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onald Trump has never made any bones bian Peninsula from escaping its influence, if Dabout his opinion of the "Joint Com- necessary making recourse to means such as prehensive Plan of Action“ (JCPOA), signed invasion (Yemen), “military support” (Bah- in July 2015 by the then US Secretary of rain) or isolation (). These power strug- State John Kerry. Aimed at reining in the gles are overlaid by the conflict between Iranian nuclear programme, President Trump “the Shiites” (led unchallenged by Iran) and describes the JCPOA as one of the “worst “the Sunnis”, a conflict that is not solely an deals” the USA has ever got itself into. This issue between states. In some of the Gulf particular utterance might perhaps not be States, including , there are sub- accorded any great significance, given that stantial Shiite populations that are suspected he has greeted other agreements by the of being Teheran’s fifth column, and who are previous administration with equally dep- discriminated against in public life. recatory remarks. However, now he is fol- Things are no longer the way they were only lowing words with action, and stepping up 20 years ago, when the autocrats sitting the pressure on the regime in Teheran, and relatively safely in the saddle were playing some of the arguments which he set out in classic power politics. Following the fall of his speech on 13 October 2017 cannot be the Iraqi dictator Saddam Hussein, the bal- dismissed so easily. Right from the outset, ance of power in the region has shifted in critics have warned that the agreement favour of Iran. The “Arabellion“, the Arab does nothing more than gain time for Iran, Spring, however depressing its results were without any modification to its intentions. In in the end, has at least exposed how fragile fact, reintegration into the global economy the apparatus of regime power really is. could help the country get back on its feet, Sustained low oil prices rob the potentates which in turn means that it could pursue its of the means to buy social peace; beneath destructive policy from a position of greater them a demographic time bomb is ticking. economic strength and even more success- Pressure is growing from generations which fully than before. Indeed, over the past few are steadily increasing in numbers, often well years Iran has left no stone unturned in seek- educated, and no longer to be isolated from ing to build up its influence in the Middle foreign media and influence – and patently East, and in the process to stir up or exac- without a solution on the horizon as to how erbate conflicts. Shoulder to shoulder with to meet their expectations for a better life. Russia as a supporter of the Assad regime, The Kurds, too, are seeking to exploit this Iran is de facto no longer just an ally, but ever more volatile and more explosive situ- dominant over Syria. In its hybrid conduct ation, and are challenging the existing bor- of war, it services subversive and terrorist ders. Their demand for their own state is still movements, so as to destabilise Yemen for limited to their autonomous region in north- example, and to bring together the players in ern Iraq, but because the 40 million-strong the anti-Saudi game in that particular thea- population is spread over three other states tre. The desire for the destruction of is too – Syria, Turkey and Iran – expectations unabated. While founded on ideological and of a domino effect run high. But support “religious” grounds, the actual geostrategic for the Kurdish leadership in Erbil from the interests of Iran would call for another policy, international community is relatively low, and one that is perhaps even contradictory. even from those whom it views as its allies: The regime in Teheran is, however, not the at present only Israel appears to be content sole unsettling factor in a region driven by with an independent Kurdish state. crisis: to the west, with the Maghreb and the The Euro-Atlantic community of states will Sahel zone, it abuts another area with which have to find a response to this potent situ- it in many respects has close bonds. For years ation, because their security interests are the focus has been on bringing down the threatened, and further escalation could “Islamic State”. Now that this grotesque par- have substantial economic consequences. ody of the historical Caliphate is steadily dis- Some seem to be placing their bets on the appearing from the map, other problems are Russians setting things to rights, even if Mos- emerging from its shadow. Some of these cow is pursuing its own aims. These bets, awaken old memories. Saudi Arabia and however, ascribe to Moscow an aptitude for are in competition for dominance in the stabilisation of critical regions for which, the “Sunni camp”. Riyadh is also trying hard regrettably, there has been no example in to prevent neighbouring states on the Ara- recorded history. Peter Bossdorf

November 2017 · European Security & Defence 1 Content

Alliance Ground Surveillance Urgency in the Middle East Photo: Kongsberg Photo: Northrop Grumman

The new system will enhance NATO's capabilities Regional air forces are re-equipping to meet significantly. Page 40 escalating security threats. Page 91

SECURITY POLICY 44 "We need to have the new F-110 frigates by 2023 or 2024." 10 Norway’s Defence Revival Interview with Admiral Teodoro López Calderón, Stephen Blank Chief of Staff, 16 Protecting the 5th Republic The French Internal Security Challenge 48 ’s 2017 Defence Budget and the 2017-2019 David Saw Planning Document Luca Peruzzi 20 Deadlock in the Caucasus EU´s Engagement with Abkhazia Needs a New Boost 52 Challenges in Jan Blinka David Saw

COUNTRY FOCUS: FINLAND ARMAMENT & TECHNOLOGY

24 Strengthening the Pillars of Security and Defence 57 Last Line of Defence Finland’s Policy in a New Environment The Market for Aircraft Self-Protection Teija Tiilikainen Georg Mader 28 Finland's Defence Today and Tomorrow 63 KC-46 PEGASUS Status Report Jarmo Lindberg Sidney E. Dean 34 "We are following the European directives strictly." 66 Fighter Pilot Training Interview with General (retd.) Raimo Jyväsjärvi, William Carter National Armaments Director and Director General, 70 Securing Strategic Sites Resource Policy Department, MoD Finland Tamir Eshel 36 "We wish to maintain our operational 74 Calming the Storm independency in all situations." Equipment for Riot Control Interview with Lieutenant General Kyösti Halonen, Deputy Doug Richardson Chief of Staff, Logistics and Armament, Finnish Defence Forces 79 CBRN Training and Simulation Dan Kaszeta 38 The Finnish Defence Industrial Base Capabilities and Perspectives 82 Technology Driving Increased Simulation Fidelity Tuija Karanko Trevor Nash

ARMED FORCES INDUSTRY & MARKETS

40 Alliance Ground Surveillance 85 Danish Defence Industry 2017 Camille Grand Jørgen Bo Leimand 91 Urgency in the Middle East Regional Air Forces Are Re-equipping Alan Warnes

2 European Security & Defence · November 2017 94 "We continue to invest in the finest technical Index of Advertisers minds to develop new solutions" Interview with Alex Hooper, Vice President Global Sales & Bittium 31 Business Development, Revision Military 96 Business Perspectives for European Defence boger electronics 41 Industry in Latin America Ceska zbrojovka a.s. (CZ) 3rd cover Harry Campbell 100 Virtual and Live Firing Under One Roof Enforce Tac 9 Interview with Michael Paulk, Director of Virtual Systems, ESG Elektroniksystem- und Logistik-GmbH 67 Meggitt Training Systems Eurosatory 33 VIEWPOINT FROM … Eurofighter 27 15 Oslo Eurojet 29 Bjørn Domaas Josefsen 23 Berlin EXPAL 11 Wolfgang Labuhn GPEC 101

KADEX 90 THE BRUSSELS BACKDROP 46 Coping with the Rocket Man: Kallman 51 US and EU Approaches Joris Verbeurgt Lockheed Martin 4th cover Miltech Hellas 3

MARKETING REPORT Rafael 71

88 Danish Cooperation Led to International Success Revision 5 Systematic A/S Robonic 35

COLUMNS Sensonor 59 SOFEX 22 1 Editorial 4 Periscope Systematic 2nd cover

99 Masthead WB Group 7 102 Firms & Faces 104 Preview

眀眀眀⸀洀椀氀琀攀挀栀⸀最爀 礀漀甀爀 琀栀攀爀洀愀氀 瀀漀椀渀琀 漀昀 瘀椀攀眀 Periscope

The Netherlands to Buy aircraft form the backbone of the UK’s AIM-120 C-7 Advanced AIRSEEKER capability, providing intel- Photo: IAI Medium Range Air-to-Air ligence, surveillance and reconnaissance (AMRAAM) (ISR) resources in support of global secu- (ck) The US State Department has ap- rity missions. Upon touchdown at RAF proved the sale to the Netherlands of 26 Waddington, Lincolnshire, UK, the aircraft AIM-120 C-7 Advanced Medium Range was formally transferred to the RAF, com- Air-to-Air (AMRAAM), one AM- pleting hardware deliveries under an FMS RAAM Guidance Section Spare (MDE contract valued at approximately US$1Bn. items), 20 AMRAAM Captive Air Training Taken together, the UK RJ and USAF RJ Missiles (CATM), missile containers, control helicopter with a payload of 100-180 kg, aircraft form a combined fleet of 20 air- section spares, weapon systems support, flight time of two hours and speed of up craft, and L3 will perform future baseline test equipment, spare and repair parts, to 120 km/h. The AIR HOPPER runs on an upgrades and periodic depot maintenance publications and technical documentation, internal combustion engine which uses on the fleet. L3 has also delivered a sta- personnel training, logistics, technical sup- ordinary, 95-octane fuel. Its price is lower tion to support ground operations and port services, and other related elements than that of a manned transport helicop- training systems to train both operators of logistics and program support. The es- ter, which allows procurement of multiple and maintainers. Under the agreement, timated total cost is $53M. This sale is to unmanned helicopters to achieve flexible the UK purchased three RJ aircraft for deployment and low-cost provisioning to conversion by L3 from KC-135R tankers to the front lines. The AIR HOPPER responds the RC-135W configuration. The first two to the need in transporting equipment to aircraft were delivered in 2013 and 2015, the battlefield during warfare while pre- upon gaining their airworthiness releases.

Photo. Raytheon venting loss of lives and minimising the risks faced by logistic convoys en route such as Bittium TOUGH MOBILE roadside explosives, ambushes or anti-tank Smartphone Receives support the foreign policy objectives of weapons. The operator using the autono- Security Classification the by improving the security mous system supervises the execution of (ck) The Bittium TOUGH of a NATO Ally which continues to be an the mission and the convoy‘s vehicles in real MOBILE smartphone is the important force for political stability and time from a safe area outside the threat first mobile solution in the

economic progress in Europe. The sale range of the battlefield.The system‘s open world to have received a Photo: Bittium will improve the Netherland’s capabilities architecture renders it compatible with a national “Confidential”- for mutual defense, force modernisation, range of platforms with no need for special level information security and NATO interoperability. This sale will adaptation, maintaining the performance classification. With TOUGH enhance the Royal Netherlands Air Force’s level of the vehicle concurrently with the MOBILE it is possible to pro- ability to defend the Netherlands against weight capacity of the platform. The sys- cess classified information future threats and contribute to NATO op- tem moves independently and precisely and transfer it between the erations. The Netherlands maintains the over prolonged periods of time, day or smartphone and connect- AIM-120B in its inventory and will have no night, including in tough field conditions ed back-end solutions. In difficulty absorbing these missiles into its and in any weather. order to achieve Confiden- armed forces. The prime contractor will be tial level classification there Raytheon Missile Systems. L3 Delivers Final are specific security require- AIRSEEKER to UK RAF ments regarding the processing of classified IAI Develops Unmanned (ck) L3 Technologies has delivered the information and secure wireless transfer of Helicopter third and final RC-135V/W RIVET JOINT files which must be met: the Bittium TOUGH (ck) The AIR HOPPER, an unmanned heli- (RJ) signals intelligence aircraft to Britain’s MOBILE smartphone and its back-end sys- copter developed by Israel Aerospace In- (RAF), a milestone mark- tem are designed for this classification level. dustries (IAI), has successfully completed The smartphone includes features such as first tests. IAI demonstrated the AIR HOP- a hardened operating system, hardened PER to officials of the defence industry and user identification, and data transfer. It has the IDF. The demonstration covered two a dual-boot functionality that it a device scenarios, the first simulating carrying a with completely separate operating modes, seriously-wounded soldier to a extraction Photo: US Air Force public and confidential. The public operating point for life-saving treatment, airborne mode is meant for personal use where social monitoring of vital signs and real-time dis- media applications are freely available. The patch to the ground. The second scenario confidential operating mode is completely simulated carrying logistic supplies to an separated from the public mode, hardened isolated force at the front line, which could for secure use, and meant for demanding not be accessed otherwise without risking use by authorities and other users requir- more troops. As an unmanned helicopter ing a high level of information security. This used to provide supplies to sites where ing the completion of the US Air Force dual-boot functionality enables both per- ground access is difficult or dangerous, the (USAF) and UK Ministry of Defence (MOD) sonal and professional use with high-level AIR HOPPER is based on a small, manned AIRSEEKER programme. The three UK RJ information security within the same device.

4 European Security & Defence · November 2017

Periscope

EXPAL Showcases Global bility to US warfighters and covers All-Up Portfolio for EOD & C-IED Round missiles and Captive Air Training Missions Missiles for the US Navy, , (sb) EXPAL attended the 3rd C-IED Technol- and other allies through Foreign Military ogy Workshop in Madrid (), organized Sales orders. AARGM provides the US Navy by the Counter-Improvised Explosive De- and Allies with critical mission capabilities Photo: Revision Military vices Centre of Excellence (C-IED COE), with to counter the accelerating proliferation of the support of NATO and the Spanish Chief surface-to-air threats. AARGM is a super- of Defence. sonic, air-launched tactical missile system, EXPAL develops innovative initiation sys- upgrading legacy AGM-88 HARM systems tems, combat engineering equipment and with advanced capability to destroy hos- EOD solutions in cooperation with key NA- tile air defence systems. AARGM is able TO countries. Their equipment is in use in to engage traditional and non-traditional over 40 armed forces worldwide. As part advanced land- and sea-based air-defence of the portfolio offered by the company, at threats, as well as striking time-sensitive the 3rd C-IED Technology Workshop EX- targets. AARGM is a US Navy and Italian ments. The ComCentr2 is a communica- PAL highlighted its latest developments in Air Force international cooperative major tions solution for the dismounted close- this area of activity. The S-402 Electronic acquisition programme, with the US Navy combat warfighter and is plug and play Initiation System minimises involuntary ini- with the wider soldier system. Active Noise tiation due to static, stray or induced cur- Reduction (ANR) technology mitigates low rents. Its technology is innovative in the frequency noise generated by military ve- defence and security fields: the exploder hicles, protecting hearing and improving and detonators have been upgraded with speech intelligibility. Full 360° situational Photo: Orbital ATK digital electronics in order to increase op- awareness is achieved through an array of erator safety. Its solid configuration, light two forward- and two rear-facing micro- weight, modest volume, reliability and safe phones which provide front and rear audio operation make this system ideal for use by detection. 3D spatial communication ena- engineers, Special Operations Forces, EOD bles users to hear radio communications in specialists and rescue teams. as the executive agent. AARGM is currently a three-dimensional listening environment, The S-402 consists of an ES-402 Exploder, deployed and supporting operational re- further decreasing the cognitive burden of and DS-402 Detonators. The ES-402 Ex- quirements for the US Navy and US Marine monitoring multiple nets. ploder has the capacity to check and initi- Corps. The missile is integrated into the ate up to 10 electric DS-402 Detonators. weapons systems on the FA-18C/D HOR- 104 German LEOPARD 2 This system can be used in a radio-dense NET, FA-18E/F SUPER HORNET and EA-18G MBTs to be Modernised environment, among electronic counter- GROWLER aircraft. AARGM is anticipated (ck) Rheinmetall will modernise part of the measures or near static currents. to achieve Initial Operational Capability on Bundeswehr’s fleet of LEOPARD main bat- During this event EXPAL also showed, in the Italian Air Force’s TORNADO ECR air- tle tanks, implementing various upgrade collaboration with Madrid-based Proytecsa craft in 2018. measures. The Düsseldorf-based tech- Security, the AUNAV family of high-tech- nology group will be responsible for key nology robots with varied capabilities to New Special Ops Helmets parts of a combat performance upgrade defeat and neutralise EOD and IED threats. (ck) At AUSA, Revision Military, a com- programme that will bring 104 LEOPARD Both the S-402 and aunavNEXT robot pany producing head protection solutions, 2 tanks up to the state-of-the-art. Coupled were present at EXPAL’s booth. presented its new suite of Special Opera- with additional services, the modernisation EXPAL develops and manufactures C-IED tions Forces (SOF) helmets called BATLSKIN systems and products based on providing CAIMAN. The CAIMAN family includes the maximum efficiency, simplicity of opera- CAIMAN Ballistic Helmet System, two visor tion and, above all, safety of use for com- variants, a rail system, a liner and suspen- bat engineers, EOD users and Special Op- sion system, and helmet covers. Revision erations forces; and the company develops, also presented its tactical headset system Photo: Bundeswehr produces and integrates a large portfolio SenSys ComCentr2. Integrating advanced of products and services for the defence electronics and software into a sleek and and security industries. Currently, EXPAL’s user-focussed design, Revision’s ComCen- products and services are employed by over tr2 headset offers natural-sounding audio 60 countries. and enhanced sensory performance. The digital system enables mission-critical com- Advanced Anti-Radiation munication, improving command, control Guided Missile and communication on the battlefield package is worth a total of €118M. The first (ck) The US Navy has awarded Orbital ATK while enabling dismounted close-combat retrofitted LEOPARD 2 A7V tanks will reach a contract worth US$350M to continue users to detect vital sounds in a noise-pol- the Bundeswehr in 2020. Rheinmetall will production of the AGM-88E Advanced luted environment. The headset allows for transform a total of 68 LEOPARD 2A4, 16 Anti-Radiation Guided Missile (AARGM). advanced electronic features and offers an LEOPARD 2A6 and 20 LEOPARD 2A7 main This contract will deliver advanced capa- upgrade path for technological improve- battle tanks, bringing them up to the A7V

6 European Security & Defence · November 2017 standard. In the process, Rheinmetall spe- RUAG Receives Order cialists will eliminate obsolescent features for Two Aircraft from in the fire control computers and control Bangladesh Navy consoles as well as installing new laser Photo: TII Group (ck) RUAG Aviation will deliver two new rangefinder and thermal imaging devices. production Dornier 228 aircraft to the In addition, Rheinmetall will supply the new Bangladesh Navy (BN), expanding their L55A1 gun for the 68 LEOPARD 2A4 MBTs existing fleet to four Dornier 228s. The air- to be modernised. These tanks will be able craft will conduct surveillance and patrol to fire the latest generation of armour- flights for maritime security, exclusive eco- piercing ammunition in the upper pressure Group claims that its PTL 70-90 trailer can nomic zone control, and zone. All 104 LEOPARD 2A7V tanks will be transport military tracked vehicles weighing capable of using Rheinmetall’s new pro- more than 100 tonnes across such terrain. grammable DM11 multipurpose round. The PTL 70-90 comes with a hydrostatic

additional drive labelled Offroad Power Photo: RUAG New Tank Trailer Booster, which provides full mobility thanks (ck) TII Group has developed a new ar- to a combination of pulled and driven axles moured tank flat-bed trailer, the PTL 70-90. if the prime mover has reached its limit. For The PTL 70-90 is available with up to eight this, an auxiliary diesel-driven unit produces axles and can carry payloads up to 115 oil pressure which is used to drive hydraulic tonnes. It features robust design based on motors in one or more axles as soon as the (SAR) operations. This contract reinforces proven commercial applications, and tyre- traction of the tractor is breached. The driv- the BN’s efforts to increase their naval and preserving lifting axles combine with auto- en axles can be switched to fully automatic coast guard surveillance activities. The new matic tyre pressure adjustment to ensure status as and when required. The drive unit Dornier 228s will also extend the BN’s minimal wear and tear when being used for also serves as a power supply for tactical reach and endurance options for SAR and strategic transport or in the toughest oper- systems and makes the KAMAG PTL 70- natural disaster missions. Naval and coast ating conditions. Terrain such as deserts or 90 the ideal system carrier. The PTL 70-90 guard organisations worldwide rely on the swamps is difficult or even impossible for is only one of numerous vehicle types in Dornier 228 for its versatility, speed, range most trailers to drive over when transport- the military portfolio of the TII Group (TII and endurance, and its cost-effective oper- ing battle tanks and similar heavy loads. TII Defense Solutions). ability.

