ethnic separatist movements. These challenges claimed the lives of tens of thousands of people in each country. I investigate the causes behind the concurrence of Islamist and ethnic separatist challenges to the state in Turkey, Algeria, and Pakistan. Method. This research employs comparative historical analysis, and more specifically, a most different systems design. In ad- dition to small-N cross-national comparison, I also designed an intertemporal comparison, whereby Turkish, Algerian, and Pakistani history is divided into four periods, corresponding to preindepen- dence, mobilization for independence, postindependence secular nation-building, and Islamist and ethnic separatist challenge periods. Results. Contrary to the prevailing view in the scholarship, this article formulates an alternative reinterpretation of Turkish, Algerian, and Pakistani nation-state formation. These three states were founded on the basis of an Islamic mobilization against non- Muslim opponents, but having successfully defeated these non-Muslim opponents, their political elites chose a secular and monolingual nation-state model, which they thought would maximize their national security and improve the socioeconomic status of their Muslim constituencies. The choice of a secular and monolingual nation-state model led to recurrent challenges of increasing magnitude to the state in the form of Islamist and ethnic separatist movements. The causal mech- anism outlined in this article resembles what has been metaphorically described as a “meteorite” (Pierson, 2004), where the cause is short term (secular nationalist turn after independence) but the outcome unfolds over the long term (Islamist and ethnic separatist challenges). -
The Roots of Nationalism
HERITAGE AND MEMORY STUDIES 1 HERITAGE AND MEMORY STUDIES Did nations and nation states exist in the early modern period? In the Jensen (ed.) field of nationalism studies, this question has created a rift between the so-called ‘modernists’, who regard the nation as a quintessentially modern political phenomenon, and the ‘traditionalists’, who believe that nations already began to take shape before the advent of modernity. While the modernist paradigm has been dominant, it has been challenged in recent years by a growing number of case studies that situate the origins of nationalism and nationhood in earlier times. Furthermore, scholars from various disciplines, including anthropology, political history and literary studies, have tried to move beyond this historiographical dichotomy by introducing new approaches. The Roots of Nationalism: National Identity Formation in Early Modern Europe, 1600-1815 challenges current international scholarly views on the formation of national identities, by offering a wide range of contributions which deal with early modern national identity formation from various European perspectives – especially in its cultural manifestations. The Roots of Nationalism Lotte Jensen is Associate Professor of Dutch Literary History at Radboud University, Nijmegen. She has published widely on Dutch historical literature, cultural history and national identity. Edited by Lotte Jensen The Roots of Nationalism National Identity Formation in Early Modern Europe, 1600-1815 ISBN: 978-94-6298-107-2 AUP.nl 9 7 8 9 4 6 2 9 8 1 0 7 2 The Roots of Nationalism Heritage and Memory Studies This ground-breaking series examines the dynamics of heritage and memory from a transnational, interdisciplinary and integrated approaches. -
Eric Malczewski Assistant Professor Center for Public Administration
Eric Malczewski Assistant Professor Center for Public Administration and Policy School of International and Public Affairs, Virginia Tech 104 Draper Road, Blacksburg, VA 24061 [email protected] / ORCID: 0000-0001-6168-7166 January 2021 Education 2012 Ph.D. in Sociology, Political Science, and Philosophy of Social Science Boston University, University Professors Program Dissertation: The Elements of Social Science 2004 M.P.P. with Honors The University of Chicago, Harris School of Public Policy Thesis: A Perspective on Ecological Anthropocentrism 2000 B.S. Management and Organizational Behavior New York University, Stern School of Business Academic Positions 2018–Present Virginia Tech, School of Public and International Affairs Center for Public Administration and Policy Assistant Professor Forum on Social and Political Thought Director 2014–Present Yale University, Department of Sociology Center for Cultural Sociology Faculty Fellow (2016–Present); Visiting Fellow (2014–2016) 2009–2018 Harvard University, Faculty of Arts & Sciences Social Studies Lecturer on Social Studies (2012–2017); Member of the Board of Advisors (2009–2017); Teaching Fellow (2009–2012) Dudley House Program Manager, Visiting Undergraduate Student Program (2013–2018); Resident Tutor (2014–2018); Non-Resident Tutor (2012–2013) Areas of Research Sociological Theory Culture Environmental Sociology Political Sociology Historical Sociology Institutions Philosophy of Social Science Nationalism Qualitative Methods Social Theory Material Culture/Materiality American Studies Malczewski 2 Journal Articles 2019 “The Weberian Presuppositional Analytic.” Sociological Theory Vol. 37(4): 363-380. DOI: 10.1177/0735275119888258 2019 “Durkheim and the Nation.” The Turkish Journal of Sociology (İstanbul Üniversitesi Sosyoloji Dergisi) Vol. 39: 41-64. DOI: 10.26650/SJ.2019.39.1.0013 2016 “Materiality, Iconic Nature, and Albert Bierstadt’s ‘Great Pictures’.” American Journal of Cultural Sociology Vol.