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Gender Equality Index Technical Note1

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Gender Equality Index Technical Note1 Gender Equality Index Technical Note1 Introduction Over the next decade, the impact of women on the global economy—as producers, entrepreneurs, employees and consumers—could be at least as significant as that of China’s 1 billion people. In Africa alone, tapping into women’s economic potential would be the equivalent of having an additional half-billion individuals contributing to the economy and stimulating growth. Yet in Africa and the rest of the world, there is a wide gap between potential and reality. In a sizable number of countries, women often face economic, social and institutional obstacles to exercising their fundamental rights. Although significant progress has been made towards gender equality in Africa, much more remains to be done. To measure the extent of this issue at country level, many gender-related indices have been created— among them the Global Gender Gap Index (GGI) from the World Economic Forum, the Africa Gender and Development Index from the United Nations Economic Commission for Africa, the Gender Inequality Index from the United Nations Development Programme, and the OECD’s Social Institution and Gender Index (SIGI). Most indices of gender equality measure gender-differentiated outcomes in areas such as health, education and employment, and SIGI focuses on the factors underlying gender inequality, measuring social institutions (which are mirrored by societal practices and legal norms) that discriminate against women. The new Gender Equality Index (GEI) developed by the African Development Bank (AfDB, or the Bank) combines both gender-differentiated outcomes and social institutions that explain gender gap in countries, addressing the institutional dimension, in addition to the social and economic dimensions, as a factor in the gender gap. The GEI compiles data from many sources, reflecting the status of women around Africa along three dimensions of equality: economic opportunity, social development, and law and institutions. It provides hard evidence on the challenges facing African women, but it also highlights where progress is being achieved. It reflects the combined gain in achievement in three key dimensions of human development (human economic opportunity, human social development and human equality in law and institution) when gender equality is taken into account. And it provides a rich source of evidence on how empowering women can yield important development returns. Why do we need an AfDB Gender Equality Index? The AfDB places gender equality at the heart of its approach to promoting development in Africa. Gender equality is one of the three areas of special emphasis2 in the Bank’s Ten-Year Strategy,3 and in implementing the Strategy the Bank is paying particular attention to gender. In addition, the Gender Strategy4 adopted in January 2014 is a milestone for the Bank. The vision it lays out marks a departure from the past in recognizing not only that gender equality is a human right, but that development will not happen unless women are part of the solution. The new GEI forms part of the Bank’s commitment to gender equality. It aims to help African countries measure their progress toward gender equality, assess the remaining gaps, and then chart a course for addressing those gaps. 1 This technical note was prepared by Koffi Marc Kouakou, Kim Yeon-Su and Alice Nabalamba (AfDB). 2 Fragile states, agriculture and food security, and gender. 3 At the Center of Africa’s Transformation (AfDB Strategy for 2013 – 2022). 4 Investing in Gender Equality for Africa’s Transformation (Gender Strategy). 2 The GEI measures gender-based gaps in access to resources and opportunities simultaneously with gender gaps in law and institutions in individual countries, rather than the actual levels of the available resources and opportunities in those countries. Thus it is independent of countries’ levels of development—that is, it ranks countries on their gender gaps, not on their development level.5 The index is motivated by the recognition that gender gaps in access to resources and opportunities are directly linked to countries’ laws and institutions. Composition of the Gender Equality Index As Figure 1 illustrates, the GEI is composed of 3 categories or dimensions, 6 subcategories and 38 indicators or variables. Each indicator quantifies the existence of a specific gender gap that restricts or excludes women and thus contributes to gender inequality in development outcomes. The subcategories examine six critical gender gap areas: Business and employment opportunities – gender gap in salaries, incomes and access to financial institutions. Educational opportunities – gender gap in access to basic and higher-level education; Health – access to reproductive health services. Political empowerment – gender gap in representation in decision-making structures. Legal rights – gender gap in laws on civil liberties, violence against women and ownership rights. Household rights – gender gap in laws on parental authority, inheritance and physical integrity at home. All variables used to create the index are drawn from the indicators used by such international organizations as the International Labour Organization, the World Health Organization, the World Economic Forum, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, UNESCO Institute for Statistics, Global Findex, Inter-Parliamentary Union, and Women, Business and the Law. Detailed data sources and indicator definitions are provided in Annex 2. 5 The GEI is based on the same concepts of gaps and level as the World Economic Forum’s GGI, except that the GEI does not use the GGI’s laws and institutions dimension. 3 Figure 1. AfDB Gender Equality Index 3 categories or dimensions Equality in economic Equality in social Equality in laws & opportunity development institutions 1 sub- 2 sub- 3 sub- category categories categories Access to Business and Women's Educational reproductive Women's Women's legal employment household opportunities health participation rights opportunities rights services 5 4 4 3 11 11 Indicators indicators indicators indicators indicators indicators Ratio: Labour Non-discrimination participation Ratio: Literacy Maternal Ratio: Females in Married woman rate mortality ratio parliament clause in required by law to constitution obey her husband Ratio: Wage and Ratio: School Births attended by Ratio: Females at Married woman salary workers enrollment, Married woman skilled health staff ministerial level applies for a primary can be "head of passport household" Ratio: Wage Ratio: School unmet need for Ratio: Proportion equality enrollment, Married woman contraception of women justices secondary chooses where to Parental authority live in marriage Ratio: Estimated Ratio: School Pregnant women earned income enrollment, receiving prenatal Woman's tertiary care testimony carries Parental authority the same in divorce evidentiary weight Ratio: Loan from a in court financial institution Lagal age of marriage Law on rape Married woman Law on sexual confers citizenship harassment to her children Married couples Access to financial jointly share legal service responsibility for family's expenses Secure access to Property land administration during marriage Secure access to non-land assets Inheritance rights of daughters Equal remuneration for Inheritance rights work of equal value of widows Law on non- discrimination Laws on domestic based on gender violence in hiring Figure 2. Calculating the Gender Equality Index Category / Dimension Equality in economic opportunity Equality in social development Equality in laws and institutions Subcategory Business and employment Educational Access to reproductive Women’s Women’s Women’s opportunities opportunities health services participation legal rights household rights Subcategory score Business and employment score Education Reproductive health Participation Legal rights Household rights score services score score score score Category index Economic opportunity index Social development index Laws and institutions index Gender Equality Index The GEI is an unweighted average of the categories’ indices (economic opportunity, social development, and laws and institutions). Its values range between 0 and 100, with 0 denoting a complete gender gap (or inequality) and 100 indicating no gender gap. The value of the GEI for a given country is calculated as follows: 1 GEI = (푒푐표푛표푚푖푐 표푝푝표푟푡푢푛푖푡푦 푖푛푑푒푥 + 푠표푐푖푎푙 푑푒푣푒푙표푝푚푒푛푡 푖푛푑푒푥 + 푙푎푤푠 푎푛푑 푖푛푠푡푖푡푢푡푖표푛푠 푖푛푑푒푥) 3 Annex 1 shows all countries’ scores on all dimensions of the GEI, as well as their overall scores. Calculating the Gender Equality Index The GEI is constructed using a six-step process (illustrated in Figure 2). Step 1: Convert variables to ratios Initially, all data are converted to female/male ratios. For example, a country with 20% of ministerial positions filled by women is assigned a ratio of 20:80, resulting in a value of 0.25 on that indicator. This is to ensure that the index captures gaps between women and men’s attainment levels, rather than the levels themselves. This step does not apply to indicators of the three subcategories that are related only to women: health, legal rights and household rights. The indicators of the health subcategory are ratios (quantitative), and those of the legal rights and household rights subcategories are qualitative or ordinate. For the quantitative indicators, no transformation is applied. Qualitative indicators can be divided into two groups: binary indicators with values of (0, 1), and ordinal indicators with
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