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reklama wizerunkowa 176x126.indd 2 2017-10-26 12:16:32 November 2017 · European Security & Defence 7 Periscope

DTC and MOHOC Announce de Coopération en matière d’Armement). rise above trees and obstacles, the sensors Integrated Video System So far, Thales has delivered five orders for create a surveillance picture comprising da- (ck) The awkward shape of sport cameras ta, video and geospatial locations to iden- render them inappropriate for defence tify and classify potential targets for rapid purposes, and in response, Domo Tactical action. With the mast stowed in the truck

Communications (DTC), a wireless commu- Photo: Thales bed, the vehicle remains inconspicuous. nication provider and MOHOC, Inc., a pro- ducer of helmet cameras, have announced Jenoptik Introduces Modu- their integration of a wireless camera solu- lar Air-cooled Alternator tion. By using the MOHOC and MOHOC (ck) At AUSA in Washington D.C., Jenoptik IR (infrared) cameras together with DTC’s showcased an air-cooled 600-ampere al- SOL8 Software Defined Radio (SDR) to ternator.For around five decades, Jenoptik communicate via DTC’s COFDM Point to has been supplying tried-and-tested, liq- Point and Tactical IP Mesh waveforms, us- uid-cooled custom alternators for energy ers are able to remotely access real-time systems with different capacities. At the video in a tactical battlefield environment, A400M simulators and two flight-training AUSA, the company presented a modular devices to , , the UK and air-cooled alternator with a capacity from the International Training Centre in Seville. 400 to 600 amperes. This generator marks A sixth simulator will be delivered to Spain the start of Jenoptik’s plans to offer an alter- Photo: DTC in 2018. nator product line with a continuous capac- ity range from 200 to 1,000 amperes. The FLIR Introduces new modular design of the new 600-ampere Surveillance System alternator allows to fit with existing motor (ck) At AUSA in Washington D.C. FLIR in- capacities, installation spaces, and harsh troduced the FLIR Lightweight Vehicle environmental conditions. Its open inter- Surveillance System (LVSS). Designed as a face offers standardised or customised op- mobile surveillance solution, the FLIR LVSS tions in terms of belt-driven or direct drives, is mounted in the bed of a standard pickup truck, converting it into a rapidly deploy- able yet covert surveillance command and control centre for border security, coastal surveillance missions and force protection. Photo: Jenoptik The FLIR LVSS integrates TacFLIR 280-HD facilitating real time decision-making and or TacFLIR 380-HD multi-spectral high- risk assessment. The patented MOHOC definition imaging systems (including features a low profile, extreme ruggedisa- MWIR, SWIR, EO and EMMCD) for medi- tion, and simple user interface for defence um to long range identification of potential purposes. DTC’s COFDM waveforms pro- threats. Also integrated with LVSS are the vide high-capacity connectivity in chal- FLIR RANGER R20SS or FLIR RANGER R6SS lenging environments and sit seamlessly radar, for the ability to detect and identify alongside existing public or private infra- more than 500 targets simultaneously, and structure. They penetrate into non-line-of- controllers, connectors, or fastenings. The sight (NLOS) environments and can deliver alternator accommodates a number of end-to-end encrypted video for both train- military platforms with demanding energy ing and mission operations in military and Photo: FLIR requirements, such as those for defense, law enforcement. reconnaissance, logistics, or medical care. Measuring 230 mm in diameter and 300 Thales to Train Pilots of mm in length, the alternator weighs just the A400M Military Transport 40 kg. The product has a target mean time Aircraft between failures (MTBF) of 6,000 hours. (ck) Airbus has contracted Thales to de- liver another two A400M military training Polish WB Group Intro- simulators which will be the seventh and duces Revolutionary New eighth A400M simulators. The French and Personal Soldier System German air forces will benefit from these automatically cue the imaging sensor. Eas- (sb) During AUSA 2017 WB Group, one of new simulators in 2019 and 2020 respec- ily deployed and locally operated inside a the two biggest Polish Defence Groupings, tively. The two new simulators will enable truck cab, the FLIR LVSS enables users to unveiled their new system for dismounted A400M crews to train for missions such as establish a command and control capability soldiers on the future battlefield. The sys- in-flight refuelling and low-level tactical op- wherever it is needed. The mobility of the tem, known as U-GATE, uses augmented erations in a safe environment. Thales is the platform and flexibility of the system pro- reality technology which superimposes only provider of A400M Flight Simulators vide agility to adapt to changing conditions computer-generated images into the user’s through OCCAR (Organisation Conjointe and threats. With a 16-foot mast that can field of view. Many companies are looking

8 European Security & Defence · November 2017 to adapt this technology for military use using the built-in camera; identify op- the actual environment. The headset but WB Group are one of the first to de- posing forces; receive a live-stream video which includes sensors, video cameras, velop a working product. from each of the U-GATE headset’s inte- and high-resolution displays has a mass U-GATE is a C4ISR- grated video cameras; send and receive of below 1.5 kg. E(xtended) system which emails with attached photos, archived/ The U-GATE System integrates the wide- enables forward-de- saved voice and video recordings; receive band Software-Defined Radio, PERAD, to ployed and Special information from a UAV and operate/ allow data transmission between differ- Forces operatives control the loitering UCAS WARMATE; ent headsets and weapon system opera- both to direct strikes Photo: WB Group receive voice and text commands; trans- tors, and a portable computer to process by guided muni- fer/forward data about detected targets the acquired data. tions - includ- to higher levels of command; and easily The U-GATE system facilitates and ac- ing loitering and and accurately measure the distance and celerates the OODA (Observe, Orient, precision-guided position of objects in their field of view. Decide, Act) process by small groups – and to analyse The U-GATE headset uses Augmented of soldiers. It incorporates observation, the battlefield. Reality (AR) technology to give soldiers analysis and strike abilities into one device Further uses and the ability to visualise the battlefield and and enhances independent action at the resources also ap- add information or markers that can tactical level while enabling “hands-On” ply: the U-GATE instantly be viewed in both their at higher command levels. Small combat operator can and other operative’s field of groups can operate completely autono- command and view, ranging from the imme- mously in difficult-to-access or isolated control WB Group’s diate, tactical level, up to the areas using the U-GATE system – which own Micro-UCAS system, highest levels of command. Aug- of course makes it ideal for Special Forces the WARMATE, for example, and mented Reality permits quick and applications. other nearby UAV/UAS using a virtual efficient access to graphics and data The demonstration at AUSA showed Ground Control Station user interface. for each soldier, avoiding the need to that the U-GATE system has significant The U-GATE system allows each soldier look away from the battlefield towards potential, and its introduction should be to observe the battlefield and simultane- a handheld device. Also, AR simplifies regarded as one of the more significant ously: see the location of friendly troops interpreting and understanding com- events at an extremely important and suc- on a digital map, including terrain view, mands and relating battlefield data to cessful event.

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ET18_210x150_INT_EN_European_Security_and_Defence_BES.indd 1 16.10.17 14:31  SECURITY POLICY Norway’s Defence Revival

Stephen Blank

Most analysts, and even occasionally Russian officials, contend that (Greenland, Iceland, ) into the North Atlantic, the role of Norway as cooperation in the Arctic is growing and that it remains primarily a vital hub of NATO’s maritime strategy is a zone of peace for both East and West. enhanced. This is particularly the case since recent exercises have shown that NATO is neither tactically nor procedurally ready to et Russia’s aggression in Ukraine and then. Already, in the fall of 2014, Norwe- deal with the myriad threats submarines Ysteady militarisation of the Arctic sug- gian officials recounted to this author their breaking through the GIUK gap can pose. gests a different story and despite peaceful concern over Russia’s “unpredictability”. This finding should impart even more ur- rhetoric and actual cooperation, Norwe- Moreover, that revival of thinking about gency to Norway’s already growing de- fence capability, particularly in the maritime domain. Already, in 2006, Norway emphasised the Arctic, and specifically its European compo- nent, as its “most important strategic target Photo: MoD Russia area” that constitutes a “new dimension of Norwegian foreign policy”.Russia’s asser- tive claims to the Arctic that began a year later and their consequences – increased international attention to the Arctic and Russia’s military build-up and aggressive threat assessment and behaviour – have obliged Oslo and its allies to follow suit and upgrade their capabilities as well. So de- spite the agreements over the Barents Sea with Russia that were reached in 2010 and have been observed since then, Norway has enhanced the presence of its armed forces in its north that borders Russia and the Arctic Ocean and intensified maritime surveillance with “Barents Watch”, a full- spectrum monitoring and information sys- tem for its northern seas and coastal areas. Norway also moved its military command Russian Delta IV Class strategic missile submarine operating in the Arctic headquarters to the North to enhance its capacity to operate in the North and the gian policymakers have responded to the defence and security has occurred in con- Arctic. As a consequence of this move a threats posed by Russia’s ongoing militari- junction with other Nordic countries’ grow- large part of Norway’s jet fighter force, sation of the Arctic by rebuilding Norway’s ing concern for the security of their Arctic modern frigates, and army staff moved defences both unilaterally and in tandem interests and what appears to be enhanced North while Oslo also sought enhanced with NATO. Indeed, that defence revival Nordic defence cooperation both within capabilities by adding advanced air-to-sea actually began even before Russia invaded NATO and outside of it. missiles to its purchase of 48 F-35 fighters. Ukraine in 2014 and has intensified since All of Norway’s defence activities contin- Probes by Russian ued in parallel with strong diplomatic activ- Author Submarines ity and expanded research into the Arctic as it became more hospitable for international Dr. Stephen Blank is a Senior Fellow Norway’s role in these processes is not commercial use. at the American Foreign Policy Coun- just of interest but it also possesses major cil. He is the author of numerous strategic significance. Norway guards the foreign policy-related articles, white New Focus on Arctic entrance form the Arctic to the North At- Operations papers and monographs, specifically lantic, the crucial maritime avenue of NATO focused on the geopolitics and geo- reinforcement and replenishment in case However, Russia’s military build-up con- strategy of the former Soviet Union, of a European conflict and also the me- tinued to generate still greater concern Russia and Eurasia. He is a former dium through which vital cables and infor- even before 2014. In 2012, a year after MacArthur Fellow at the US Army mation installations operate. Inasmuch as Russia announced the creation of specially War College. we have seen repeated probes by Russian organised military units for Arctic opera- submarines exiting through the GIUK Gap tions, Norway announced plans to reequip

10 European Security & Defence · November 2017 Defence & Security Photo: Forsvaret Global Solutions

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Technological Systems & Applications

Maintenance Services & ILS

Demilitarization Norway has intensified maritime surveillance with “Barents Watch”, a & EOD Services full-spectrum monitoring and information system for its northern seas and coastal areas. expal.biz one of its units as an Arctic Battalion. In Arctic and the revelation of the Russian @EXPALSystems early 2012 Norway hosted the NATO ex- army’s enhanced capabilities and anti- EXPAL (MAXAM Group) ercise “Cold Response”, the largest Arctic Western threat assessments, enshrined in manoeuvres for a decade. This exercise official documents of 2014–15, have all comprised US, Canadian, Swedish, French, transformed defence thinking across Eu- and UK forces and also used Swedish ter- rope and the Nordic region. In 2015 Sena- ritory while Swedish planes operated over tor John McCain (R-AZ) commented on northern Norway. Not only did this exercise what he had learned on a trip to Scandina- signify gradually growing Nordic defence via: “Officials from each of the countries I cooperation, but it also showed that the UK visited expressed the same concern: Russia and France as well as the US and UK now is threatening the security and prosperity of took the High North seriously. Norway’s the Arctic and Northern Europe by asser- Foreign Minister, Jonas Gahr Støre, clearly tively deploying its military power, patrol- welcomed this NATO show of interest in ling its neighbours’ coastlines both above the High North even though he was clearly and below water, and building or reopen- at pains to omit Russian threats, whose ex- ing numerous military outposts across the istence he denied. Instead he referred to region.”1 climate change and its consequences and simply mentioned the need to resist any- Collaboration with one’s military pressure. Nevertheless even NATO Allies though this exercise clearly was conducted as a crisis response operation in response As a result Norway, in collaboration with to a UN mandate under Chapter VII, and its NATO allies, has steadily increased its therefore not a combat operation as such general military capability as they have but a peace response or humanitarian op- done. Thus NATO has not overlooked the eration, it apparently angered or alarmed Arctic even if the situation there still needs Russia. Thus in 2013 Norway reported that more attention, especially as noted above during 2012 it had seen an increasing num- with regard to ASW to safeguard the GIUK ber of Russian warplanes near its airspace. gap and the Sea Lines Of Communication And had to scramble its jets 41 times, inter- (SLOC) in the North Atlantic. The deteriora- cepting a total of 71 Russian aircraft in Nor- tion of the Arctic and European security way’s airspace, clearly a sign of increased situation thus found expression in Nor- military pressure against Norway. Never- way’s 2016 Long-Term Defence Plan. This theless, throughout 2013 NATO made clear paper opened with a ringing affirmation that it was not interested in raising its pro- of NATO’s importance to Norway: “NATO file in the Arctic and did not see it as an area and the transatlantic security community that might become a conflict zone. remains the cornerstone of Norwegian se- Nevertheless the Russian invasion of curity and defence policy. Norway needs Ukraine in 2014 and subsequent develop- close relations with its allies. The defence ments like the overall militarisation of the of Norway depends on the arrival of allied  SECURITY POLICY reinforcements before a crisis situation de- velops into an armed confrontation, and on the ability to escalate defence operations seamlessly, if required. Facilitating greater allied presence in Norway is important to Norwegian security. Interoperability among allied forces and allied presence in Norway through exercises and to ensure credible deterrence and host nation support related to such activities, along with preparations to receive allied reinforcements remain a priority. These measures contribute to the ability of Norway and its allies to ensure a robust defence posture in peacetime, in crisis, and during times of conflict.”2 Even though this document refused to sin- gle out Russia as an enemy and emphasised that Norway and the Arctic were at peace

and that the latter was still an area of inter- Photo: Forsvaret national cooperation, the language used Initial Operating Capability (IOC) for the first Norwegian F-35A is left no doubt about the centrality of the planned for 2019. Russian threat to Norway and its allies in contemporary defence planning. rule out the possibility that Russia in a given lenges and increase operational capability “Even though Russia does not constitute a situation will consider the use of military of the armed forces even as their number military threat to Norway, the combination force to be a relevant tool, also in the High shrinks. This call for increased spending of military modernisation and the will to ex- North. Additionally, while a potential crisis in 2016 came on the heels of the govern- ert influence through military power place is unlikely to develop in Norway’s immedi- ment’s 2015 proposal for increasing the Russia as a central factor in Norwegian ate region, a conflict erupting elsewhere defence budget by 9.8% including a near defence planning. Areas in Norway’s im- may directly affect us.”3 doubling of funding for the F-35, significant mediate vicinity are also central to Russian strengthening of its intelligence service and nuclear deterrence, and Russia’s military Increasing Defence increased patrols in the High North. And presence and activities in the North have Budget that proposal came after the departing increased in recent years. The High North Labour party government budget of 2014 continues to be characterised by stability Therefore the ministry requested and has that also represented the biggest per capita and cooperation, and Russian strategies obtained a sizeable increase in its budget to defence spending among NATO members for the Arctic still emphasise international invest in strategic capabilities and restruc- in Europe. cooperation. At the same time, we cannot ture the armed forces to meet new chal- More recently, Defence Minister Ine Erik- sen Søreide observed that over the next 20 years Norway will increase its defence budget by NOK189Bn ($22Bn) adding F-35 fighters, new maritime patrol aircraft, sub-

Photo: Forsvaret marines, air defence, land power capabili- ties and intelligence. She also announced here that Norway had signed agreements with the other Nordic states to get easier access for all of them to each other’s air, sea, and land domains, for common peace- time defence training, not least in the Arc- tic. Finally she made it clear that, “A crisis of conflict in the Baltic Sea region may also spread to the High North.” Obviously this posture, for all its careful- ness about depicting Russia as an enemy, has dismayed Moscow, leading to the clas- sic Russian response, continued military build-up in the Arctic and around Norway, more bluster, and more threats. In 2016, Russian military construction in the Arctic prompted Norway to ask the United States to send 330 Marines to Norway to assist in the defence of the High North. The minute this was revealed, Norway got a nuclear In early 2012, Norway hosted the NATO exercise “Cold Response”, threat from the Russians. In addition, Russia the largest Arctic manoeuvres for a decade. claimed that because of this its relation-

12 European Security & Defence · November 2017 SECURITY POLICY  ship with Norway is now “put to the test”. policy, particularly, though not exclusively, US–UK–Norway maritime and surveillance The journal Arctic Deeply reported in April towards its smaller neighbours or inter- cooperation in the High North and North that, “In the past two years, Moscow has locutors, including Finland, Denmark and Sea”. What makes this crucial is the fact brought military equipment and personnel . Therefore, and given Søreide and that the US will operate the P-8 aircraft out through Norway’s non-militarised Svalbard the government's assessment of Russian of Keflavik and collaborate with Norway archipelago in apparent violation of a trea- behaviour and capabilities, it is clear that and the UK in joint operations in the North ty, fired ominous missiles from the Arctic further Norwegian and allied military and Atlantic. Similarly, Norway announced that Ocean submarines after warning Sweden political reinforcement continues to be it would not only buy new German models not to pursue full NATO membership, in- necessary. Furthermore, it already is clear as its new submarines, it also would join creased military flights along Norway’s that the priority area for this reinforcement forces with Germany to produce precision- coast and, this past January, banned two of Oslo’s top members of parliament from a scheduled state visit. That same month, the United States deployed several hundred marines in Norway, but snap Russian war Photo: US Navy games have demonstrated that Moscow can launch overwhelming force across the entire Arctic overnight.4 The journal also reported that Moscow now barely gives notice of snap exercises and conducts them close to Norway’s bor- der, leaving the impression that these exer- cises could be preparatory to some sort of invasion or that they could catch Norway by surprise.

Russian Intelligence Activities In February, Norway's police announced that Russian intelligence was targeting Norwegian individuals in Norway and hint- ed that Russian hackers could have been behind an attempted digital attack on the Norway will procure five P-8 maritime surveillance aircraft from the US. Labour party’s parliamentary group. Mili- tary intelligence warned of a heightened and cooperation will be naval and air capa- strike fifth-generation naval missiles which threat. The Russian embassy also sent a bilities to defend Norway’s Arctic coastline are unique in the world and are based on three-page letter to the Barents Observer and naval approaches to the GIUK gap and passive sensor technology and low radar and other media accusing Norway of bi- the North Sea. And those are the priorities signature. These naval moves accord with ased anti-Russia rhetoric and Cold War outlined by Søreide: a renewed maritime the observation by Defence Minister Sørei- mongering. This letter stated that it is no focus in the North Atlantic and High North de that maritime power and presence in longer tolerable for Norway to choose the and a functional assessment of NATO’s the North would be a key component of topics (and thus limit them) where coop- (and by implication Norway’s) command any robust and coherent NATO strategy to eration with Russia could occur. It stated structure. meet new security challenges. that cooperation should go beyond fisher- As regards the air forces, Major General ies, environmental protection, nuclear and Strengthening Maritime Tonje Skinnarland, CINC of the Royal Nor- radiation safety, and search and rescue. Surveillance wegian Air Force, observed that the mod- The embassy further bluntly stated that, ernisation of the Air Force “is not just about “Norway’s proposed selective approach Keith Eigenes, Director of the Ministry of adding new platforms; it is about shaping – cooperating on this, not cooperating on Defence’s Department for Security Policy joint capabilities for the defence of Norway that – is untenable. Biased and far from and Operations, in justifying this priority, in a high-intensity operational setting.” reality, anti-Russian rhetoric, voiced by our points out that Norway has jurisdiction Brigadier General Jan Ove Rygg, Chief of Norwegian partners, ignoring our interests over ocean areas in the Arctic and North the National Air Operations Centre, fur- will inevitably affect all areas of coopera- Atlantic that are seven times the size of ther observed that the modernisation pro- tion, contrary to the needs required to form Norway and about the size of the Mediter- gramme will encompass the entire armed a climate for building a positive agenda for ranean. Given the size of this responsibility, forces, even if right now naval and air forces bilateral affairs.”5 Eigenes was also happy to point out that it are the priority: “We need to build an ef- Unfortunately, such behaviour is not con- was very important that both France and fective national command and control ca- fined to Russia’s relations with Norway. England had shown growing interest in pability which seamlessly works with core If anything, as Norwegian diplomats ob- defending the High North alongside Nor- allies who are crucial to defence operations serve, such Russian behaviour towards way. Thus in late 2016 Norway announced in the High North.” Norway has been restrained. Instead this that it will buy five P-8 maritime surveil- The importance of allied coordination to kind of aggressive rhetoric and behaviour lance aircraft from the US, a move that repel the naval threat posed by submarines has been entirely characteristic of Russian will reinvigorate the “northern triangle of or surface vessels exiting the Arctic into the

November 2017 · European Security & Defence 13  SECURITY POLICY

grammes, ramp up defence spending, and forge much tighter operational and alliance bonds with each other. Furthermore the “zone of threat” now clearly extends from the North Atlantic to the Baltic and the Black Sea or Mediterranean and is a com- bined arms threat as Russia not only utilises its air, sea, land, and nuclear forces as well as non-kinetic capabilities to keep Europe and the US under constant pressure. We can guess or attempt to understand

Photo: Forvaret the motives behind Russia’s aggressive F-18, F-16, and DA-20 ready for takeoff in Bodø, behaviour, but the facts of it cannot be Norway, during Arctic Challenge Exercise 2015 denied and must be met by pooling allied capabilities and developing or investing in GIUK gap without sufficient NATO domain capabilities must be revived, especially in new ones to meet the demands of a rapidly awareness or ability to counter them and the light of Canada’s own critical interests changing security and strategic environ- then threatening the SLOC clearly has got- in the North Atlantic and High North. ment as well as changes in technology and ten NATO’s attention. As a result of the Nevertheless, even if Canadian support the character of war. earlier war games mentioned above that for these allied and Norwegian operations If nothing else, the situation around Norway demonstrated the gravity of the threat and takes a long time to develop or even fails not only highlights these changes in tech- NATO’s years-long failure to think seriously to develop, it clearly will be the case that nologies and the character of contemporary about it, NATO officials are now discussing Oslo has grasped the threat and is taking war; it also shows us that the complacent recreating the Atlantic Command to coun- well-conceived steps to enhance its own argument that the Arctic remains a zone of ter those threats in the Arctic and North capabilities in tandem with those of its al- peace is seriously flawed. Even if Moscow Atlantic. lies. Its focus on maritime issues, air-sea in- repeatedly proclaims that the Arctic should Whether or not that command is restored, tegration with regard to maritime domain be a zone of peace, its behaviour belies that NATO and the Nordic countries have each awareness and strike capability signify its argument and has forced not only Norway stepped up their exercises. For example, understanding of the threat, especially but the allies and even non-aligned states NATO launched a large multinational na- in the light of Russia’s recent naval policy like Sweden and Finland to take due precau- val operation devoted to anti-submarine statement suggesting more construction tions against threats there. And, as Minister warfare and tracking in northern waters in of formidable naval strike capabilities and Søreide said, threats in the Baltic cannot be June while Norway, Sweden, and Finland submarines to enter into the GIUK gap and omitted from any serious strategic assess- conducted a joint aerial exercise over the challenge NATO. Thus Norway’s priority ment of the Arctic and High North. Nor- Arctic. But allied cooperation will clearly naval investments that are receiving the way’s response to its new threats shows transcend merely holding exercises. For ex- bulk of its resources are anti-ship, anti-air, us not only a great deal about the nature ample, Norway clearly envisions the use of and anti-submarine capabilities to counter of NATO and contemporary maritime op- the F-35 and P-8 capabilities as essential the threat posed by Russia’s increasingly erations, it also shows us what resolution to shaping a common operational activity capable naval forces in a context of equally and allied cohesion can accomplish and just among allies whose shared data provide increasing aggressive behaviour. how much of it we need even in peacetime. synergistic benefits that are greater than That is a lesson that too many governments the sum of all the parts of their coopera- Conclusions forgot after the end of the Cold War. And tion. Specifically the US, UK, Denmark, Hol- the recovery of the awareness of what the land, and Norway will utilise the combined Norway’s response, along with that of both alliance must do to hold together and fulfil capabilities offered by the F-35 and P-8 to the non-aligned Nordic states and the al- its purpose is not only an example of the create a comprehensive maritime domain lies, indicate that Russia’s behaviour is as eternal vigilance that democracies need, it awareness operation for the North Atlantic aggressive as reported (there still are those also – and this is no less true for individual and High North from the UK to Norway to in the West who wish to apologise for it states like Norway – shows that those gov- counter the Russian threat. or minimise it) and that NATO’s combined ernments and the alliance as a whole can These capabilities put together a capability response, however slow, is gathering steam – if they truly will it – recover that aware- that can allow for rapid maritime domain and adding critical capabilities to the new ness of their collective responsibility. Domain awareness, equally rapid data processing challenges of defending the Arctic, the awareness is not just an operational mission. and decision-making capability and strike North Atlantic, and Europe in the new stra- Rather it is a strategic necessity. L capability. These integrated capabilities tegic environment. What has been done provide an exemplary case of air-sea inte- to date and what still needs to be done (Endnotes) 1 Jacqueline Klimas, “Freezing the US out of the Arctic,” gration and are also, to use an older term, underscores the old truism that eternal http://www.washingtonexaminer.com/freezing-us-out- outstanding examples of what Marshal vigilance is the price of democracy, for it is of-the-arctic/article/2572852, September 28, 2015 2 Norwegian Ministry of Defence, Capable and Sustain- Nikolai Ogarkov, Chief of the Soviet Gen- now all too clear that even if Norway un- able: Long-Term Defence Plan, June 17, 2016, https:// eral Staff, 1977-84 called reconnaissance derstandably refuses to label Russia as an www.regjeringen.no/globalassets/departementene/ fd/dokumenter/rapporter-og-regelverk/capable-and- strike complexes. Obviously a glance at the adversary, Moscow’s behaviour has been sustainable-ltp-english-brochure---print.pdf, p. 4 map shows that for this allied operation and continues to be adversarial even in the 3 Ibid., pp. 8-9 4 Randall Hyman, “The Big Chill: Norway and Russia’s Icy to be truly comprehensive in protecting Arctic, not to mention in Europe. In effect Rift,” Arctic Deeply, April 3, 2017, https://www.news- deeply.com/arctic/community/2017/04/03/the-big-chill- against a Russian threat to the North At- NATO and its individual members have had norway-and--icy-rift lantic, Canadian cooperation is vital and its no choice but to accelerate military pro- 5 Ibid.

14 European Security & Defence · November 2017 Viewpoint from Oslo

agreements that give the main directions within the areas for years to come, and they guarantee broad political support for financing the settlements’ costs. In November of last year, the Government, together with the two supporting parties and together with Labour, agreed on the Defence settlement for the armed forces.

Photo: Bjørn Domaas Josefsen This agreement states an overall political support of the long-term Bjørn Domaas plan for the armed forces, including the support of financing several Josefsen main investment programmes like the F-35 fighters, new submarines and new P-8 POSEIDON maritime patrol aircraft. But the settlement Editor-in-Chief of also points to the need for a more cost-effective structure of the MilitærTeknikk – armed forces, and it thus suggests closing several military bases and the Scandinavian establishments and moving their activities to bigger units. Military Magazine Fierce protest from the districts was raised, as many of these military bases are cornerstone workplaces in local communities. The most exposed military base to be closed is the Andøya Air Force Base in the North. For almost 40 years, the air force base at the northern point of Norwegian the island Andøya has been the home base of P-3 ORION maritime patrol aircraft. But with the renewal of the maritime patrol aircraft fleet, new P-8s replacing the ageing P-3, the defence settlement im- Elections plied to shut down Andøya Air Force Base and move the base to the Evenes Airport, approximately 90km further south. Besides being a Defence Politics a Key Issue major civilian airport in Northern Norway, Evenes is also to become the frontline base for F-35 fighters. for the First Time in 60 Years Every analysis concludes that the relocation of the maritime patrol aircraft base from Andøya to Evenes means an annual cost reduction of between NOK30M and NOK200M. or the first time in 30 years, a government led by the Conservative But of course, the air force base is a cornerstone employer at Andøya, FParty (Høyre) was re-elected in the parliamentary elections on 30 and moving the base to Evenes will lead to a significant reduction of September 2017. jobs in the Andøya community. The Government with ministers from the Conservative Party and the The Centre Party campaigned that Andøya Air Force Base should Progress Party (Fremskrittspartiet) and with parliamentary support remain operational as the home base of new P-8 aircraft. The party from the Liberal Party (Venstre) and the Christian Democratic Party has also taken a stand against closing down several other military (Kristelig folkeparti) has remained in force, and even though their establishments in rural areas all over Norway. parliamentary base was somewhat diminished, the four parties still This has obviously given the party a boost in the constituencies that comprise the majority. will suffer from the armed forces moving to other locations. The most significant trend constituted by this election, however, is on In the local council of Andøya, the boost effect for the Centre Party the opposition side. Labour (Arbeiderpartiet) lost more than 3.5% was enormous, from 8.3% in 2013 to 71.7% in 2017. compared to the 2013 results. Since World War II, Labour has been The same trend can be observed in many other election districts, by far the biggest party in Norwegian politics, and the party is still though not to the same extent as in Andøya. the largest albeit by a small margin (2.4% ahead of the Conservative As their poll results dropped through their election campaign, the Party). But the result is a severe setback for Labour. In politics, it is Labour Party got into a “state of panic”, and several party spokes- almost like a “law of physics”, that the leading opposition party will persons expressed second thoughts about the defence settlement, gain support and not lose voters. implying that the party might reconsider the closing of both Andøya The other interesting trend is the rise of the Centre Party (Senterpar- Air Force Base and other military bases. This was of course inter- tiet), up from 4.3% to 10.3% of the total vote. The party has not preted by the parties in office as evidence of Labour's unreliability achieved such a high result in any parliamentary elections since 1994, and opportunism in such important matters as the nation’s defence. when the party was the leading opponent to Norwegian member- Mixed signals and trying to stretch out their defence policy, in the ship of the European Union. The main political base of the Centre hope of satisfying opposite groups of voters, was certainly one of the Party, originally founded as a Norwegian agrarian party, is tradition- factors that led to the Labour Party´s second most disastrous election ally supportive of farmers and rural areas, against centralisations and result since World War II. And for the Centre Party, fighting to preserve in favour of the small communities in the Norwegian districts. several military bases in rural areas was undoubtedly one factor for Norway has a long tradition of negotiating broad political settle- the achievement of their best result since 1994. So, for the first time ments within several areas of the society, like pensions, climate since the political debate on Norwegian NATO membership in the late policy, immigration and asylum policy, etc. These settlements are 1940s, defence politics played a key role in a parliamentary election.

November 2017 · European Security & Defence 15  SECURITY POLICY Protecting the 5th Republic The French Internal Security Challenge

David Saw

It is just before 08:20 in the morning, a four-man fire team from the Foreign Legion positions itself around the entrance of the building that they have been tasked to protect against a possible terrorist attack. The location for this activity was not in Mali or the Middle East, it was in the centre of Paris on a side-street just off the Avenue de l’Opéra, the building being protected was an Elementary School (students aged six to 11 years old), with the threat being a potential mass casualty attack. This was the reality of the French internal security challenge in 2016.

n September 2016, the then French Prime be disappearing any time soon and that across France. Perpetrators of these were IMinister Manuel Valls noted that the po- there were no easy answers to make it dis- domestic groups such as Action Directe lice and intelligence services in France were appear. The aim was to be realistic and to (operating from 1979 to 1987), Corsican monitoring some 15,000 people who were remind the French people that they had to nationalists, Basque nationalists (ETA) and Breton nationalists. Amongst the interna- tional perpetrators were Hezbollah, often in association with the Lebanese Armed Revolutionary Factions (FARL) and later the

Photo: via author Committee for Solidarity with Arab and Middle East Political Prisoners (CSPPA), Abu Nidal, Palestinian and other Middle Eastern Groups and Carlos Ramirez Sanchez (Car- los the Jackal). Between November 1986 and December 1994 there was only one terrorist incident, an arson attack on a cinema by a militant Catholic group that injured 14. Then came a major upturn in due to the Armed Islamic Group (GIA) of Algeria. In December 1994, Air France AF8968 from Algiers to Paris Orly was hijacked and forced to land in Marseille. French security forces stormed the plane but the incident cost seven their lives and wounded 25. Between July and October 1995 the GIA carried out eight bomb attacks on the Paris Metro and RER mass transit systems killing eight and injuring over 140 people. There was then a hiatus until December 1996, when the GIA committed a bomb attack against the Paris is one of the most visited cities in the world, with the Eiffel Tower Port-Royal RER station that killed four and being one of the many iconic images associated with the city. Paris has injured 170. also become a prime terrorist target; any terrorist outrage in Paris is From January 1997 until December 2011 guaranteed the oxygen of publicity that terrorists so desperately seek. there were six terrorist attacks, with five killed and 26 wounded. Of these six at- in the process of radicalisation. Prior to that, be united in the face of terrorism and had tacks, five were domestic and only one, a in the aftermath of the Nice terrorist at- to be strong to confront the terrorist threat. bomb attack on the Indonesian Embassy tack in July 2016, Valls had been heavily Terrorism is not a new phenomenon in in Paris in October 2004 could be classi- criticised for saying; “We must learn to live France, neither in terms of domestic ter- fied as international terrorism. In total, be- with terrorism.” It was perhaps not the rorist attacks nor attacks inspired by in- tween the end of 1986 and March 2010, most clever statement to make. What Valls ternational terrorist groups. Between the human cost of was was trying to say was that the threat of ter- 1980 and 1986, terrorist attacks led to 24 dead and over 375 wounded. Statisti- rorism would be a constant, it would not 66 dead and 721 wounded in incidents cally, in comparison to the numbers from

16 European Security & Defence · November 2017 SECURITY POLICY 

and had no difficulty obtaining weapons. Despite being on Fiche S, he was able to kill seven persons and wound five more before he was stopped. There was no wave of attacks after Merah, but there was a stabbing incident in La De- fense that wounded a soldier in May 2013, while in December 2014 a man entered a police post in Tours and then stabbed and wounded three policemen before being killed. Both cases were Islamist linked. At

Photo: Dicod this point there was acceptance that there La basilique du Sacré-Cœur de Montmartre is one of the many sites in was an Islamist-based threat, although its Paris patrolled by troops under Opération Sentinelle. Over 10,000 troops seriousness and cause remained unclear. are deployed on internal security missions in France, with 7,000 on On 7 January 2015, Saïd Kouachi and Ché- patrol work and 3,000 as an intervention force. rif Kouachi, two brothers of French nation- ality, who claimed to be acting for al-Qae- 1980 to 1986, there had been a significant génie parachutiste, killing two and wound- da, attacked the offices of French satirical reduction between 1986 and 2011 in the ing the other so badly he was in a coma. magazine Charlie Hebdo with automatic toll of dead and injured from terrorism. Merah’s final terrorist act was on the Ozar weapons, killing staff, visitors and two Hatorah Jewish school in Toulouse, killing a policemen. The death toll was 12, with 11 The New Terrorism Rabbi and three children (ages 3, 6 and 8) wounded including four seriously injured. and seriously wounding a 17-year-old boy. Charlie Hebdo was particularly hated by Then, in March 2012, came the first mani- Merah, who called a French TV station to Islamists and had been attacked before, festation of what we could describe as the claim he was defending Islam and was pro- its then offices had been fire bombed in “new terrorism”. As previously noted, in testing French involvement in Afghanistan, November 2011, hence the police guard. the 25 years between 1986 and 2011 the was linked to al-Qaeda. Meanwhile, the Elsewhere in Paris on the same day, Amedy death toll from terrorism was significantly lower than the rate of fatalities and wound- ed in the six years between 1980 and 1986. This resulted in the threat of terrorism re- treating from the forefront of public con- sciousness. Yes, there was al-Qaeda and there were terrorist incidents in Europe and Photo: Prefecture de Police elsewhere, but there was nothing like that in France. This complacent attitude would soon be challenged. Mohammed Merah was born in October 1988 in Toulouse, his parents were di- vorced, he became a petty criminal and had been imprisoned twice for various of- fences. Merah did have significant psycho- logical problems, but at some point he also appeared to have become radicalised and went on to visit Afghanistan, Egypt and Pa- kistan. Somewhere in all of this Merah tried to join the French Army but was rejected due to his criminal record, he even tried to join the Foreign Legion at one point. By La brigade de recherche et d’intervention (BRI) of the Paris Prefecture 2011 Merah had come to the attention of de Police on a training exercise located on a tourist boat. Note the the French authorities and had been placed Heckler & Koch G36 assault rifle and the ballistic shields being used; on the ‘Fiche S’ terrorist watch list. these shields were used during the storming of the Bataclan and Despite the fact that he was a known resisted 7.62x39 mm fire from AKM assault rifles. radical, Merah managed to acquire a .45 calibre pistol and other weapons and then security forces had found Merah’s location Coulibaly, a friend of the Kouachi brothers, embarked on a wave of terror that lasted and attempted to arrest him on 22 March shot and wounded a jogger, the next day from 11-19 March 2012. The first incident 2012, eventually storming his apartment he murdered a municipal police officer and on 11 March saw Merah arrange to meet in the process of which Merah was killed. wounded a street cleaner. On 9 January a senior NCO of the French Army 1er Ré- Subsequently they discovered that he pos- Coulibaly entered Hypercacher, a Jewish giment du train parachutiste to purchase a sessed a significant arsenal of automatic supermarket in Porte de Vincennes, east- motorcycle, who he then murdered. Then weapons, a shotgun and numerous pistols. ern Paris, and took . Four hostages on 15 March at a shopping centre in Mon- Mohammed Merah was the beginning of were killed and later Coulibaly was killed tauban, north of Toulouse, Merah shot the “new terrorism” in France, he was a after police stormed the building. Both three soldiers from the 17e Régiment du French citizen, was radicalised in France Kouachi Brothers were later killed by the

November 2017 · European Security & Defence 17 Total casualties from the terrorist assaults were 130 dead and 368 injured.

Since Then

After the terrorist attacks, the French gov- ernment instituted a State of Emergency that provides the security forces with in- creased powers for surveillance, searches, arrests, preventative detention such as house arrest and the power to ban dem- onstration and public gatherings if they

Photo: Dicod are deemed to be under threat. The State Four soldiers from the 2e régiment étranger d’infanterie (2e REI) of the of Emergency legislation remains in force, Foreign Legion on an Opération Sentinelle internal security mission although the Macron administration could outside the Gare de Lyon in Paris, one of the main railway stations in seek to institute new security legislation to the capital. The rules of engagement for the military have been relaxed replace the existing system. compared to the past, but they still limit freedom of action. The fact that terrorists appeared to have no problem in obtaining assault rifles and security forces. The events of January 2015 entering, he detonated outside the stadium other automatic weapons was a major led to 20 deaths and 22 wounded. Sub- area killing himself and an innocent by- shock for French law enforcement, put sequently it emerged that Coulibaly had stander. There were also two other suicide simply the police did not have the fire- pledged allegiance to the Islamic State. bombers in the area who killed themselves power to respond. The most common The January 2015 attacks demonstrated a over the next 37 minutes. Had the attackers small arms available to the police were the developing pattern, the perpetrators were been able to get into the stadium or mingle SIG Sauer pistol and the M12SD 9x19mm all French born, had all been in prison and with the crowd as it headed for the stadium sub-machine gun, a licence-produced ver- had been radicalised in France. They also the result would have been carnage. sion of the Beretta PM-12. After the No- had no problem acquiring weapons such Another wave of attacks commenced at vember attacks a number of Mousqueton as assault rifles and sub-machine guns. In 21:25 in the 10th arrondissement of Paris, A.M.D. rifles were deployed by the police February 2015 three French soldiers guard- here terrorists attacked a cafe/bar and a in Paris, this is the Ruger Mini-14 carbine in ing a Jewish community centre in Nice were restaurant, some 15 people were killed and 5.56x45mm NATO. Originally the A.M.D. attacked and wounded in a stabbing inci- 10 severely wounded. Elsewhere a separate was acquired for use by the prison system, dent. April 2015 saw a terrorist attack in terrorist attacked another restaurant in the but they were later deployed more widely Villejuif, south of Paris. Sid Ahmed Glam same area, killing five and wounding eight. to law enforcement units under the Min- staged abortive attacks on two churches, All of the terrorists escaped in vehicles. In istry of the Interior. In contrast, the Gen- shot and killed a female civilian and then another part of Paris, the 11th arrondisse- darmerie has access to more sophisticated managed to shoot himself by mistake lead- ment, at 21:36, two terrorists attacked weapons such as FAMAS assault rifles and ing to his capture by the police. Glam had another restaurant, killing 19 and wound- Heckler & Koch (H&K) MP5 sub-machine- an AK-47 assault rifle and an automatic pis- ing nine critically before escaping by car. In guns, for example, with special units being tol, with more assault rifles found once his another part of the 11th arrondissement, a even more generously equipped. home was raided. suicide bomber entered a café and ordered Even before the November events, the Min- On 26 June 2015 at Saint-Quentin-Fallavie, a coffee before detonating and killing him- istry of the Interior had decided to acquire near Lyon, Yassin Salhi, a delivery driver, self and injuring 15 others. new weapons for the police and had se- born in France, but with Islamic State links, The most extreme attack took place at the lected the H&K G36C and G36K assault murdered his boss and then drove his truck Bataclan, a music venue with a 1,500-per- rifles in 5.56x45mm for the requirement, into gas cylinders at a factory intending to son capacity in the 11th arrondissement. with deliveries commencing in March 2016 cause an explosion. A minor explosion re- Three terrorists equipped with assault rifles and being complete by the middle of that sulted, wounding two, but Salhi was cap- and grenades attacked at 21:40, by 22:00 year. Also acquired was new body armour, tured, and later committed suicide in pris- they had taken between 60 and 100 hos- as the existing inventory was less than state on. August 2015 saw an attempt by Ayoub tages and the police had started to arrive. of the art. El Khazzani to commit a terrorist attack on Specialist police units then arrived and, While the French government might have the Thalys train travelling from Amsterdam concerned for the safety of the hostages, improved its judicial and physical tools to to Paris. Khazzani was equipped with an stormed the Bataclan at 00:20 on 14 No- confront terrorism, it rapidly became ap- AKM assault rifle and a pistol, but was over- vember, securing the site some 38 minutes parent that this new wave of terrorism powered by train passengers. later. The three terrorists were killed, two was different to anything encountered What came next was unexpected. On 13- detonated suicide vests and the third was previously. Terrorist tactics evolved quick- 14 November 2015, Islamic State terrorists hit by police fire leading his vest to detonate. ly, attacks were random, organisational launched a sustained assault in Paris. The Of the nine terrorists involved in the events structures were difficult to penetrate and first attack came at 21:16 hours on 13 No- of 13/14 November, only two survived and radicalisation was often so rapid that a pas- vember at the Stade de France where France these were killed, along with a woman aid- sive supporter could rapidly be turned into was playing football against Germany. The ing them, when security forces stormed an an active terrorist. The other extraordinary game was already in progress when a ter- address on 18 November in Saint-Denis. In feature of the current threat was its size, as rorist wearing a suicide bomb tried to enter addition five suspects were arrested, with previously noted, last year the then French the stadium. When he was prevented from five police officers and a civilian injured. Prime Minister stated that the security forc-

18 European Security & Defence · November 2017 SECURITY POLICY 

have gone to fight for the Islamic State since 2014, many have died and more recently the French military in association Photo: Prefecture de Police with Iraqi forces has looked to track down and neutralise French jihadists. Neverthe- less many trained Islamic State fighters will return to France. They pose an enormous threat, especially since French de-radicali- sation efforts have been acknowledged as less than effective. Potentially these people could form the cadre for a new wave of ter- rorism, aided and abetted by new recruits radicalised in prison or via the internet. The reality of the situation is that the threat of Jihadist terrorism in France and in West- ern Europe as a whole is not going to go away. The critical point is this is not just a struggle against terrorism, it is also a battle A chemical, biological, radiological and nuclear (CBRN) defence exercise against an ideology that employs terrorism being conducted by the units of the Paris Prefecture de Police. Thus far as a fundamental part of its message. You the terrorist threat faced in Paris has been conventional, but Islamic can attempt to fight radicalisation and try State and other radical groups have been known to use chemical weap- and de-radicalise those already in the Ji- ons in Syria. hadist sphere, but you will not achieve any real results unless you attack the ideology es were monitoring 15,000 people in the Cathedral in September 2016 was foiled. behind Jihadist/Islamist terrorism. Thus far process of radicalisation. Add to that active This terrorism has both social and econo- there has been no serious and sustained at- supporters and potential shooters both in mic impacts. Tourism is of great impor- tempt to confront this ideological challenge. France and overseas and the numbers of tance to Paris and the surrounding region, As for the current terrorist threat level, targets to follow are enormous. according to figures released by the Comité the best indication is to look at how con- In 2016 the Islamist threat saw the use of Régional de Tourisme in early 2017, terrorist cerned the authorities are as regards se- vehicles as weapons, the first attack was incidents saw visitor numbers reduced by curity around schools. On Wednesday, 6 against soldiers in Valence with four injured 1.5 million and this decreased tourism led September, in the centre of Paris at a Col- and the perpetrator captured. The most se- to a loss of €1.3Bn to the local economy in lege (students aged 11 to 16) the children rious ramming attack came in July 2016 2016. In 2017 (up to early September) at- were leaving the school at 12:30 as it is a on Promenade des Anglais in Nice, the at- tacks have been less deadly, but they con- half-day, standing across from the school tacker used a truck to drive into the crowds, tinue with one policeman killed as well as entrance the other side of a narrow street killing 86 and wounding 434, before being 15 security forces and civilians wounded, were two policemen. Both were wearing shot and killed by police. Stabbing incidents with three terrorists killed. Attacks in 2017 tactical vests over light body armour and with targets including police, the military, have taken place on the Champs-Élysées, one was carrying a H&K G36 5.56x45mm a priest and a rabbi saw three killed and near the Louvre, Notre Dame and at Orly assault rifle, an indication that the per- 14 injured, as well as one terrorist killed. Airport. These are all high profile locations. ception of the terrorist threat is undimin- Fortunately a plot to bomb Notre Dame More than 1,700 French citizens/residents ished. L

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November 2017 · European Security & Defence 19  SECURITY POLICY Deadlock in the Caucasus EU´s Engagement with Abkhazia Needs a New Boost

Jan Blinka

The EU's official stance supports the territorial integrity of Georgia; ent states”, some of which are ambitious to integrate into Euro-Atlantic structures. however, since 2009 there have been attempts to approach the This is especially true for Georgia, which Abkhazian population under the umbrella of so-called "Engagement would like to become a member of both the European Union and NATO. without Recognition". From Abkhazia´s perspective, however, the conflict with Georgia was resolved by the proclamation of independence and its sub- he success of this approach has been achieving a permanent peaceful solution. sequent recognition by Russia and three Tlimited by many different factors, the As is the case also with other secessionist other countries. Although Abkhazia strives positions of the main actors being among territories that have separated themselves for full international recognition, this par- them. The lack of deeper engagement in from their “parent states”, Abkhazia cur- tial recognition is a victory in itself, as the recent years and nonexistence of Sukhu- rently seeks international recognition of its factual subjugation to Tbilisi was broken Photo: hromadske.ua

Since the closure of two checkpoints in March 2017, only the checkpoint at Enguri Bridge allows the border between Abkhazia and the rest of Georgia to be crossed. mi’s multi-vector foreign policy have left independence. Although these entities are and, thanks to Russia’s security guarantees, Abkhazians with only one option, driving not considered to be a legitimate part of Abkhazia does not have to worry about them further into Russian orbit. Yet, this the international system, they are not tem- Georgia´s violent attempts to revive its sov- development is not in the interests of Ab- porary anomalies but rather permanent ereignty over the territory. khazia, Georgia, or the European Union. phenomena that more or less meet the Russia has been the only winner in this so- definition and functions of a state. For Abkhazia, the Conflict called frozen conflict in the Caucasus. Unresolved conflicts represent a threat to is Solved Abkhazia, as one of two de facto states the security, stability and socio-economic situated on the internationally recognised development of the regions that now form Nevertheless, the current Abkhazia is more territory of Georgia, is a product of an the border of the European Union. With isolated than before 2008. As most states armed conflict, which evolved from its hot its enlargement, the European Union has recognise the territorial integrity of Geor- phase to current “frozen” state without come into direct proximity of seven de gia, they do not have any political, econom- facto states. Because one of the aims of ic, and mostly also social or inter-personal Author the European Neighbourhood Policy is to relations with Abkhazia. Because of this contribute to the positive development isolation, Abkhazians rely heavily on the Jan Blinka is an analyst at the Associ- and stability of bordering regions, it is in cooperation with Russia, which not only ation of International Affairs Research the European Union’s interest to actively ensures the security and defence of the Center, Prague, Czech Republic. address those frozen conflicts. This notion territory, but also contributes heavily to its should be shared also with the former “par- budget, pays Abkhaz pensions, invests in

20 European Security & Defence · November 2017 SECURITY POLICY  local infrastructure, and de facto monopo- lises the trade sector. Russian influence on Abkhazia grew even more after the sign- Photo: EUMM ing of the treaty on alliance and strategic partnership in 2014. Since that time, some of Abkhazia's activities with the European Union have had to be agreed with Mos- cow. Abkhazia has thus escaped from one unequal relationship to get into another. Due to the current geopolitical context, this situation will not change anytime soon. Af- ter the crisis in Ukraine, the relations be- tween the European Union and Russia are at the lowest level since the end of the Cold War and the question of Abkhazia sudden- ly began to be viewed through the lens of Crimea's annexation. Until the change in the international environment comes, the isolation of Abkhazia will continue, and thus dependence on Russia will grow and Patrol of the EU Monitoring Mission (EUMM) Georgia in the Samegrelo reconciliation with Georgia will be less and region near the Abkhazian border less possible. This situation does not bring benefit ei- ther to Georgia, which aims to regain the separatist territory under its control, or Ab- khazia, whose interest is formal and fac- Photo: Kremlin tual independence. The only beneficent is Russia, which can not only further increase economic, political and administrative inte- gration of Abkhazia, but also continue us- ing it as leverage to Georgia´s Euro-Atlantic aspirations.

Supporting Abkhazia´s Opening In reaction to war with Russia and the subsequent recognition of Abkhazia and South Ossetia´s independence by Mos- cow, Georgia passed two key documents, namely Law on Occupied Territories and Abkhazia’s de facto President Raul Khadzhimba (left) and Russian Presi- the State Strategy on Occupied Territories. dent Vladimir Putin signed a military and economic agreement in Sochi, They aim to limit wider international rec- Russia, on 24 November 2014. ognition of those separatist entities, how- ever, while doing that, they also limit any ing influence. Contrary to the situation in later promoted by Peter Semneby, then EU relations that a third party could have with South Ossetia, Abkhazians have stronger Special Representative for the South Cau- Abkhazia, thereby throwing it deeper into feelings for their own independence and casus, as the Engagement without Recog- Russian influence. thus some politicians, like former de facto nition with the aim to reduce Abkhazia´s In this context, Georgia had to accept the president Sergei Bagapsh, are in favour of isolation. This strategy, however, was never fact that efforts to return Abkhazia under multi-vector foreign policy, which remains, officially approved, and so far the European the control of Tbilisi are in the current in- however, more a theoretical concept than Union has no written strategy on Abkhazia ternational situation unrealistic, and should practical doctrine. making all the decisions ad hoc. therefore focus on the second best possible The other positive impulse should come Since the European Union has repeatedly solution – which is a less isolated and more from the European Union, which has a lot supported the territorial integrity of Geor- independent Abkhazia, which can develop to offer, in having a clearly articulated strat- gia, the non-recognition component has relations also with other countries, thereby egy towards Abkhazia. been wholly fulfilled. However, finding the balancing the influence of Russia. Tbilisi´s appropriate content for the engagement effort should be to encourage the greatest Non-recognition without failed. In its engagement activities, the possible participation of Abkhazia in inter- Engagement European Union has been limited, among national relations and the acceptance of other things, by Georgia´s law on occupied the Western perspective on human rights, In 2009, the European Union´s Political and territories. As stated by the staff of the Min- democracy and the rule of law. Security Committee discussed “Non-paper istry of Reconciliation, “It would be very dif- This opportunity will be welcomed even in on the parameters for EU´s engagement ficult to imagine, that EU would conduct any Sukhumi, where many fear Russia´s grow- and non-recognition policy”, which was activities in the territory of Georgia, where

November 2017 · European Security & Defence 21  SECURITY POLICY

Abkhazia belongs, without having due re- ion. As an Abkhazian scholar pointed out, thoroughly consumed within Abkhazia, gards of Georgia´s government.” Another “Europeans did not take our concerns seri- and which portrays the EU´s engagement limiting factor is the different positions ously, they saw us as pro-communists and activities and its assistance to Abkhazia as of the EU's member states. For example, pro-Moscow supporters, but in fact we the process of its re-integration to Georgia. France is very reticent in any engagement were afraid to be in one state with Geor- While its impact within the Abkhazia is activities, while Sweden supports strong gians. Europeans never condemned human limited, the European Union continues to engagement and thus actually defines how rights violations done by Georgians dur- be active in conflict resolution on the po- far the European Union can go. The lack ing the war and this all created mistrust litical level as well as in conflict mediation of sufficient content is also recognised by towards the EU.” and transformation. Apart from being the Abkhazians, as they nicknamed the strat- For Abkhazians, the European Union is not mediator of the ceasefire agreement be- egy as “Non-recognition without Engage- a status neutral actor, as it does not recog- tween Russia and Georgia in 2008, the ment”. nise Abkhazia and associates the conflict European Union co-chairs Geneva inter- As seen from Sukhumi, the relations with resolution with the position of Georgia. Dis- national discussions and created several the European Union have been compli- trust towards the European Union is further mechanisms to reduce tensions on the line cated since the collapse of the Soviet Un- supported by the Russian media, which is of contact. The presence of EU´s moni- toring mission and so-called Incident Prevention and Re- sponse Mechanism help to build confidence between the parties and limit armed clashes. “Thanks to the presence of EUMM on the ground, there is no exchange of fire like is the case in Ar- menia-Azerbaijan conflict. The mission helps to stabilise the status quo,” commented one of the EU´s Special Rep- resentatives for South Cau- casus staff.

Engagement Needs New Meaning What could the European Union do to change this situ- ation? On the one hand, the European Union should re- main faithful to its policy of non-recognition until Geor- gia decides to take a different stance. On the other hand, th the European Union should THE push Georgia to be more flexible on allowing a wider scope of engagement activi- ties as there is no such thing as implicit or creeping recog- nition – under international law, the state has to claim ex- plicitly that it does recognise another state as legitimate. , 2018 Thirdly, the European Union should give new content to , 2018 its engagement strategy; especially the flexibility on the freedom of travel will be highly appreciated. Abk- hazians should have the op- portunity to travel and study within the European Union, as the isolation of the territory and its people serves only one actor. L

www.sofexjordan.com Viewpoint from Berlin

Rough Seas on the Way to "Jamaica"

Wolfgang Labuhn

he inconclusive results of the German parliamentary elections in armed conflicts, like Saudi Arabia. They demand comprehensive Ton 24 September 2017 have put the German defence policy legislation to introduce strict guidelines for all future arms exports. on hold for the time being. The previous, rather cosy, coalition This view is shared by the Liberals, who are back in parliament after government of Christian Democrats (CDU/CSU) and Social Demo- a break of four years following their failure in 2013 to secure at least crats (SPD) agreed amicably on the need to strengthen Germany’s 5% of the popular vote required for parliamentary representation. armed forces again following Russia’s annexation of the Crimea in In addition, the Liberals demand European armed forces with a joint March 2014 and support of the separatists in Eastern Ukraine. After command and controlled by the European Parliament alongside many years of cuts, German defence spending has since grown NATO. The Liberals also expect closer cooperation within the Euro- to finance 18,000 more armed personnel by 2024, 13 additional pean Union to develop and procure new weapon systems. Whether A400M airlifters, five new corvettes, two more submarines and Mrs Merkel will manage to forge a “Jamaica”-style defence policy 100 more LEOPARD 2 main battle tanks than originally planned, with Greens and Liberals – both basically still considered pacifists to name but a few of the numerous new projects. The SPD even and pushing for an EU Army – remains to be seen. agreed to NATO’s commitment to spend at least 2% of the GDP Whatever the results of the pending coalition talks in Berlin, the new on defence. This unity only fell apart during the election campaign German coalition government will not have much choice but to ad- when the 2% target was declared “absurd” by the SPD and when here to a number of bi-national and multi-national defence projects the Social Democrats also stopped the procurement of several UAVs already agreed with NATO and EU partners. A joint Franco-German from Israel (HERON TP) to be equipped with guided missiles at a later army brigade was already established in 1989. German and Dutch stage. However, having suffered a crushing defeat in the general military cooperation now extends to joint airborne and tank units as election, the Social Democrats have announced not to serve as a well as sharing the use of the biggest ship in the Royal Netherlands junior coalition partner in Germany's government any longer. As Navy HNLMS KAREL DOORMAN, a multi-function support ship for the Left Party and the right-wing Alternative für Deutschland (AfD) amphibious operations. In Lithuania one of NATO’s multi-national are not deemed suitable coalitionpartners, Angela Merkel’s only op- “Enhanced Forward Presence” battlegroups has been deployed un- tion to form a coalition government with herself as Chancellor for a der German command. Germany and France will jointly use a squad- fourth term is to join ranks with the Greens and the Liberals (FDP). ron of 10 C-130J HERCULES airlifters to preserve capabilities thus far Nicknamed a "Jamaica" coalition, because the respective party col- provided by their ageing fleet of C-160 TRANSALLs. Germany will ours match those of the Jamaican national flag negotiations are also be a partner nation of the European Multinational MRTT Fleet not to start before November 2017 as formidable obstacles block (MMF) involving the procurement of up to eight Airbus A330 Multi- the way to a coalition agreement. While defence matters were not Role Transport Tanker aircraft (MRTT). At the last Franco-German high on the agenda during the election campaign, the manifestoes Council of Ministers in Paris on 13 July 2017 a number of specific of the three potential partners in government differ considerably bilateral defence projects were identified. Germany and France now on several issues. Christian Democrats, Liberals and Greens have plan to develop a 5th generation fighter to replace their existing repeatedly emphasised their commitment to NATO and to smooth fleets of Eurofighter TYPHOON and RAFALE aircraft. The German transatlantic relations as well as accepting more responsibility for LEOPARD 2 and the French LECLERC MBTs are to be replaced by a international crisis prevention including substantial contributions new joint development. Germany and France have also reaffirmed to UN peacekeeping missions. And before the election, Chancellor their commitment – together with Italy and Spain – to embark on Merkel clearly stated that her party intended to increase defence a joint programme for a European Medium Altitude Long Endur- spending until 2024 “step by step in the direction of 2% of the ance Remotely Piloted Aircraft System (MALE RPAS) providing “all GDP”. Her potential new partners in government beg to differ. The necessary military capabilities”. It now remains to be seen whether Greens refuse to accept NATO’s 2% goal and condemn the volume all potential coalition parties in Berlin are willing to carry this already of German arms exports especially to non-NATO countries involved well-packed defence rucksack to “Jamaica”.

November 2017 · European Security & Defence 23 COUNTRY FOCUS: FINLAND Strengthening the Pillars of Security and Defence

Finland’s Policy in a New Environment Teija Tiilikainen

Finland is tightening its bonds with its main security policy partners in an increasingly tense political en- vironment. The country’s partnership with NATO is getting closer, even if full membership is not being actively promoted by any visible societal actors. An extended network of bilateral defence cooperation is a new dimension of Finland’s policy, which is still firmly anchored in the construction of a true European policy of common capabilities and preparedness for the protection of European security. Continuous dia- logue with Russia at a high political level throughout the crisis has helped to resolve bilateral issues and to communicate the EU’s position.

of presidential regime is part of the same phenomenon. For the time being, however, this is in contrast with the vitality of NATO on the ground in the Baltic States and Po- Photo: MoD Russia land, and its balancing of Russian action.

Finland’s Policy on Multilateral Security The worsening security environment has clear implications for Finland’s security and defence policy without, however, trigger- ing major changes in the key pillars of its security-policy doctrine. These pillars were established in the early 1990s when Fin- land – unlike the other Nordic countries – did not carry out a major reform of its defence system following the collapse of the Soviet Union. Instead, it maintained the The Russian and Chinese navies conducted a joint naval exercise dubbed key tenets of its previous policy, in other “Joint Sea 2017” on the Baltic Sea in July 2017. words a territorial defence system together with a conscript army. Irrespective of the inland’s security-policy environment has one of the European theatres of heightened changes in Finland’s political environment, Fchanged significantly during the past few politico-military confrontation and tension. and of the diminishing likelihood of open years. The tension between Russia on the The new aggressive approach in Russian military conflict, the risk of armed conflict one hand and the EU and the US on the foreign policy together with the strength- was never entirely abolished in the Finnish other has changed the atmosphere in the ening of its military bases in the region have defence-policy doctrine. With a credible na- Baltic Sea Region. The emerging climate of nourished a sense of insecurity, and they tional defence still playing a key role in the cooperation among coastal states on topics have called for NATO countermeasures in country’s overall security policy, there has such as the environment and transportation support of its allies along the southern bor- been more variation in the formulation of its has now reverted to its Cold War status. The ders of the Baltic Sea. attitude towards international cooperation Russian annexation of Crimea and its action The worsening security-policy situation in in security policy. in Ukraine, followed by Western sanctions, the immediate Nordic-Baltic neighbour- Finland has been constantly broadening have once again made the Baltic Sea Region hood is increasingly understood in the and strengthening its role in the context light of a transition in the global balance of of international security and defence coop- Author power and changing dynamics in relations eration since the mid-1990s. The country’s between the great powers. A strengthened decision to join the EU but remain outside Teija Tiilikainen is Director of the is tying the US more strongly to Asia NATO still stands, but it has not prevented Finnish Institute of International and giving Russia more manoeuvring space Finland from developing its partnership Affairs (FIIA). in Europe. A vacillating US policy on trans- with NATO in multiple ways. On the doc- atlantic relations resulting from the change trinal side, the worsening security situation

24 European Security & Defence · November 2017 COUNTRY FOCUS: FINLAND

countries to make more far-reaching com- mitments concerning capabilities and oper- ational tasks. Finland is also one of the very few EU member states that have stressed the significance of the Union’s mutual de- fence clause (art. 42.7), which became part of the Lisbon treaty in 2009 and obligates member states to defend each other in case of an armed attack. The clause was invoked for the first time in the context

Photo NATO of the Paris terrorist attacks in November Sweden and Finland took part in their first-ever NATO foreign ministers’ 2015, when many member states – Finland meeting in Brussels on 20 May 2016. From left to right: Swedish foreign among them – increased their contribution minister, Margot Wallstroem, Finnish foreign minister, Timo Soini, and to international operations to allow France the High Representative of the European Union for Foreign Affairs and to shift focus to its own territory. The pos- Security Policy, Federica Mogherini. sibility to increase common preparedness for tasks of mutual assistance – irrespective has led the Finnish political leadership to contributed actively to EU-led military and of the clause’s intergovernmental character further emphasise the country’s option, if civilian operations, including to the battle – has been raised in the context of the EU’s needed, to change course and apply for groups. Its expectations for the Union’s role Global Strategy for Foreign and Security Pol- membership. Thus far, there have been no in security and defence nevertheless extend icy (2016) and its implementation plan on signs of such a change in thinking among beyond crisis-management capabilities, defence. The political and economic hurdles the political elites, even if Finland’s depend- which is reflected in the country’s approach against such a move are obvious, however, ence on the Swedish decision on this issue to the most recent developments in the EU’s and it is more likely that the focus of Euro- is more visible in a worsened security situa- security and defence policy. It has been in pean policy on security and defence will be, tion. The increasing military tension around Finland’s interest for the EU to start exploit- apart from capability development, on bor- Finnish borders has not strengthened ing all the possibilities for deepened security der security and measures against hybrid popular support for NATO accession from and defence cooperation enabled in its cur- threats including cyber attacks. Finland has a level of around 20 per cent. This roughly rent treaties, and to adopt a more focused used its initiative in the context of counter- corresponds with the level of support for strategy concerning its security needs and ing hybrid threats, resulting in the establish- the two parties in favour of Finland joining vulnerabilities. ment of a European Centre of Excellence NATO, the centre-right National Coalition Finland has thus welcomed the new focus for Countering Hybrid Threats in Helsinki in Party and the small Swedish People's Party. on the planning and production of Europe- 2017, as a joint endeavour among several Given the new security-policy environment, an capabilities, promoted with the support EU and NATO countries. and the consequent new emphasis in NATO of the European Commission and the newly on its Article Five tasks, Finnish and Swedish established European Defence Fund. It has A New Bilateral Approach NATO partnerships have been elevated to a equally supported Permanent Structured new level. This enhanced partnership sta- Cooperation, which allows for a group of Emerges in Finland’s Policy tus was confirmed in NATO’s Wales Summit Finland’s policy of active participation in in- of 2014, which recognised Finland’s (and ternational security is not limited to multilat- Sweden’s) solid contributions to NATO-led eral cooperation, and in the past few years operations and improved the likelihood of it has been strengthened with the estab- a political dialogue with the organisation. lishment of several bilateral relationships. Photo: Hybrid CoE Both countries signed a Host Nation Sup- Regional defence cooperation among the port agreement with NATO, which con- Nordic countries (NORDEFCO) is now solidly cerns the role and rights of allied forces in positioned as a forum for pragmatic coop- Finnish and Swedish territories. As Partner- eration on capabilities and armaments, op- ship for Peace (PfP) countries, both Finland erations and training, and exercises. Both and Sweden have been taking part in NATO regional and bilateral cooperation are per- military exercises for a long time. Their par- ceived in the Finnish policy as instruments ticipation has continued, even if these exer- complementing and supporting Finland’s cises have become more focused on tasks role in the broader EU and NATO frame- of collective defence in the past few years, works. The implication is that not even the which could be considered another sign of most far-reaching Finnish-Swedish defence a deeper partnership. cooperation is meant to replace them. Finland’s strengthened willingness to en- Bilateral defence cooperation with Sweden gage in international cooperation on secu- has been elevated to a new level, reflecting rity and defence policy applies equally to the the mutual benefits and interests of the two EU framework. The country’s slightly cau- NATO Secretary General Jens countries in the new environment. With its tious attitude towards EU defence coopera- Stoltenberg attended the official limits and possibilities this cooperation has tion in the early years of its EU membership inauguration of the European also gained a lot of visibility on the political changed gradually to being fully supportive Centre of Excellence for Counter- agendas of the two countries. A common of a deepened common security and de- ing Hybrid Threats (Hybrid CoE) in understanding is that it should be able to fence policy in all dimensions. Finland has Helsinki on 2 October 2017. take forms not delineated at the outset, and

November 2017 · European Security & Defence 25 COUNTRY FOCUS: FINLAND to extend beyond peace-time. It should cov- er common operative planning for all possi- ble crisis scenarios. It was in this atmosphere that a report from 2015 assessed ongoing cooperation in all branches of defence, and the possibilities to extend it in new direc- tions. Existing cooperation covers functions such as capabilities and interoperability, logistics, surveillance and communication, training and exercises, and common units

in operations. Photo: Finnish Defence Forces Although there are single political voices Finland has more than 300 soldiers deployed to UNIFIL. Finnish troops in Finland seriously proposing a treaty ar- serve in UNIFIL both in the Irish-Finnish Battalion and in the French-led rangement between Finland and Sweden Force Commander’s Reserve Battalion. in the form of a military alliance, this op- tion is explicitly excluded in recent Swedish have not been disclosed in detail by the po- forced the Finnish government to reduce the political documents. On the other hand, litical leadership, seem to serve as a broad crisis-management budget by €5M–€10M legislative changes carried out (Finland) or framework for later needs. annually. Whereas the numbers of Finn- prepared (Sweden) are a further indication ish troops in international operations ap- of the political importance of cooperation. Defence Policy in a proached 2,000 in the early years of the Legislative changes that came into force in Changing Environment millennium, the number is currently around 2017 enabled Finland, for the first time, to 500, of which two-thirds are engaged in the assist another state with the provision of Although the key pillars of Finland’s defence UNIFIL operation in Lebanon. The new level combat forces and to take decisions on such system remain unchanged, it has still been also reflects the lack of new, major EU and assistance in a fast-track procedure. Even necessary to reconsider many details of this NATO operations in the wake of Afghani- if this new preparedness is not limited to policy in the light of the worsening levels of stan and Kosovo. cooperation with Sweden, this cooperation threat. The starting point is that potential still served as a basis for the new laws. A conflicts in the Baltic Sea region could now Conclusion corresponding fast-track procedure – which break out more quickly than previously, is more explicitly linked to cooperation with given the lowered threshold for the use It is implied in recent Finnish security and Finland – is currently being considered in of military force. It is thus acknowledged defence policy that Finland has adjusted in the framework of a Swedish governmental that this and the increasingly multifaceted many ways to a radically changed political study and could lead to legislative changes means that might be used against Finland environment. The potential for inter-state at a later date. (including hybrid and cyber action) require conflicts has grown stronger in Northern preparedness from the Finnish defence Europe, as the threshold for the use of mili- forces to react more quickly and increas- tary force has become lower. At the same ingly in cooperation with other international time, possible means to be used in conflict and domestic actors. situations have become more multifaceted. Finland had seriously reduced its defence Finland is sticking to the old pillars of its se- Photo: ESD archive budget (by 10%) and decreased the num- curity and defence policy in this increasingly ber of wartime capabilities to 230,000 complicated environment, although some soldiers before the security environment new ingredients have been added to sup- deteriorated. This tide turned in 2015 and, port them. The Finnish political leadership specifically, training and exercises could be has been keen to stress Finland’s role as a resumed at their earlier levels. There was member of the Western community, but a change of law in 2016 enabling the de- outside NATO, as well as its firm commit- fence forces to call in reservists for exercises ment to its key institutions. The country’s in an accelerated procedure if there were partnership with NATO appears to imply a a need to raise the level of preparedness. commitment that is deeper than that re- Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Nor- Laws dealing with the provision and re- quired of many full members, but without way and Sweden participate in ceipt of international assistance mentioned any expectations of the guarantees set out the Nordic Defence Cooperation above, and specifying the competence of in the organisation’s fifth article. (NORDEFCO). Finnish political institutions and procedures An open-minded approach to the EU’s to make decisions in situations in which Fin- deepening security and defence policy as Whereas bilateral cooperation with Sweden land needed to ask for international military well as the potential to strengthen bilat- is anchored in the familiar framework of assistance, originate in the same need to eral relations anchor Finland to its Euro- Nordic cooperation, other relationships that adjust to an intensified security situation. pean partners and neighbours, and they have been consolidated recently have novel Another dimension of Finland’s defence are expected to strengthen its capacity to aspects. Finland has recently concluded bi- policy that reflects the tenser international manage geopolitical and other vulnerabili- lateral agreements on defence cooperation environment is the country’s participation in ties. Last, but not least, an alert and up-to- with several NATO countries, including the international crisis management, which has date national defence force functions as a US, Germany, France, the UK, The Nether- clearly been on a lower level during the past deterrent and makes Finland an attractive lands, Poland and Denmark. In most cases few years. Budgetary constraints and chang- partner for international cooperation in se- these agreements, the contents of which ing political priorities in defence policy have curity and defence policy. L

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P r w o w v w e . e n u r o f T i g r h u t e s r . t c e o m d COUNTRY FOCUS: FINLAND Finland's Defence Today and Tomorrow

Jarmo Lindberg

This year Finland celebrates its one hundredth year of independence. Throughout their history, the Finnish Defence Forces have been an

Photo: Finnish Defence Forces important part of our society, both in times of peace and war. Even today, national military defence has the strong support of the Finnish people. According to the latest survey carried out at the end of 2016, more than 70 percent of Finns are of the opinion that Finland should be defended by arms in all situations.

land’s neighbouring area have responded sional threats using only one resource or to the changes in the security environment one actor. More extensive cooperation be- by developing the readiness of their armed tween different authorities, organisations forces and making decisions concerning and economic life is needed in responding new materiel procurement, as well as by to threats. Finland’s model for comprehen- inland was one of the few European increasing appropriations for their armed sive security, where the preparedness and Fcountries that did not give up the princi- forces. cooperation of authorities is clearly regulat- ples of total defence, a broad reserve or the Along with the increase in traditional land, ed and interoperability is practised regularly general conscription that it requires when sea and air-based operations, also infor- creates a strong foundation for responding the Cold War ended. The weakened secu- mation networks and systems – the cyber to these kinds of threats, too. rity situation in Europe of late shows us that dimension – has become an operating envi- we have acted sensibly. ronment of warfare. Information networks The Defence Report Provides The Defence Report published by the Finn- and the data they contain have become a a Clear Direction for National ish Government in February 2017 gives means of influencing an opponent more Military Defence clear guidelines for the use of our defence extensively and unexpectedly than by con- capability and its development far into the ventional military means. For example, a As outlined in the Defence Report, there 2020s. The Defence Report assesses the cyber-attack can very rapidly paralyse many are no foreseeable changes in the central military operating environment, describes critical functions of society in parallel. Tradi- principles of our defence. The foundation the current state of our defence and out- tional and new means of warfare can also of our defence remains our Finnish model, lines the future of our defence capability. be used together in many different ways. which is formed according to our circum- In today’s world, external and internal secu- stances and needs, and which illustrates Finland’s Security Environ- rity can overlap, or can be even be impos- the principles and realisation of Finland’s ment and the Changing sible to separate from one another. One defence. The foundation of our defence Nature of Threats cannot defend oneself against multidimen- rests on our well-known choices: general In the last few years, Finland’s security en- vironment has become more unstable and unpredictable at the same time as military activities in our neighbouring areas have in- creased considerably compared to the situ- ation half a decade ago. Russia has brought

new weapon systems to the vicinity of our Photo: Finnish Defence Forces borders and strengthened its troops in the area of the Western Military District. The NATO countries have also strengthened the defence of Eastern Europe and the Baltic Sea region by placing permanent troops and systems in the area. The states in Fin- Author General Jarmo Lindberg has been Commander of the Finnish Defence The Finnish Defence Forces are endeavouring to improve readiness. Forces since 1 August 2014 The first conscript detachments of the readiness units have reached operational capability.

28 European Security & Defence · November 2017 Photo: © Eurofi ghter / Geoff rey Lee area, thelastthingyou needisaquestionmarkaboutreliability. “When you’re inahostileenvironment, milesfrom asafelanding I hadcomplete confi engines, dence intheEJ200 allowing meto onthecombat focus task.” UK RAF WingUK RAF Commander inLibya visit usat www.eurojet.de operational requirements, always beableto fulfil your concept ensure that you will leading design andmaintenance To fi nd outhow ourmarket- the mostreliable engine initsclass. has proven timeand againto be unrivalled buildquality, theEJ200 technologyWith and cutting-edge that getsyou home. theengine The EJ200: COUNTRY FOCUS: FINLAND

large-scale attacks is created using territo- rial forces equipped with appropriate ma- teriel from our large reserve. The defence forces have had three main tasks. These are the military defence of Finland, supporting other authorities and

Photo: Finnish Defence Forces participating in international military cri- sis management. In July 2017, we were assigned an additional task. In simpli- fied terms, this task is “participating in international assistance”. Based on the clauses regarding solidarity and mutual assistance that bind all European Union member states, this new task allows Fin- land to provide assistance to other states. Correspondingly, through changes to legislation relating to this new task, Fin- land is also able to receive international military assistance. I would like to emphasise the importance of general conscription for Finland’s mili- Participation in international assistance is the newest of the Finnish tary national defence. In Finland’s con- Defence Forces’ tasks. It allows Finland to provide and to receive inter- ditions, conscription has proved to be national military assistance that is requested on the basis of EU’s soli- the most cost-effective arrangement for darity clause or the mutual assistance clause. Pictured are Finnish and maintaining its defence capability in both Swedish naval vessels at sea. peace and wartime. Conscription allows us to produce and maintain our wartime forces, of which reservists make up al- most 97 percent in manpower. General conscription securely ties the defence forces to our society and significantly contributes to our citizens’ interest in Finland’s defence. Four out of five Finns

Photo: Finnish Defence Forces support maintaining the current con- scription system. General conscription also provides the defence forces with an excellent pool for recruiting. This year, the National Defence University’s officer training programme has had a record number of applicants, same as voluntary military service for women.

Developing Capabilities The most important capability development programmes of the Finnish The Defence Report recognises the fact Defence Forces at the beginning of the next decade are the replacement that the defence forces need to develop the of our F/A-18 HORNET fighters (shown) and the SQUADRON 2020 naval new, but also maintain and replace the old. programme. Focal points in developing our defence are readiness, replacing outdated capabilities conscription, not relying on any military on the capacity to receive international as- as well as intelligence, cyber defence and assistance, and a credible defence that sistance. precision strike capabilities. The defence covers our entire country. Behind our In order to be able to prevent military system will be developed without creating choices lies the strong will of our citizens crises and if necessary repel attacks, we any practical impediments to a potential to defend their country. need both spearhead capabilities based on membership in a military alliance. National military defence is a part of the modern technology and a broad reserve. Despite the changes in the operating en- vital functions of Finland's overall security Rapid deployment forces in high readi- vironment, Finland is currently not subject and safety, along with public order, the ness equipped with effective and modern to any imminent military threat. However, subsistence and functional capability of the systems and consisting of troops from all more multiform threats that can arise more population, and leadership of the state, to three services are primarily used to pre- quickly and unexpectedly and may have mention just a few aspects. Finland’s de- vent the escalation of a situation into an more serious consequences, have given fence capability is based on ground, sea armed attack against Finland. If the situa- rise to the need to develop our readiness and air defence capabilities proportionate tion requires, the rapid deployment forces and regulate it flexibly as required. The Air to the operating environment and on the are capable of repelling a first strike on Force and Navy have traditionally overseen joint capabilities supporting them, but also Finland. The capability for responding to and protected our territorial integrity. In our

30 European Security & Defence · November 2017 COUNTRY FOCUS: FINLAND

replace seven vessels at the end of their life cycle. This project is a prerequisite for the accomplishment of maritime defence tasks after the middle of the next decade. Replacing our F/A-18 HORNETs with mul- tirole fighters will enable our capability to

Photo: Finnish Defence Forces defend our entire airspace and maintain our pre-emptive defence capability also in the future. 2020 will replace seven vessels at the end of their life cycle. This project is a prere- quisite for the accomplishment of maritime defence tasks after the middle of the next decade. Replacing our F/A-18 HORNETs with multirole fighters will enable our ca- pability to defend our entire airspace and maintain our pre-emptive defence capabil- ity also in the future. The implementation of the guidelines laid out in the Defence Report requires sufficient resources. For the implementa- Members of the Finnish Defence Forces, Border Guard and Police in close tion of its guidelines, the Report presents cooperation during an exercise: Finland’s model for comprehensive se- three closely linked financing instruments curity, where the preparedness and cooperation of authorities is clearly that are related to readiness, strategic regulated and interoperability is practised regularly, creates a strong projects and other materiel acquisitions. foundation for responding to modern threats. Additional €50M have already been al- located for readiness development and current situation we continue to develop By means of systematic development we thus ensure that we are capable of con- the readiness of the Air Force and Navy. ensure the Army’s ability to fulfil its task tinually responding to military threats The effect of the change is greater in the also in the 2020s, and development work as required by the environment. The fi- Army, however, as we purposefully trans- will continue in the form this service previously focused mainly future. The overall on training into a readiness and training volume of materiel organisation. This entails for example build- projects planned Introducing new tactical radios ing and training new troops with a higher for the Army in level of readiness. We will also increase the next decade is Bittium Tough SDR Handheld™ & the strength or our wartime troops from almost three times ™ 230,000 to 280,000 soldiers, in accord- the size of the Na- Bittium Tough SDR Vehicular ance with the guidelines given in the De- vy’s SQUADRON fence Report. 2020 project. The defence forces’ capabilities are being On the other hand, developed for the long term. Limited finan- the development cial resources do not, however, enable the of the Navy and Air simultaneous development of all capabili- Force is reflected ties. For this reason, the procurement of the by the procure- largest and most important systems must ment of systems be regulated and prioritised between the such as vessels and different services according to a long-term aircraft. The main time frame. The aim is to have a balanced systems of the overall capability. Navy and Air Force › Widest range of frequency The focus of development during this dec- will be decom- bands available in the market ade has been the Army. The Army is devel- missioned almost › Flexibility to use different waveforms, such as ESSOR oped in troop entities, with equipment and simultaneously in › Optional LTE connectivity capabilities being continually developed the 2020s. For our › Multilayer security with from one decade to the next. The Army’s defence, the vessel national customization most important capability projects are and fighter aircraft › Capability to run for example equipping the new wartime purchases that will customized applications troops and developing the land forces' mo- replace outgoing with application sandbox bility, rapid reaction capability, fire power capabilities at the Connectivity and strike force. The current further de- beginning of the to be trusted. velopment of our artillery system, which is next decade are www.bittium.com one of Europe’s largest, can be seen in this vital strategic pro- [email protected] year’s K9 self-propelled howitzer purchase jects. The Navy’s from . Squadron 2020 will

November 2017 · European Security & Defence 31 tions, both our salaried staff and reservists gain experience in demanding conditions and at many levels of command. At the same time we also gain experience with regard to the use of our equipment in field conditions, among other things.

Finland Maintains a Defence Capability and Readiness Proportionate to the Security Photo: Finnish Defence Forces Environment Finland has contributed to both NATO-led ISAF and RSM in Afghanistan. The photo shows Finnish soldiers on patrol in Northern Afghanistan. The security situation in Finland’s neighbour- nancial resources needed for strategic among other things cooperation in the ing areas has deteriorated. Military tensions projects cannot be allocated from the fields of situational awareness, exercises have risen in the Baltic Sea region, and inse- defence forces’ materiel budget without and training. curity has also increased further afield. This causing the collapse of an entity such as Sweden holds a special position in Finland’s does not mean that we expect war to break the present defence system. For this rea- bilateral defence cooperation. The aim of out, but rather that we must be prepared son, strategic projects must be funded this cooperation is to strengthen the coun- if military power is used against Finland, or using separate resources and decision- tries’ defence as well as security in the Baltic if we are threatened with its use. Making making relating to this is very important Sea region. The United States is also an im- sure that our own defence is strong is not also at national level. In addition to this, portant partner for Finland. Here defence sabre-rattling – it is our duty – and a stabi- the extension of additional funding of cooperation concerns especially materiel lising factor for our security environment. €150M for materiel acquisitions from and exercise cooperation. Our message is clear: Finland maintains a 2021 onward ensures the development of The most concrete forms of our defence defence capability and readiness that is pro- the Army’s and services’ joint capabilities. cooperation are our troops in crisis man- portionate to the security environment. agement operations and international ex- Our actions to develop our readiness guar- International Defence Coop- ercises. Even now, more than 500 Finnish antee that we are capable of responding to soldiers, most of which are reservists, are possible military threats aimed at Finland eration Is Important for Fin- working to secure and build peace in a total as required in each respective security en- land’s Defence Capability of eleven military crisis management opera- vironment and by changes to warfare also tions. In addition to this, approximately 160 in the future. The purpose of our actions is Although Finland does not belong to any soldiers are standing by in detachments primarily to prevent threats from turning military alliance-, and cannot count on out- designated for NATO crisis management into military conflict. side assistance, defence cooperation plays duties. The Defence Report published this year an important role in our country’s defence The grounds for our participation in mili- and the guidelines it provides give the capability. By means of defence cooperation tary crisis management are clear. It is a Defence Forces a clear direction for the we ensure our interoperability and through part of Finland’s foreign and security pol- future. Sufficient resources are a prere- it our capacity to connect international as- icy and international cooperation. On the quisite for the implementation of the Re- sistance to our own defence system. other hand, crisis management operations port’s guidelines and at the same time for Finland conducts both bilateral and multi- also offer us the possibility of developing maintaining our defence capability into lateral defence cooperation. The coopera- our national defence capability. In opera- the next decade. L tion carried out in different instances is not a matter of rivalry. Each instance of coop- eration has its own purpose and place. It is important that Europe is able to man- age its own security – guaranteeing this Find us on facebook! is the responsibility of all member states. Finland is committed to developing the Union’s defence cooperation and, among other things, we support the development of the Union’s permanent structured co-  operation. In the development of defence, it is important to take into consideration the Union’s aims as well as the needs of member states. Finland promotes NATO’s Enhanced Op- portunities Partners programme and the intensification of cooperation with NATO Daily News – Upcoming Events and Finland and Sweden (29+2). Finland also maintains the possibility of applying www.facebook.com/eurodefence for NATO membership. Nordic Defence Cooperation (NORDEFCO) emphasises

32 European Security & Defence · November 2017

COUNTRY FOCUS: FINLAND "We are following the European directives strictly."

Interview with General (retd.) Raimo Jyväsjärvi,

Photo: MoD Finland National Armaments Director and Director General, Resource Policy Department, MoD Finland

ministration Commercial Board which gives Finnish capability building is based on long- its endorsement in all procurements with a term planning. National strategies like gov- value exceeding €4M, subject to procure- ernment programmes, foreign and security ment decision by the Minister of Defence. policy reports and defence reports lay the RPD is not comparable with the FMV or political foundation for defence capability NDMA, which are defence procurement planning. Based on that, Defence Com- organisations under the respective Minis- mand Finland (DCF) develops, together tries of Defence. FMV has also certain lo- with the services, a detailed long-term de- gistics responsibilities, as does the Finnish velopment programme which is the base Defence Forces Logistics Command (FD- for national capability building and pro- FLC) in addition to its procurement tasks. curement. RPD coordinates the procure- I would rather see FMV, NDMA and FDFLC ment process and FDFLC is the procure- ESD: Can you briefly elaborate on the role, as broadly similar kinds of organisations ment authority subordinated to the DCF. organisation and duties of the Resource with certain differences, while the RPD is Policy Department? Is the Department one department in the Finnish MoD giving ESD: To what extent does your Depart- comparable to other defence procurement overall material policy guidance. ment assume responsibility for the R&D organisations like the Swedish FMV or the The RPD’s biggest challenges are now share of armament programmes? Do you Norwegian NDMA? Are there other organ- connected to the strategic capability have your own R&D personnel? isations involved in defence procurement programmes. The Finnish Defence Forc- Jyväsjärvi: RPD does not have its own R&D in Finland? es’ existing F/A-18 fleet will be replaced personnel. In the Finnish MoD, research Jyväsjärvi: Resource Policy Department by 2030, and the majority of the naval tasks and responsibilities are concentrated (RPD) is one of the three departments in the ships will be replaced by 2025. Both pro- within the Defence Policy Department. Finnish MoD. It is responsible for outlining grammes are already in very good process, The MoD defines the R&D guidelines and defence material policy in the Finnish de- but they will need further material policy tasks to the Finnish Defence forces. The fence capability building process and also and commercial guidance as well as guid- FDF Research Institute conducts strategic directs personnel and employer policy, real ance regarding industrial participation and level research on operational and technical estate and environmental policy, as well as security of supply. matters. ICT policy within the defence administra- tion. RPD consists of five units having the re- sponsibility of the above-mentioned main tasks; Materiel Unit, Strategic Projects Pro- gramme, Personnel Unit, Real Estate and Environment Unit and ICT Unit. RPD’s main

task is to give MoD-level guidance in these Photo: Finnish Defence Forces areas within the whole defence administra- tion, and in broader terms, to secure need- ed resources for national defence within these specific areas, including in prepara- tion of times of crisis. In defence materiel procurement, RPD gives materiel policy guidance to the Finn- ish Defence Forces, coordinates procure- ments, and decides on case-by-case basis the procurement model. RPD also defines security of supply and industrial partici- pation requirements based on national K9 self-propelled howitzers are the latest improvement to the Finnish requirements. RPD runs the Defence Ad- Defence Forces’ indirect firepower.

34 European Security & Defence · November 2017 COUNTRY FOCUS: FINLAND

A unique feature in Finland is the Scientif- industrial and technological competence do business with. Education and social ic Advisory Board for Defence, which is a to maintain and tailor our critical sys- welfare are at a high level, the decision- network of scientists and specialists rep- tems so that their independent use can making process is based on objective resenting universities, research institutes, be guaranteed in all circumstances. Di- facts and we follow a logical and defined industries and government authorities. rect industrial participation requirements decision-making process. We are also Approximately 300 academics and other might be set to develop defence indus- largely technically oriented. specialists in 12 committees provide their tries' capabilities for instance in parts Finland’s geographical position and being best national research knowledge in sup- manufacturing, assembly, integration or militarily non-allied set some additional port of national security. The Board oper- development etc. for the defence equip- requirements to our defence solution and ates under the auspices of the MoD, and ment to be purchased. Indirect industrial capability development. High depend- operates a small scale funding budget for participation may be required in the case ency on sea lines of communications scientific studies. when cooperation supports vital national emphasises adequate security of supply security interests or contributes critical and assured independent use at least of ESD: What is the Finnish policy with re- technologies and know-how in Finland. the strategic defence capabilities. This is gard to offset and compensation require- We have released recently two official good to realise when building capabilities ments in the scope of defence procure- publications on this subject: “Securing together with the MoD and FDF. ment efforts? the Finnish Defence Technological and Finland is a country of highly capable, Jyväsjärvi: Finland has not used compen- Industrial Base” and “Industrial partici- innovative and high-tech, mainly small- sation requirements since 2012 when the pation in defence procurements”. These and medium-sized, industries. In several new act on public defence and security can be found on our MoD webpage. niche areas we can offer high level solu- procurements came into force in Finland. tions globally and also cooperate in the We are following the European directives ESD: What advice can you give to a foreign supply chain of the world's leading de- strictly. On a case by case basis we con- defence contractor who wants to enter in- fence enterprises. Telecommunications, sider in advance if procurement has vital to a business relationship with the Finnish cyber, software technology, protective implications to Finnish national security MoD and the Finnish Armed Forces? materials and technologies, small arms and if so, we may exceptionally set an Jyväsjärvi: Basically doing business in and ammunitions and military vehicles industrial participation requirement. Finland does not differ when compared are some of those areas to mention. As a small country, dependent on sea to doing so in other Nordic countries. We The questions were asked by Jürgen routes, we must sustain the necessary all can be described as easy countries to Hensel.

OHTO LAUNCHER

• Adaptable • Multi-functional • Highly transportable

www.robonic.fi

November 2017 · European Security & Defence 35 COUNTRY FOCUS: FINLAND "We wish to maintain our operational independency in all situations."

Interview with Lieutenant General Kyösti Halonen, Deputy Chief of Staff, Logistics and Armament, Finnish Defence Forces Photo: Finnish Defence Forces

Current annual budget for procurement ers were also asked to provide a training is roughly €500M. It will be temporarily system, maintenance and logistics support doubled with above-mentioned national package. RFI answers were received late strategic programmes. Annual budget for 2016. RFI answers have been analysed to- maintenance is roughly €500M. gether with classified weapon and sensor system briefs. Based on this information ESD: We understand that in response to RFQ will be out early 2018. Selection and your request for information for the re- decision will be made late 2021. There will placement of the Air Force's F-18 fleet you be four decision criteria: capability, total received proposals from five contenders. life-cycle costs, sustainability and security ESD: What are the most important defence Can you elaborate on details of the require- of supply and of course defence policy im- programmes currently executed by the De- ment and the projected further schedule of plications. The most important criterion will partment? What – on average – is the an- the programme? be capability. HX programme has extensive nual budget available for defence materiel Halonen: Capability required was based numbers of interfaces with other FDF sys- investments in Finland? on different types of scenarios and tasks tems especially with C4I, ISTAR and joint Halonen: Finnish Defence Forces’ capabil- and thus details are classified. Contenders fires. One of the policy implications is the ity development programme 2017-2028 were to propose a solution how to best impact on the Finnish defence industry. consists of three service specific develop- solve each of the given tasks and scenarios. ment programmes and five joint develop- Assumption was that contenders would ESD: Which of your current programmes ment programmes. Each of these includes offer multirole fighters possibly supported are carried out in international partnerships several separate materiel programmes or with other platforms and/or capabilities. with other national or multinational pro- projects. Materiel programmes and pro- Weapon and sensor payloads were not curement organisations? jects are executed by the Logistic Com- preselected so contenders were free to Halonen: Partly due to our distant location mand. propose a package that is best suited to and also to national security policy, we wish The two most important programmes are their for their own candidate. All contend- to maintain our operational independence HX and SQ2020, which are nominated as national strategic programmes. Funding for these programmes will be above the previouslyaccepted procurement budget. The HX will replace Finnish Air Forces’ ag- ing F-18 fleet by early 2030. SQ2020 will replace seven Finnish Navy vessels with four corvette class vessels by mid 2020. Photo: commons.wikimedia The Navy has two other major programmes namely SQ2000MLU, upgrade of HAMINA Class PGG, and SSM2020 to replace RB- S15SFIII missiles for Navy vessels and coastal batteries. Main Army programmes include NH-90 procurement and upgrade, LEO 2A6 sur- plus government to government procure- ment from The Netherlands and K-9 gov- ernment to government surplus procure- ment from the Republic of Korea. Joint programmes include cyber, joint fires, am- PORI, the fourth ship of the HAMINA Class in the South Harbour area munition, joint logistics, C4I, ISTAR just to of Helsinki: The upgrade of the HAMINA Class is one of the major pro- mention major ones. grammes of the Finnish Navy.

36 European Security & Defence · November 2017 COUNTRY FOCUS: FINLAND in all situations. Therefore in all programmes we intend to create the capability to main- tain all equipment in Finland. Security of supply and continuity of services are critical to us. This requires remarkable technology transfer, spare parts and maintenance tools for the end user and also for the defence industry. All workshop, depot and industry level maintenance for the Army and for the Navy are done by our strategic partners. Also the Air Force relies heavily on partners but maintains some capabilities in bases. NH-90 helicopter programme is the only Photo: commons.wikimedia/Tim Felce (Airwolfhound) major international partnership programme. On a smaller scale, we scale we have worked with NSPA, NORDEFCO and OCCAR. We have also made several government to gov- ernment surplus procurements mainly for the Army.

ESD: Are there defence procure- ment efforts executed in the scope of public-private partnerships? Halonen: As I described above we have Currently, the NH-90 helicopter programme is the only major interna- a concept of strategic partnership which tional partnership programme of the Finnish Armed Forces. means that certain companies have also responsibilities for readiness and crises same role in the NH-90 programme. In tion production for most of the previously time preparations. Those companies are SQ2000MLU Patria is prime contractor mentioned programmes as well as for our involved in major programmes by setting and Millog will be building LC support. legacy weapon systems. We have some maintenance requirements and building Millog has the key support role in the R&D programmes with private companies life-cycle support for procured materiel. SQ2020, LEO2A6 and K-9 programmes. In ongoing especially in C4I technologies. In the HX programme Patria and Insta the ammunition area Nammo is our stra- The questions were asked by Jürgen have this vital role. Similarly Patria has the tegic partner and thus supports ammuni- Hensel. ESD Spotlight

Published by New Fortnightly Newsletter

Issue 2 / 2015 European Security & Defence is escorted by the new bi-weekly newsletter ESD Spotlight which is distributed by email. ESD Spotlight is available free of charge. You can order your subscription by Procurement programmes in Sweden sending an informal email message to [email protected]. Sweden not only chairs the Nordic Defense genera- Cooperation (NORDEFCO), the Swedish Ar- tion sub- med Forces have also several procurement marines projects on schedule for 2015. The largest (NGU) Alternatively, there is a subscription order form on the magazine’s website at www.euro-sd.com. three programmes comprise the develop- for Swe- ment of the next generation of the JAS Gripen den. Content fighter system (JAS E), the development of The new the next generation submarine (NGU) and the subma- • Sweden modification of the Leopard main battle tank rines will base on the Type 612 submarines, Issue 2 / 2015 system. that Saab Kockums has built for the Royal Aus- Issue 2 / 2015 • Defence Issue 2 / 2015 tralian Navy. 2 7 • Technology Next generation of the JAS Gripen But there will be changes, since the Australi- The Swedish government ordered 60 JAS Gri- an submarine has 4,000 tonnes and the Swe- 3 • Industry pen E (plus 10 as option) with scheduled de- dish NGO programme is heading for a 3,000 defence • IDEX Preview livery from 2018 to 2027. Contrary to initial tonnes submarine with some elements of the technology plans all the future JAS Gripen E will be new- cancelled A26 programme included. gressive dive/ decisions to strengthen NAtO built fighters and not upgrades of existing Gri- The first of the five Swedish submarines is The second firing was at very close range - pull-up evasi- the size and scope of a new very high rea- The defence ministers also decided to IRIS-t SL demonstrates to the launch point to prove the missi ve manoeu- Defence) Diehl (Photo: (df) The defence ministers of the NATO diness force or Spearhead Force. “We deci- immediately establish six command and MAStheAd pen C. The first flight of the pre-production planned to be operating by 2023. full performance le´s short range engagement capabilities. vres. countries have taken several decisions to ded that this very high readiness force will control units in Bulgaria, Estonia, Latvia, JAS Gripen E is expected within this year. During this firing, IRIS-T SL jettisoned its IRIS-T SL is strengthen the Alliance’s collective de- consist of a land brigade of around 5,000 Lithuania, Poland and Romania. (df) With system validation completed Roketsan eSd Spotlight The JAS Gripen E will be slightly larger than Modification of the Leopard last year, Diehl Defence´s IRIS-T Surface - aerodynamic cover shortly after launch the missile fence. NATO Secretary General Jens Stol- troops. These will be supported by air, www..int Email newsletter of the bimonthly magazine Launched (IRIS-T SL) SAM system demons immediately initiating a hard turn-over of the new tenberg said the decisions would “ensure sea and special forces”, said Stoltenberg. (df) Roketsan will display several new and/ the predecessors. Giving place to an increase The Swedish version of the main battle tank “European Security & Defence” (ESD) trated its full performance. All of the jet - manoeuvre towards the low flying target. IRIS-T SLM that we have the right forces, in the right He explained the Spearhead Force would or enhanced products at the IDEX 2015. tegrated and used by AH-1W Cobra helicop- of the fuselage tank with the new and bigger Leopard has additional protection, including target drones of different sizes, which per The entire engagement lasted less than 10 air defence place, at the right time”. The ministers be backed up by two more brigades “as a Very interesting is the 2.75” Laser Guided ter, AT-802 Arc Angel Border Patrol Aircraft editor-in-Chief: Dr. Peter Bossdorf system and NATO) (Photo: Missile, so called “CIRIT”, an all-up round nose bearing most of the main gear. The com- overall coverage, mine protection, an extra formed a large variety of realistic evasive seconds with a direct hit. agreed on the implementation of a so rapid reinforcement capability in case of and on EC635 Light Combat Helicopter. weapon stations, autonomous stationary/ deputy editor-in-Chief: Henning Bartels manoeuvres, were directly hit. The third firing was carried out against is planned to called Spearhead Force. a major crisis. Altogether, the enhanced missile designed to eliminate light armored, CIRIT is also integrated on vehicle mounted mobile weapon platforms, stabilized naval Managing editors: Dorothee Frank (newslet- pany Saab stated, that the new fighter has an bomblet protection for the turret, a modern The first target was engaged at a distance of a very small, fast and agile target drone - be a compo- Also the NATO Response Force will be en- NATO Response Force will count up to stationary/moving opportunity targets with weapon platforms for patrol boats and Tac- ter) and Stephen Barnard (magazine) increase of 40% in internal fuel capacity. command system and an improved fire-con- more than 30 km. The IRIS-T SL missile flight featuring high agility and extreme mano nent of the future German Air and Missile hanced. The Defence Ministers agreed on around 30,000 troops.” high precision and affordable cost. CIRIT, tical UAV. The combat proven CIRIT has a editors: Gerhard Heiming (gwh), Yuri Laski (yl) Defence System. designed as the main weapon system of Apart from this two additional weapon sta- trol system. time was about one minute reaching an alti- euvrebility. A direct hit was achieved at a quite long range with 8 km, MEMS Based tude above 12 km. Despite an evasive mano- range of 12.5 km range at an altitude of 1.5 www.diehl.com/en/diehl-defence.html T-129 ATAK Turkish attack helicopter, is in- IMU, restriction-free components, Type V Layout: davis creativ media GmbH, Bonn, tions have been installed. The JAS Gripen E At the moment the Swedish Armed Forces euvre involving changing direction and alti- km even though the drone performed ag- NORdeFCO plans more cooperation border defence cooperation. Also Sweden from Estonia, Finland, Latvia, Lithuania insensitive munitions characteristics for Germany tude, a direct hit of the target was achieved. (Photo: Roketsan)warhead and rocket motor against bullet im- Photo front page: Matthias Kabel will also have a new landing gear, modern sen- plan further improvements and uses of the (df) The Nordic Defense Cooperation is pushing forward an initiative to form and Norway. te Connectivity nes and IED, which will be completed by pact and liquid fluid fire and smart launcher. sor configuratuions like the Selex Skyward-G Leopard. Especially the communication sys- (NORDEFCO), consisting of Denmark, Fin- a modular Nordic-Baltic battle group The aims of the Swedish initiatives are to guarantor of basic protection against small mine-protection-seats and spall-liners. A (df) TE Connectivity will display it’s latest www.roketsan.com.tr Published by land, Iceland, Norway and actual chaired (NBBG), that could be seen as a counter- give more protection to areas, such as Arc- infrared search and track (IRST) turret or the tems and a weight reduced armour system are Protected Bulat 6x6 for the fire and shell splinters. The V-shaped bel- remote weapon station may be fitted to electrical interconnect solutions that provi- vehicle must carry. The result of networ Mittler Report Verlag GmbH by Sweden, wants to improve the collec- part of the EU Nordic Battle Group (NBG), tic region or Baltic Sea. Russian Army ly provides protection against blast of mi- the roof. Kamaz contributes subsystems - de connectivity and high-speed data trans- king is an overall reduction in the size and A company of Tamm Media Group advanced interrogation friend-or-foe suite. in the focus. Elements of the Leopard 2A7, in tive border defence by installing a cross- that is led by Sweden with soldiers coming www.government.se (gwh) The Russian Army has ordered 50 like the Diesel power train with 191 kW in mission for networking in armored vehicles weight of systems within each vehicle, less - space savings, and a variety of options in service at the German Armed Forces, will be cluding transmissions and suspensions for - in electronic warfare and C4ISR applications. redundancy in the network, and yet great Mittler Report Verlag GmbH protected type Bulat SBA-60-K2 armoured The equipment fit inclu gigabit and 10 Gigabit Ethernet (GbE) con Next generation submarine included. personnel carriers for a crew of ten from axles and wheels. Goldstein new General Manager A system of networked ground vehicles ability for vehicles to share data and elec- nectivity to help meet tough application

Baunscheidtstrasse 11 Khlopotov) A. (Photo: Improved HAWK Officer Course at the GAF Manager des a central tire inflation system (CTIS), air NAMeAdSMA provides situational awareness for troops tronic warfare capabilities. challenges. Also on display at the booth, - 53113 Bonn, Germany The first programme on procuring modern sub- Additionally Sweden purchased three Leguan the manufacturer Zashcita. The first 15 are Air Defense School, Ft. Bliss, Texas, in 1981. & Director to be delivered before the end of 2015. conditioning, fire suppression system and on the battlefield, as well as reduces the TE will feature several rugged and flexible TE will be showcasing its compact, high- Phone: +49 228 350087-0 (df) Col. Michael T. Goldstein of the Ger- Later, Goldstein served as a platoon leader Technical In- marines to replace the four Walrus serving in bridge layers on Leopard 2 chassis. In this vari- With less than 20 tons gross weight the racks for personal weapons. number of independent systems that each end-to-end solutions that offer design speed CeeLok FAS-T connector. The CeeLok Telefax: +49 228 350087-1 man Air Force was assigned the position Hawk at the 4th Battery SAM Battalion 34 tegration on NAMEADSMA) (Photo: the Swedish Navy, known as the A26 program- ant, the Leguan is capable of laying a 26 metre vehicle features a payload of 3.5 tons www.zashchita.ru engineers modularity for easy integra- FAS-T connector among the most rugged, Email: [email protected] of General Manager of the NATO Medium in Manching, later Head of Patriot Scena- 01 July 2014 depending on the protection level. The tion, advanced components for weight and 10 GbE, field terminable I/O connectors in www.mittler-report.de me, has been cancelled in February 2014. Then bridge or two 14 metre bridges independent Extended Air Defense System Manage- rio Generation Seciton, GAFADS, Ft. Bliss, and now Ge- FN herstal all-welded steel monocoque hull is the the defence marketplace. going to test the containers with regard to ment Agency (NAMEADSMA) on 01 Febru- Texas. Other assignments included Deputy neral Mana- Managing Directors: Thomas Bantle, Dr. Peter in December 2014 an agreement between of each other, whose MLC 80 (approx. 70 ton- (df) FN Herstal will show several of it’s www.te.com ary 2015. He took over the responsibili- System Manager Patriot at the Federal Mi- ger & Direc- Bossdorf and Peter Tamm Saab and Damen Shipyards was announced nes) load capacity can be used by even heavy ners from Multicon Solar and can be used if and how solar power can be integrated modern weapon systems and firearms at fence, this highly modular system gives Smart energy container ties from Gregory Kee, who had been the nistry of Defence for almost three years. On tor Technical The company is located in Bonn as power plants for military camps and bi- with the energy supply of military camps. IDEX and also be hosting a variety of exhi- naval ships and coastguards the armament to jointly develop, offer and build the next equipment. Dorothee Frank agency‘s General Manager since Novem- 01 August 2012 Goldstein became Director Integration District Court of Bonn – HRB 18658 (gwh) The German Armed Forces have - vouacs. They are designed to replace or to - www.multicon-solar.de bits that allow attendees to view up close to be in control at all times. It can be moun- ber 2008. Goldstein joined the German Air Technical Integration at NAMEADSMA, fol- NAMEADSMA. Identification number DE 811 223 089 procured mobile containers with high per bolster fuel-operated generators. The Ger www.aleo-solar.de its equipment. On display for the first time ted on a variety of vessels, from fast patrol formance photovoltaic modules from Aleo man procurement agency BAAINBw is now Force on 01 July 1975 and completed the lowed by the position as Deputy General http://meads-amd.com/ in the Middle East will be FN Herstal’s Sea boats up to large ships, and its universal Solar. The modules are integrated in contai- deFNder remote weapon station. cradle can house an extensive range of FN Whether intercepting smugglers, running Herstal weaponry. It support for Norwegian logistics (Photo: FN Herstal) fitted to a number of the Volvo Group‘s civil 1999 for military logistics including con- repair, overhaul (MRO), and supply chain. anti-terrorism operations, or for self-de- Packed with several new features, the Sea hybrid drive system vehicles that have demonstrated pollution (gwh) The Swedish International Financial figuration management, document and The Navy’s recent decision to cover addi- deFNder also has a sight module (CCD + pad control handle, and 2-axis gyroscope reduction and consumption qualities, and Services company (IFS) has rolled out the spare parts management, maintenance, tional users means that IFS’s industry solu- (gwh) As part of an advanced design plan Defense) Trucks Renault (Photo: IR uncooled or cooled), one-hand or game to provide rock solid stability on any naval Savox Communications assigned to Renault Trucks Defense, the could now be used for military applications. IFS applications to cover additional Navy tion will empower more personnel working operation. Electer demonstrator fitted with a parallel The features of the hybrid drive system are: personnel, now supporting 2,500 users deployed on one of its vessels or on land. (df) Savox Communications will be unvei- www.fnherstal.com hybrid drive system and developed on the Booster with more than 170 kW additional Large generator delivering power of up to in the Armed Forces with mission-critical The solution is distributed between vessels ling at IDEX a new future infantry soldier nally in the Middle East, where Savox alrea- (Photo: FMV) (Photo: basis of a VAB MK III has been delivered to electrical power, thereby reducing its tac- - 15 kW for mobile internal and 70 kW for configuration management, MRO, and lo- and onshore sites, also offering integration modernisation headgear system that has dy has a number of Special Forces custo- static external use. the French defence procurement agency tical “leap forward” time. Stealth mobili gistics. with the government finance and HR sys- major applications for soldiers on tomor mers, and globally. system, IMP, on which CPIC is based. The www.renault-trucks-defense.com (DGA) on 13 January 2015. ty to move silently over more than 10 km The Norwegian Armed Forces (Air Force, tem. row’s battlefield, as well as for homeland Savox will also show the compact intercom new intercom system is suited to applica- Combining an electric machine and a Diesel through the sole use of the electric motor. Army, and Navy including the Coast Guard) www.forsvaret.no security and special ops forces, both regio-- system, CPIC. The system broadens the tions on land, for the widest B-vehicle in engine, the parallel hybrid drive system is have been using IFS Applications since www.ifsworld.com C3 capabilities of Savox’ software-defined ventory, and at sea, aboard smaller vessels, lightweight, rugged command and control such as RIBs, as well as the largest, such as - destroyers and aircraft carriers. www.savox.com

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November 2017 · European Security & Defence 37 COUNTRY FOCUS: FINLAND The Finnish Defence Industrial Base Capabilities and Perspectives

Tuija Karanko

Photo: via author In Finland, a viable and competitive domestic defence industry is a fun- damental element of credible national defence. Finnish technological expertise plays an important role for the entirety of the defence system and for the security of defence equipment supplies.

frastructures that are necessary for safe- tional cooperation. guarding the population's living condi- As a non-allied country, Finland cannot tions, maintaining a functioning society, build its defence planning on military as- and sustaining the material preconditions sistance from abroad. We must be capa- for upholding national defence in all situ- ble to independently repel any possible ith a few exceptions, most Finnish de- ations. The Finnish defence industry plays threat. Wfence, aerospace and security com- a crucial role in securing the military secu- All new defence materiel must meet re- panies are privately owned SMEs. Many of rity of supply in Finland. quired multilateral standards and be in- them operate also in other industrial sec- Finland is situated in the Northern corner teroperable. Being able to receive assis- tors. The cumulative turnover within the of Europe. Growing internationalisation tance from abroad sets requirements also defence, aerospace and security defence and inter-dependency has increased the for our defence industry. The companies sector was approximately €1.4Bn. in 2016, importance of security of supply. The need to sustain certain knowledge and representing an increase of 16 % if com- possibilities to safeguard security of sup- capabilities for repairing and integrating pared to the previous year. Direct employ- ply solely by domestic means have weak- possible new systems and sub-systems to ment in 2016 was some 6,100 and indirect ened and – as we have seen in the past our systems under any conditions. This 15,000. International markets and compe- few years - we are highly dependent on knowledge-based Security of Supply is titions are vital for Finnish companies. The the global economy, exports and interna- very important for us. amount of exports varies between 40 to 50% annually. Products produced by AFDA member companies are well known and

used all over the world. Photo: Ex13

Finnish defence, aerospace and security Photo: FN Herstal companies invest significantly in R&D. In av- erage, R&D investments constitute approxi- mately 15% of their turnover. The Finnish industry is internationally acknowledged for producing high-quality, premium prod- ucts with long life-cycle performance and for innovative methods for the utilisation and implementation of technology.

Security of Supply

Security of supply is a very broad concept in Finland. It encompasses the capacity to maintain the basic social activities and in- Author Tuija Karanko is the Secretary Gen- eral of the Association of the Finnish Defence and Aerospace Industries FN® FCU Mk3 Fire Control Unit for 40mm Grenades, co-developed by (AFDA): www.defenceindustries.fi Belgian small arms manufacturer FN Herstal and its Finnish subsidiary Noptel specialising in optoelectronics

38 European Security & Defence · November 2017 COUNTRY FOCUS: FINLAND Photo: Robonic

Robonic Ltd Oy (a subsidiary of Safran Electronics & Defense) has signed a contract to deliver a third-genera- tion KONTIO pneumatic launcher to the Swedish Defence Materiel Administration (FMV) for use at its Vidsel Test Range.

However, like in almost every nation, it the systems’ life-cycle management, AFDA is important to understand that the na- production, research and development, tional defence forces alone cannot sus- planning and design as well as the ca- AFDA, the Association of Finnish Defence tain the domestic defence industry. The pabilities to integrate, maintain and re- and Aerospace Industries, is the voice of the industry must establish itself in an inter- pair the systems, also in times of crises. Finnish companies operating within defence, national market and seek growth from aerospace and security. new business and services. Partnerships AFDA is a non-profit organisation and it has over 110 member companies. It works in Finnish Capabilities Certain Finnish companies act as strate- close cooperation with the Finnish Ministry gic partners or partners of the defence of Defence, the Finnish Defence Forces and Finland is one of the world’s top coun- forces. A major part of army, navy and air other security authorities in Finland. AFDA tries in innovation. The country is con- force maintenance has been outsourced was founded in 1994 and is a part of The tinuously ranked number one in terms to domestic companies. Strategic part- Technology Industries of Finland. Assisting of education and professionalism. This nership means commitment to coop- member companies in their networking and creates a good infrastructure for the eration, developing operations together export activities are amongst AFDA’s priori- defence, aerospace and security indus- and creating competitive advantage for ties. tries. both parties. The idea is that the defence AFDA is a member in the Aerospace and De- Finnish industries focus on certain niche forces can focus on their core business, fence Industries Association of Europe (ASD). areas. Finland is the home for global while companies take the responsibility AFDA represents the Finnish defence industry market leaders in armoured wheeled for maintenance and other support func- in NIAG (NATO Industrial Advisory Group), in vehicles, turreted mortar systems, lo- tions EDA and in Nordic Cooperation. L gistics and certain C2 systems. Finnish companies have also great com- petence in mobility, ammunition and explosives, C4ISTAR, cyber and in the Photo: Bittium design of novel surface combatant ships with full 4D high-end warfare ca- pabilities. The industry know-how is al- so extended to dual-use products with security solutions and civilian applica- tions becoming increasingly important. The Governmental Resolution on Secur- ing the Defence Industrial Base (2016) lists the critical capability areas in Fin- land. Those are: C4ISTAR, engagement and protection. Critical technologies and associated systems are related to those including i.e. material technolo- gies, structural engineering and sys- tems engineering. The government acknowledges that within these areas it is necessary to en- sure that Finland has the required tech- Bittium is among the international leaders in the area of tactical wire- nology and engineering know-how for less IP networks. Shown here is the company's TAC WIN Radio Head I.

November 2017 · European Security & Defence 39  ARMED FORCES Alliance Ground Surveillance

The Alliance Ground Surveillance (AGS) system will be NATO’s eyes in the sky to observe what is happening on the ground. The system consists of five remotely piloted aircraft providing surveillance of large areas at any time and in any weather. NATO is procuring AGS to mitigate challenges in gathering and sharing intelligence identified in operations in Afghanistan and over Libya. As such, it will be an essential element of NATO’s effort to bolster its Joint Intelligence Surveillance and Reconnaissance (JISR) capability, through a specific NATO asset. However, the effect of AGS, once put into service, will far exceed the lessons learned from these theatres. This article shows that AGS is more than a squadron of aircraft; it is a multinational Air Force flying under the banner of NATO. AGS will significantly change how the Alliance conducts intelligence operations. Embedded in the interplay with other systems, AGS will strengthen NATO’s strategic role to guarantee peace and security in Europe and North America. And in addition, AGS will symbolise NATO’s presence wherever deployed.

Camille Grand Photo: NATO NATO identified gaps in collecting and With its efforts to bring Allies closer to- processing relevant information to rapidly gether and to further enable cooperation produce the intelligence it needed. Taking today and in the future, NATO makes Allies this into account and noting today’s com- more than just a sum of their parts. A fun- plex security environment, the implications damental cornerstone of this endeavour is from identifying such critical gaps go far the Alliance Ground Surveillance (AGS) Pro- beyond Afghanistan or Libya. From both gramme. AGS represents one of the most military and political points of view, words wide-ranging efforts to mitigate NATO’s can only be backed up by actions if Allies biggest challenges in the area of Joint ISR: are capable of conducting military missions Closing the above-mentioned gap in col- together. In this sense, solidarity within lecting and rapidly sharing intelligence. NATO is not only a matter of political will, The impact of AGS, however, goes further but also a matter of being able to operate than just mitigating challenges; it will have as one in order to ensure the security of a transformative impact on the Alliance on more than 900 million citizens in Europe many levels. AGS will deliver significant ef- and North America. fects in the operational realm as well as at nformation is key on the battlefield. Effec- Itive planning and execution of operations relies on providing the right information to the right people at the right time in the right format. Nonetheless, the demand for Intelligence Surveillance and Recon- naissance (ISR) collection sensors and their Photo: Northrop Grumman associated analysts generally exceeds sup- ply. When NATO conducts joint missions, it is therefore essential that the information gathered is effectively shared across allied forces to make the most efficient use of these scarce resources. It was in the mountains and plains of Af- ghanistan and in the sky over Libya where Author Camille Grand has been Assistant Secretary General for Defence Invest- ment, NATO Headquarters, since 4 October 2016. The air segment of AGS consists of five RQ-4B GLOBAL HAWK Block 40 remotely piloted aircraft and flight control elements.

40 European Security & Defence · November 2017 ARMED FORCES  the strategic level. Before showcasing the different effects of AGS across these di- mensions, it is worth turning to the techni- cal dimension first in order to better under- stand what AGS is comprised of and what Photo: Italian Air Force capabilities it brings to NATO.

The Technical Dimension: What is AGS? The AGS core is comprised of air, ground, and support segments. The air segment consists of five RQ-4B GLOBAL HAWK Block 40 remotely piloted aircraft and flight control elements. The fuselage of the air- craft is nearly as big as a city bus and its impressive wingspan of almost 40 metres exceeds that of an Airbus A320. The GLOBAL HAWKs can reach a maximum speed of more than 340 knots per hour and are able to fly at altitudes of up to 60,000 feet and stay airborne for more than 32 hours. Each of the five aircraft will be equipped with a state-of-the-art, multi-platform radar technology insertion programme (MP-RTIP) ground surveillance radar sen- sor, enabling operations in all-weather to track moving targets, as well as an exten- AGS will be based at Sigonella Air Base in Sicily, Italy. sive suite of line-of-sight and beyond-line- of-sight, long-range, wideband data links. a squadron of GLOBAL HAWKs, but rather capability and the NATO-specific require- This air segment is accompanied by ground it is almost an international Air Force being ments represent a challenging endeavour and support segments to provide all neces- built from the ground up. AGS will thus be and AGS is a demanding and complex sary communication capabilities and sup- NATO’s first fully owned and operated Joint programme. Industry and all NATO stake- port facilities to operate AGS. ISR collection asset. holders are working hard to deliver an op- AGS will be based at Sigonella in Italy. AGS has made important steps since the in- erationally suitable capability that will meet Work is moving fast to ensure the base is itial contract was signed at NATO’s Chicago the high expectations on the programme in ready to receive the new aircraft. We have Summit in 2012. The system has demon- a timely manner. made huge progress on the infrastructure strated its capabilities through multiple test Once the AGS Force starts to deploy the work, delivery of ground stations, and the flights conducted in California in the United aircraft operationally, the system will en- continued growth of NATO’s AGS Force States. The first NATO AGS GLOBAL HAWK able the Alliance to perform persistent sur- – which is, in reality, a multinational Air is expected to fly next year from the US veillance over wide areas. The system will Force. Indeed, AGS is much more than just to Sigonella. The brand new nature of the be able to observe activities on the ground

November 2017 · European Security & Defence 41  ARMED FORCES

naissance report with an aircraft communi- cations intercept report, which generates the useful Intelligence that helps to answer Photo: US Army the ‘why’ and thus helps decision makers to make more informed and timely deci- sions. This makes Joint ISR one of the most essential NATO capabilities. AGS, with its intelligence collection and exploitation ca- pabilities, sits very much at the heart of it. Despite its importance, AGS is only one element in NATO’s Joint ISR efforts. Since the end of missions in Afghanistan and Libya, the Alliance has striven to improve its Joint ISR capabilities in many ways. As part of these efforts, NATO and national staffs have worked together, deepening technical interconnectivity for informa- tion sharing. This helps NATO bodies and Allies in the provision and dissemination US Army General Martin E. Dempsey, at that time Chairman of the US of intelligence products and is helping to Joint Chiefs of Staff, during his visit to the headquarters for the NATO- lay the groundwork for integrating AGS led Resolute Support Mission in July 2015. The missions in Afghanistan into NATO. Last year, the NATO Response and Libya gave a stimulus to the Alliance to improve its Joint ISR capa- Force (NRF) benefitted from such improve- bilities. ments enhancing the situational aware- ness through heightened proficiency in and provide unique data and information of collecting such information when com- collecting, processing, and exchanging that analysts can feed into enhanced intel- pared to the alternatives of either satellites intelligence across that multinational force. ligence reports. These reports provide par- or manned aircraft. In a wider context, this underscores that ticular value when fused with other types Depending on the theatre in which the improvements in Joint ISR help Allies to of data by Allies, like signals and communi- system is deployed, the sorts of informa- operate more effectively together and will cation intelligence. tion the aircraft’s radar sensor will provide ultimately contribute to a better informed to NATO range from detecting ground and more watchful Alliance. The Operational Dimension: movement, to helping identify potential However, NATO is not just providing infra- AGS as a New Instrument in IEDs, and monitoring maritime traffic. In structure to enable intelligence sharing or the Intelligence Toolbox a scenario with NATO troops deployed on fielding a new sensor with AGS. In fact, the the ground, AGS can be used to assist com- Alliance is significantly increasing its capac- The unique data produced by the heavy manders with situational awareness and ity to process and exploit the data collected radar sensors of these aircraft will make their management of the battle-space. through AGS. This means more operators AGS a new instrument in NATO’s Joint ISR Even in counter-terrorism operations, the and intelligence analysts from various toolbox, thereby bringing a transformative system could provide Allies with vital in- NATO nations who work in other NATO capability to the Alliance that, thus far, no telligence. Data collected by the high-alti- bodies will be used to fuse and leverage nation other than the United States is able tude long-endurance system can be used information collected and to disseminate to field for operations. to identify training camps or hideaways. high-quality intelligence products within Flying at high altitudes and considerable Moreover, AGS data fused with additional the Alliance. With this increase in NATO’s stand-off distances near areas of interest, intelligence feeds provided by Allies, fur- in-house intelligence capabilities, AGS will AGS will bring Allies a number of advan- ther opens up the possibility of AGS as- have a transformative effect on the Alli- tages in future missions. First, the system sisting to track targets of interest linked to ance. The Alliance will fulfil a function that provides data in near real time and both a terrorism. has thus far been almost exclusively com- Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR), providing These examples involving AGS underpin pleted on the national level, making NATO an overall picture, and a Ground Moving the importance of interoperability within an even more important player in future Target Indicator (GMTI), to track moving the Alliance. Without systems and data coalition operations. objects, to NATO decision makers. Second, that fit together, handling and fusing in- As mentioned, AGS data can be fused AGS will be capable of observing huge ar- formation critical for operations becomes with other intelligence products, provided eas of land and sea during both day and a near impossible endeavour. Establishing through Joint ISR contributions from Allied night in all weather. Third, a major advan- interoperability between the myriad of dif- nations. For instance, France and the UK tage AGS will bring to NATO is its persis- ferent systems utilised by Allies in joint op- plan to provide significant amounts of intel- tence in surveillance: As mentioned above, erations is thus vital to allow the necessary ligence to AGS through their national ‘Con- each of the five aircraft has an endurance and timely flow and fusing of Joint ISR data tributions in Kind’. When it comes to air of more than 32 hours, and the AGS Force and information. surveillance, data can also be derived from can operate them in rotating orbits to con- The information and data that Surveillance NATO Airborne Early Warning & Control stantly cover particular areas. This not only and Reconnaissance assets can collect help System (AWACS). enables a greater understanding of what to answer questions of 'what', ‘where’ and In a scenario where AGS observes ground is occurring on the ground or at sea, but 'when'. However, it is the synergy gained by activities and NATO AWACS is used to it represents a far more economical model fusing, for example, a Special Forces Recon- monitor the airspace and conduct critical

42 European Security & Defence · November 2017 ARMED FORCES  airborne surveillance for the Alliance, fusing the information provided by both systems might be useful to provide an even more comprehensive picture. In addition to the provision of information, NATO AWACS provides essential command and control roles for operations. One recent example that is having a major impact is AWACS’ battle management support to the global coalition against ISIS, where the system is supporting the de-confliction of aircraft in the region. Combining both systems can help commanders to make better deci-

sions and effectively manage the interplay Photo: NATO between ground forces and air support in NATO has started preparing for a successor to the AWACS E-3A fleet by the future. launching the Allied Future Surveillance and Control (AFSC) project.

The Strategic Dimension: its successor by launching the Allied Future further enhanced once AGS becomes op- AGS, AWACS and AFSC Surveillance and Control (AFSC) Project. erational. Wherever AGS will be deployed At the July 2016 Warsaw Summit, Heads in the future, it will highlight NATO’s pres- Bearing the effects on operations in mind, of State and Government agreed to refine ence and will furthermore show the watch- it is worth zooming out and taking a look at both what is required as future surveillance ful eyes of an Alliance of 29 nations com- the strategic picture. Together with NATO capability and how it might be delivered to mitted to peace, security and international AWACS, AGS is not only an important ele- the Alliance. stability. ment in the operational realm but a stra- Under AFSC, NATO is currently undertak- Although AGS is not yet ready for opera- tegic enabler that can indeed assist in ful- ing studies to examine how future require- tions, the programme sends a clear politi- filling long-term strategies to face various ments might be fulfilled. The aim, in the cal message: First, AGS is being acquired emerging threats today and in the future. current phase of AFSC, is to design a capa- by 15 Allies and will be made available For political decision making, comprehen- bility ‘blueprint’ to determine what a future to the entire Alliance. All Allies agreed to sive intelligence can help to develop future system might look to do. At present it is too contribute to the AGS capability through political strategies, adjust diplomatic instru- early to tell what such a system will look contributions covering the establishment ments and serve as evidence to react in like. AFSC could be anything from a re- of the AGS main operating base, as well appropriate ways to violations or threats by placement wide body aircraft, to a remote- as to communications and life-cycle sup- either State or Non-State actors. Thus, the ly piloted aircraft or a “system of systems” port of the AGS fleet. Both these aspects il- information collected through AGS, NATO including airborne, ground, and space plat- lustrate NATO’s multinational commitment AWACS and other sensors will give the Alli- forms linked within a command and con- to invest together in future security and ance a strategic decision advantage. trol network in order to replace AWACS. defence. Second, similar to NATO AWACS In order to maintain and further improve Allies have asked the NATO staff to take a crews, the AGS Force consists of special- NATO’s strategic position in a changing completely fresh look at what the military ists and operators from all NATO nations, security environment, the Alliance has to needs and to examine what solution op- embodying the unity of the Alliance on a think long-term. With the decision to de- tions might exist, in order to provide an up- daily basis. Third, AGS is a direct answer velop AGS, NATO has taken a future-ori- to-date airspace surveillance and control to lessons learned and sits at the heart of ented step to mitigate challenges. The capability ready for future challenges. With NATO’s endeavour to improve interoper- effort will improve NATO’s Joint ISR capa- the further evolution of AFSC, the system’s ability, symbolising the Alliance’s ability to bilities, making the Alliance ready for up- outlook is expected to become clearer by mitigate challenges, to provide enhanced coming missions both today and in the next 2022. Just like AGS, AFSC will be another joint capabilities, and even to transform its few decades. milestone in the endeavour to improve the way of operating in order to face future While AGS is a new system, NATO’s interoperability among Allies. missions. AWACS E-3A aircraft have been serv- Such context demonstrates the unique ing the Alliance since the 1980s. At the The Political Dimension: character of NATO, as Allies came together Warsaw Summit in 2016, Heads of State Sending Clear Signals in unity to agree on policies, resources and and Government committed that: “NATO requirements to develop, acquire and op- AWACS will continue to be modernised Thus far, NATO AWACS E-3A aircraft have erate such a highly sophisticated system and extended in service until 2035.” The been NATO’s only operational flying unit. within the framework of the Alliance. AGS 16 NATO Nations that fund the core NATO The fleet has not only proven to be an im- brings a new capability to NATO that thus AWACS programme are now examining portant military tool, but also an impor- far no other NATO nation, other than the how best to conduct a final upgrade pro- tant political instrument. NATO AWACS United States, has fielded. With AGS, with gramme, which will make the fleet relevant has been deployed on every NATO mis- the lifetime extension and modernisation until 2035, after which AWACS will retire. sion since the early 1980s and has become of AWACS, with the development of AFSC, As the NATO AWACS E-3A fleet is under- an iconic symbol of the Alliance. Indeed, and with the further evolution of Joint ISR, going modernisation to ensure worldwide the hard power message of deploying the Alliance is sending a clear signal to the airspace access and to further improve its such a capability with the NATO star on the rest of the world, that NATO is ready to surveillance capabilities for one last time, fuselage should not be underestimated. face current and emerging challenges of NATO has already started thinking about This political messaging by NATO will be the 21st century. L

November 2017 · European Security & Defence 43  ARMED FORCES "We need to have the new F-110 frigates by 2023 or 2024."

ince April this year, Admiral Teodoro ESD: Due to the economic crisis, the Span- SLópez Calderón (Cartagena, 1954) has ish Navy lost the PRÌNCIPE led a team of 20,290 sailors and 111 ships. DE ASTURIAS in 2013. Was there really no

He is the Chief of Staff of the Spanish Navy, Photo: Mod Spain other choice? dubbed in the Spanish military as “the AJEMA” Adm. López: There was no option since the (Almirante Jefe del Estado Mayor de la Ar- economic scenarios imposed it. We have mada). He joined the Navy in 1973. Previous used that budget to maintain other ships. assignments included positions as the leader of a NATO maritime group and the Head of ESD: The twelve HARRIER VTOL jets of the Operation Command in the Spanish Armed Spanish Navy are nearing the end of their Forces whose main objectives were the de- service life. Will Spain maintain fixed wing ployment of the new training mission of the aircraft on board of the LHD JUAN CARLOS I? Spanish troops in the scope of the INHER- Adm. López: We believe that the HARRI- ENT RESOLVE mission in Iraq as well as the ERs can be kept in service until 2027. These withdrawal from Afghanistan. airborne elements on board represent a Adm. López: The initial weight problem of very important capacity. They allows us to ESD: After years of budgetary reductions, the design phase has been solved. The S-81 project our land forces in any part of the what is the current situation of the Spanish submarine is under construction, we call it world without the need of other bases or Navy? S-80 Plus because we had to lengthen it airports in the world. It also gives us a very Adm. López: The cuts forced us to concen- and give it a little more volume. We plan important deterrent capacity. The Spanish trate the efforts in support of those units to have four new submarines. Now the Government and politicians must decide demanded for the operations. This had an problems that exist are those that come whether they want to maintain that ca- impact on the units that were not deployed along with any programme with high pacity. The Spanish Navy believes that it in the scope of the operations and the level technological content. We believe that the should be maintained because once it is of enlistment of which was reduced for this Spanish industry will resolve the issues. We lost, it will cost much effort to regenerate reason. Besides, there has also been a sig- are hopeful that the third submarine of it in the future. nificant reduction in personnel during the the series will be commissioned with an last seven years. In addition, 27 ships have air-independent propulsion (AIP) system. ESD: Is the Spanish Navy interested in been decommissioned during the last nine We will have a technologically advanced the Lockheed Martin F-35B LIGHTNING years and seven new ones have been ac- submarine in the years to come. II fighter to replace the Harrier fleet? quired with a greater military value because Adm. López: There is not much to think they are adapted to current requirements. ESD: What is the programme schedule for about: it is the only existing model. The However, 20 ships have been lost that way. the new submarines? of the LHD JUAN CARLOS I only It is necessary to plan a renovation. Adm. López: We want the first submarine allows us to use short take-off and vertical- to be delivered in 2022 and to be fully op- landing (STOVL) fighters. The F-35B is the ESD: Which are the most indispensable erational by 2023. only choice on the market right now. needs for the Spanish Navy? Adm. López: The most indispensable needs are related to the staff and the materiel. As far as the staff is concerned we have to be clear on what kind of staff we need, both Photo: Navantia in terms of quantity and quality. From the point of view of the material, the first prior- ity is the new Class F110 frigates to replace our six SANTA MARIA Class (F-80) frigates which have completed more than 30 years of service. The SANTA MARIA Class frigates will lose their military value in 2019 or 2020, therefore it is necessary to have the new F-110 frigates by 2023 or 2024. For this rea- son, we would like to sign the construction contract with Navantia next year.

ESD: What can you tell us about the S-80 The BAM (Buque de Acción Marítima) METEORO is the first of class of submarine project? The Spanish Navy and the Spanish Navy’s six new 3,000-ton patrol ships, two of which are still Navantia have much at stake in that project… under construction.

44 European Security & Defence · November 2017 ESD: Is there any contact between Lock-

heed Martin, the Spanish Navy and the Graphic: ESD archives Spanish Ministry of Defence? Adm. López: We have not established any formal contacts with Lockheed Mar- tin. It is a decision to be taken in many years.

ESD: How many F-35s will the Spanish Navy require? Adm. López: That will have to be assessed, but 12 aircraft would maintain our current capacity.

ESD: What can you tell us about the new phase of the Maritime Action Ship (BAM). When will the new units enter service? Major sensor and weapon elements of the F-110 design. Adm. López: Our four BAMs are being The multimission bay can accommodate unmanned vehicles, successful in the ATALANTA Operation, special operations vessels or multipurpose containers. with deployments of four to five months. They are delivering the performance we ESD: Does the presence of “rescue” ESD: Will the Brexit generate any problems expected at a much lower cost than a frig- ships generate a pull effect? related to Gibraltar from the military point ate. There are now two more BAMs under Adm. López: I do not think there is a of view? construction with improvements to the ra- pull effect: it was first the thousands of Adm. López: We know there is a Brexit but dar. We hope to obtain a second series: people drowned in the sea, thrown in by we do not know the result. We are still una- three BAMs more as high patrol boats and the mafias, regardless of whether there ware of any agreements reached by the EU another submarine rescue ship to replace were ships waiting for them or not. As and the United Kingdom. On the subject of the Neptuno. long as Libya remains as it is now, they Gibraltar, as Spain will have the last word ESD: The F-105 frigate Cristóbal Colón will continue to do so. and the Veto right, I understand that a rea- has just completed a deployment of four ESD: Spain is showing itself very active sonable agreement will be reached. There months in Australia to support the Royal in the military deployments of NATO: the will be no problems on either side. We hon- Australian Navy. How do you assess the standing maritime groups, Baltic air polic- estly do not think the Brexit will complicate operation? ing in Estonia, the new mission in Latvia the situation in Gibraltar. Adm. López: It has been a very favourable with six tanks. Is the 2% of GDP spend- opportunity for us and even more favour- ing debate a fair criterion? Countries like ESD: How do you explain the disruptive ac- able for the Australian Navy. It allowed us spend more than 2% but hardly tions by vessels around the Rock? to deploy a ship at low cost. It has also been contribute to missions ... Adm. López: It is a familiar subject. The a support for the national industry. Adm. López: It can be a great criterion if United Kingdom’s interpretation of the ju- it is nuanced. But evidently it is a fact of risdiction of Spanish waters is different from ESD: That is true… because the state- the average effort that the Alliance would ours. As the Treaty of Utrecht says, all the owned shipbuilder Navantia expects to need to assume part of the burden that waters surrounding the Rock are not within get a new contract to build nine frigates now supports the US, which is the bottom its jurisdiction; however, they say they are. for the Royal Australian Navy... line. Then there are countries that spend a For this reason, we will have a litigation. Adm. López: As part of its tasks the percentage higher than 2% but do not as- The interview was conducted by Navy must support the national industry. sign it for the service of the Alliance. Esteban Villarejo. This is a doctrine included in the National Defence Directive of 2012.

ESD: Is the EU Operation SOPHIA being effective in ending the illegal immigration mafias that act from Libya?

Adm. López: It is true that it covers an Photo: Jesus Penas Suarez important activity to save lives at sea, but as long as the Libyan State is not capable of controlling its territory and territorial waters, it is difficult to solve the prob- lem of the mafias of migrants in Libya. Operation SOPHIA is not effective to end the mafias because the ships are not al- lowed to enter the territorial waters of Libya. Nonetheless, it has been success- ful and people related to these human After decommissioning of the Spanish Navy's fleet of twelve trafficking mafias are being captured as HARRIER VTOL aircraft (shown here), the country may consider the well. ­acquisition of the F-35's naval variant.

November 2017 · European Security & Defence 45 The Brussels Backdrop

Coping with the Rocket Man:

US and EU Approaches Joris Verbeurgt

n the course of 2017, the last relic from the ICold War has gradually replaced ISIS as the world’s dominating security threat. For twenty-five years, the North Korean regime

has defied the international community by Photo: Picture Alliance threatening its neighbour South Korea and Japan with war and devastation consti- tuted by long-range guided missiles with a nuclear payload. Since the UN Security Council Resolution 825 which urged North Korea to reconsider its withdrawal from the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty in 1993, more than a dozen resolutions have passed condemning its missile and nuclear programme and calling upon the country to comply with its international obligations. The supreme leaders of North Korea, Kim Jong-il, and as from 2011 his son Kim Jong- Military Parade in Pyongyang in April 2017 un, have disregarded all appeals to denu- clearise, abusing international mediation bomb. More than two decades of UN Army of North Korea is a formidable fight- and talks to receive billions worth of cash resolutions, negotiations and economic ing force, the strength and capabilities of and goods, including food for the starv- sanctions had become void. which should not be underestimated. ing North Korean people. In the meantime, South Korean armed forces comprise some the country has continued to expand its The North Korean Threat 660,000 troops. However, they are better nuclear arsenal and to upgrade the range in Perspective equipped than their Northern counterparts. of its missiles. Especially the South Korean Air Force is tech- Now Donald Trump has entered the stage Besides operational long-range missiles and nologically more advanced and superior to as President of the United States. Already nuclear warheads, Pyongyang disposes of Pyongyang’s air force. There are 28,000 in his pre-electoral speeches on foreign tons of chemical (mustard gas and nerve American soldiers deployed in South Korea. policy, he had proclaimed that he would agents) and biological (cholera, the plague, In the waters around the Korean peninsula, make the Pacific the United States’ prior- typhus, yellow fever and smallpox) weap- the US has two aircraft carriers and a doz- ity region of interest. He kept his word, ons and the devices to deliver them right on en other naval vessels equipped with long and since he took over the White House, target. Kim Jong-un is the Supreme Com- range missiles, including cruise missiles. the pressure on North Korea (and its sup- mander of the fifth largest conventional The Pentagon conducted a simulation porter China) has gradually increased. army in the world, with 1.1 million soldiers of how a war with North Korea could Kim Jong-un responded with heated and a reserve force of 7 million that can be look like. A military conflict on the Ko- rhetoric, massive propaganda and a show mobilised in no time. North Korean Special rean Peninsula would probably be the of force. On 29 August 2017, North Korea Forces, estimated at 125.000, form a well- most bloody and costly war since Viet- launched a HWASONG-12 ballistic mis- trained fighting machine, the largest of its nam – probably since WW2. Estimations sile that flew over the Japanese island of kind in the world. These elite-soldiers can of military casualties range from 300,000 Hokkaido, the second largest isle of the be deployed deep into South Korea and to 400,000 with at least an equal num- Japanese archipelago, causing fear and inflict serious damage to the lines of com- ber of civil casualties –in the first ninety consternation in Japan and other parts munication and logistics in the event of a days of war alone. The damage a war of Asia that realised to be within target war. Add to that the world’s largest artil- could do to South Korea would send range of Pyongyang. A few days later, lery force – 10,000 guns, mainly concen- shockwaves through the global econo- North Korean television triumphantly an- trated along the border with South Korea my. Seoul would be devastated and bear nounced that the country had success- and with Seoul within range of most of 150,000 dead within the first 48 hours fully conducted a test with a hydrogen the guns – and the fact that the People’s of the conflict.

46 European Security & Defence · November 2017 US Approach Americans from visiting North Korea and High Representative for Foreign Affairs and in August 2017, the Countering America’s Security Policy Federica Mogherini explained The Trump administration has come to the Adversaries Through Sanctions Act was the EU viewpoint: “Strengthening economic conclusion that the “soft approach” does put into force. On 21 September President pressure – sanctions, and keeping the door not work with the regime in Pyongyang. In Trump issued an executive order allowing of dialogue open, encouraging a meaning- his own provocative style and through his the US to freeze assets of any companies, ful, political, diplomatic, peaceful solution to preferred medium Twitter, Trump insulted businesses, organisations and individuals this crisis.” Mogherini added: “This is the North Korea and its leader Kim Jong-un. trading in goods, services or technology way that the European Union has been ad- For weeks, the president of the United with North Korea. Also any aircraft or ship vocating for in a very consistent manner over States and the Chairman of the Workers’ entering North Korea is banned for 180 all the months that are behind us with all our Party of Korea taunted each other. “Little days from entering the USA. A Statement means: through the European members of Rocket Man”, “madman”, “barking dog” from the White House said that “For- the UN Security Council, in what has been a and “mentally deranged US dotard” are eign financial institutions must choose perfectly-coordinated approach.” just four of the pet names the state lead- between doing business with the United On 16 October, the Foreign Affairs Council ers reserved for one another in this un- States or facilitating trade with North Ko- of the EU discussed the situation in the Ko- precedented display of public diplomacy. rea or its designated supporters.” A bold rean peninsula. Given the persistent threat More serious are the mutual threats that warning for China that is openly disap- to international peace and stability posed by were expressed: “fire and fury”, “suicide proving of North Korea’s behaviour but North Korea, the Council adopted new EU mission” and “merciless revenge” set is, at the same time, its main supporter autonomous measures taking immediate the tone. In his speech to the United Na- behind the scene. effect. These include a total ban on EU in- tions General Assembly on 19 September, vestments in North Korea in all sectors (and Trump warned that “The US has great What about the EU? not, as was the case previously, a ban limited strength and patience”. But he added: “If to investments in the nuclear and conven- we will be forced to defend ourselves or The EU is not directly concerned by the crisis tional arms-related industry and the sectors our allies, we will have no choice but to on the Korean peninsula: the distance be- of mining, refining and chemical industries, totally destroy North Korea.” Parallel to tween Europe and the Korea’s is such that metallurgy, metalworking and aerospace). the belligerent tone, firm actions underpin it cannot be reached by any weapon system The sale of refined petroleum products and the new US policy: the USS CARL VIN- that North Korea already disposes of. Neither crude oil to North Korea is totally banned SON was ordered in the direction of the does the EU border to the Pacific (like the US and the amount of personal remittances South-Chinese Sea in April 2017, Ameri- do) and its military-strategic interests in the transferred to North Korea is lowered from €15,000 to €5,000. In addition, member states agreed not to renew work authori- sations for North Korean nationals present Photo: UN on their territory, except for refugees and other persons benefiting from international protection. The ministers also agreed to ac- tively lobby for a robust implementation of all relevant UN Security Council resolutions by all UN member states. While the EU continues on the path of sanc- tions and diplomacy, the US threatens to use overwhelming force against North Korea if the country does not stop its provocations and the development of intercontinental On 11 September 2017 the UN Security Council adopted another reso- missiles and nuclear weapons. But it keeps lution expanding sanctions to additional sectors of the North Korean the door open for talks. The latter role is re- economy in response to the DPRK’s nuclear test. served for US Vice President Mike Pence, who repeatedly declared, amidst the bold state- can state-of-the-art THAAD anti-missile area are limited. However, as an ally of the ments of his president, that the US prefer a defence systems (Terminal High Altitude US and with enormous economic interests peaceful solution to the crisis. Will the “good Area Defense) are being deployed in South in Asia, the EU cannot stand by and merely cop, bad cop” tactics work on the regime Korea, exercises are being held and the watch. Lack of military power compels the in Pyongyang? Will the EU play a mediating sanction regime has been strengthened: EU to make the most of its soft power ca- role? The future will tell whether the stale- In July 2017, after the death of tourist Otto pacities. On 12 September, in a speech given mate will continue, progress will be made be- Warmbier, the US Government banned at the European Parliament plenary session, hind the scenes or whether war is imminent.

November 2017 · European Security & Defence 47  ARMED FORCES Italy’s 2017 Defence Budget and the 2017-2019 Planning Document

Luca Peruzzi

Notwithstanding the 2015 Defence White Paper plans to introduce (although at a slower pace than indi- cated) important reforms connected to the governance, operational model, personnel policy and a step forward in technology innovation, the budget assigned to Italy’s Defence in the following years is not only sufficient to support these reforms but also to maintain and further develop the national defence apparatus every year.

taly’s Defence 2017-2019 budget planning Based on Italy’s budget law for 2017, the in 2016), the operations funding remains Idocument (Documento Programmatico 2017-2019 Defence planning document critical. The 2017 ordinary budget devoted Pluriennale, DPP 2017-2019), released end has assigned to the years 2017, 2018 and to procurement levelled at €2.14Bn, which of July at the decree of Prime Minister Paolo 2019 a budget of respectively €20,261.8M will support ongoing programmes, provide Gentiloni's office, enhances public financ- (vs. €20Bm in 2016), €20,061.8M and special funding for operations and launch ing for a total of €47.5Bn in the 2017-2032 €20,027.3M corresponding to 1.19%, new procurement programmes, the latter timeframe, including €12.8Bn in extraordi- 1.14% and 1.11% of GDP, according to the for a total amount of €313.2M over the nary budget funding for Defence and Se- same document. The latter also include 2017-2019 period. curity provided by the Ministry of Economy the Carabinieri’s budget for internal secu- The PM Office's extra budget funding of and Finances (MEF). These funds inject new rity and homeland missions, in addition to €12.8Bn to be distributed over the 2017- resources for the purpose of these missions purely military duties as a smaller fraction. 2032 period allows not only new and on- going procurement programmes to be sustained, but also interventions in other sectors, including infrastructures, reclama- tions and seismic upgrading. However, due to concurrent social and infrastructure (disaster prevention) needs, the distribution over the 16 years sees a low funding contri- Photo: Royal Australian Navy bution for the first 10-year period, concen- trating most of the budget in the remaining six years. The Parliament Defence Commis- sions, however, asked to reverse this trend, in order to ensure a more stable flow of funding and support the Carabinieri’s new systems procurement. Thanks to the 2017-2019 planning docu- ment and the support provided by the 16 years extra budget funding, the Italian MoD The CARABINIERE Fregata Multi-Missione (FREMM) during a six-month will be able to launch a series of new afore- tour of and Australia. The procurement programme mentioned procurement programmes. The comprises 10 ships, of which six have already been delivered. evolving hybrid and conventional threats It could be jeopardised by a future lack of funding. characterising the theatre of operations in- volving Italian Armed Forces and threaten- both at the national and international level. Some other minor functions are also part of ing national security pushed the Italian MoD However, these efforts are not enough to the overall defence budget. The 2017 ordi- to provide new funding for Intelligence, Sur- support the aim of the Italian Government nary budget sees a slightly reduced defence veillance and Reconnaissance (ISR) missions to gradually increase the defence expendi- function over 2016 (€13.2Bn vs. €13.4Bn) as as well as for special forces in addition to the tures to reach the 2% of GDP. Moreover, well as the other concurrent funding tools enhancement of C4I network infrastruc- the discontinuity in supporting defence for the defence functions. The law for in- ture protection and homeland security. In procurements and the delay in establish- ternational operations lowered to €997.2M 2017, the Italian MoD will launch a five-year ing a long-period (six years) planning law as (vs. €1.4Bn in 2014), while the Minister of programme to introduce the latest NATO indicated by the Defence White Paper, is af- Economic Development’s funding support interoperable standards for the Identifica- fecting both military and industrial systems, for procurement levelled at €2.5Bn. While tion Friend and Foe (IFF) equipment (New as well as the latter's capabilities to compete the personnel expenses continue to grow Generation IFF), developing new first-of- on international markets. (reaching almost 80% of the overall budget series devices between 2017 and 2018 and

48 European Security & Defence · November 2017 ARMED FORCES 

the Italian Target Modelling Preparation Facility (ITMPF) for the STORM SHADOW to expand the usable satel- lite sources with Leonardo support and will be able to continue updating the Predator UAV fleet to maintain its operational capa- bilities with €19.3M in funding against a full-programme longer-period request of circa €66M. The Italian Army and Navy's NH90 programme will receive €30M in air- worthiness funding to ensure inspections,

Photo: Leonardo corrective activities and maintenance. The Italian MoD will be able to fund the acquisition of the first tranche The Italian MoD’s 2017-2019 missions and of Leonardo’s BLACK SHARK ADVANCED (BSA) heavyweight torpedoes. budget planning document also highlighted A contract is expected by the end of 2017. several programmes divided for main opera- tional capabilities, which need to be funded. later launching the production series for the tary and national emergencies as well as the According to last June's Parliament hearing services. Another five-year programme will planned launch of a programme to develop of General Guglielmo Luigi Miglietta, head deal with the protection of C4I network an initial counter mini- and micro-UAV sys- of Italian MoD’s budget planning office, the infrastructure with updated or new crypto tems operational capability, which will also 15-year extra-budget law funding is being equipment. The Italian MoD will continue support homeland security. used to provide a cover for a number of financing the leasing of an unspecified The budget for 2017 onwards also adds prioritised programmes. However, no indi- SIGINT platform called SPYDR, reportedly funding for important operational capa- cation has been provided on the funding being identified as a Beech 350ER equipped bilities which lacked support in the previ- plans and programme schedules. Among by L-3 Communications Integrated System. ous fiscal years. The Italian Navy will be able the highlighted items, General Miglietta There also is the will to launch a programme to procure the first tranche of Leonardo’s specified the procurement of Italian Army- to procure two Joint Airborne Multi-sensor series-production BLACK SHARK advanced assigned longer-range capable Boeing CH- Multi-mission Systems (JAMMS) starting in 2018. New funding has been introduced respectively for an information analysis pro- gramme called PANTERA to further develop the capabilities of the Joint Armed Forces Intelligence Centre, as well as to continue Photo: Luca Peruzzi maintaining the SATCOM operational capa- bilities with both communications (SICRAL) and earth observation (COSMO SKYMED) satellite constellations. Particular attention has also been paid to maintaining or en- hancing the operational capabilities of the Armed Forces’ Special Forces (SF), with ad- ditional money for equipment that remains unspecified, save for a highlighted new air- launched Rigid Hull Inflatable Boat (RHIB) programme for the Navy’s SF to ensure rapid deployment of units without local support. The Italian MoD has also funded the estab- The Italian Army and the Italian Air Force issued a requirement for the lishment of a Security Force Assistance (SFA) procurement of the CAMM ER surface-to-air missile system offered by centre to train personnel initially for the Ital- MBDA Italia. The contract is expected by the end of 2017 and will ian Army and then for other national and benefit the Italian Navy as well. international armed forces. The Electronic Warfare Support (EWS) to counter IED and heavyweight torpedoes to equip U-212A 47 CHINOOK helicopters for special forces communication surveillance offered by the submarines, having completed the develop- support, the development and qualification EC-27J dedicated version of Leonardo’s air- ment, testing, integration and qualification of the air-defence MBDA Italia CAMM ER craft division platform called JEDI (Jamming activities of the underwater munition. The missile system and a more capable version Electronic Defense Instrumentation) has BSA’s inventory completion will be funded of Piaggio Aero Industries’ P1HH HAMMER- been further expanded with financing for with the long-term planning for an overall HEAD fixed-wing UAS. The four CH-47 ERs a more capable equipment package pro- €113M budget. It is planned for the Italian will have an endurance of 900 km against gramme that draws on the lessons learned Army to launch a programme to develop the 400 km range of current Boeing/Leon- in theatres of operations. The security of a prototype of an improved ARIETE main ardo ICH-47Fs with enhanced protection, troops abroad is also boosted with funding tank with enhanced protection, surveil- navigation and transport capabilities for for additional man-portable C-IED equip- lance, C2, mobility and logistic support in special forces support missions. Both the ment, special personal protection for am- order to conduct assessments for a future Italian Army and Air Force have issued a phibious troops involved in boarding mis- decision to extend the programme to the requirement for the development and quali- sions, dual-use CBRN equipment for mili- whole fleet. The Italian Air Force will update fication of MBDA Italy’s CAMM ER version

November 2017 · European Security & Defence 49  ARMED FORCES

to replace the in-service ASPIDE/SPADA missile systems, which will reach their end of service in 2021. The €95M programme contract is expected to be assigned later this year and to last until 2021. It will also see the missile launcher's development and integra- tion with the Italian Army’s FORZA NEC C2 as well as the Rheinmetall Defence X-TAR 3D radar, and the Air Force’s Medium Ad- vanced Air Defence System (MAADS) which will use SIRIUS C2 and Leonardo’s KRONOS

LAND radar. According to the little informa- Photo: Leonardo tion provided on the new P2HH version by The Italian MoD intends to acquire four CH-47F ER helicopters with Piaggio Aero Industries, the latter will of- extended range and new avionics suite for Special Forces operations. fer 24-hour endurance, high transit speeds and all-weather observation capabilities, and activities related to nationwide facili- procurement of the new CIO (Iveco/Leon- while the programme could encompass ties’ reclamation. ardo consortium) CENTAURO II armoured 10 systems. Among other requirements to While the 2017 budget law registered a vehicle armed with the 120mm smoothbore be funded, the Italian MoD representative slight increment in the procurement area, gun, in addition to the first batch of 50 vehi- highlighted the development of Cyber De- the additional funding provided in this sec- cles. The MiSE’s €2,550M allocated budget fence Capabilities as well as the enhance- tor by the Ministry of Economic Develop- for 2017, however, provides funding mainly ment and net-centric development of the ment (MiSE) for the same period put at for the period after 2017-2019. The lack of Italian MoD communications infrastructure, risk the development of important pro- money for 2018-2021 amounts to €1.45Bn, the procurement of a submarine rescue and grammes. Thanks to the MiSE’s support to which according to the document, will diver support ship (ARS) to replace the sin- Defence procurement, the Italian MoD was mainly impact the Eurofighter TYPHOON, gle ANTEO Class vessel delivered in 1980, able to launch and sustain programmes such NH90, TORNADO Mid-Life Update, FREMM the development and acquisition of a new as the Eurofighter TYPHOON, the multirole and VBM 8x8 (for the completion of the multirole helicopter for both the Italian FREMM frigates, the NH90 helicopter and second Brigade), if the Italian Government Army and Air Force, the establishment of VBM 8x8 FRECCIA Armoured Infantry Fight- will not introduce corrective actions to the an international ‘European military school’, ing Vehicle (AIFV), while more recently it was 2018 budget law. The aforementioned the procurement of mini- and micro-UAVs, the case for the Naval Law procurement, 16-year extra budget is expected to partially overcome this situation, but no indications have been provided on the devoted fund- ing. The 2017-2019 budget planning docu- Photo: CIO ment also encompasses a number of addi- tional programmes, which the Italian MoD is keen to launch when and if funding will be available. Among them, the procurement programmes of a new lightweight multi- role and training rotary-wing platform for respectively the Army and the Air Force, a lightweight training aircraft for the latter service, new dual-role mine countermeas- ures vessels (MCMV) and additional logistic support ships (LSS), the life-extension for the MBDA STORM SHADOW long-range weapon and the acquisition of both the MBDA Italia air-to-surface version of the MARTE ER anti-ship missile and the ‘Mk2E evolved’ weapon system, the latter re- ported as an evolved TESEO ship-launched The CENTAURO II armoured vehicle produced by the Iveco-Leonardo con- anti-ship missile, the development of a sortium CIO will be in service with the Italian Army’s digitalised medium new Mobile High Power radar version of brigades outlined by the Forza NEC programme. Leonardo’s KRONOS Land Grand for the SAMP/T mid-life update, the weapon sys- self-protection equipment for airborne AW101 CSAR helicopter, and the M346 tem package for the F-35, JFACC enhance- platforms, satellite terminals, meteorologi- and M345 trainer programmes. The 2016 ments with mobile C2, the institution of cal observation network enhancement and MiSE contribution to Defence procurement a new joint EWOS centre and a Defence new radar equipment, homeland defence helped to launch the development and qual- Space plan. The latter encompasses special and disaster relief capabilities. The list also ification of FSAF’s MBDA 30 Block 1NT radars for surveillance against debris and specified the new common Armed Forces missile for ballistic missile defence (BMD), weapons, the new SICRAL 3 communica- HQ infrastructures alongside the current the future combat helicopter (ESS, Elicot- tion satellite and a new earth observation Joint Armed Force Operational Command tero Esplorazione e Scorta) to replace the space platform, in addition to facilities for near Rome, known as ‘Italy’s Pentagon’ AW129 platform and the development and low-orbit flights. L

50 European Security & Defence · November 2017

 ARMED FORCES Challenges in Thailand

David Saw

Over the past two decades Thailand has had to endure an economic crisis, extreme political uncertainty, military coups, mass public disorder and the growth of a significant problem in the south of the country. Thailand has survived all of this, but the threats to the strategic stability of the country are not di- minishing, and dealing with these current and evolving challenges will be a major test for the Thai political and military leadership.

hailand has to deal with both social and Tpolitical uncertainty, along with trying to overcome all of the other obstacles that a developing economy has to face. This is a country with a population of 68.414 mil- lion, of whom 9.27 million live in the capital Bangkok, with an additional 1.814 million Photo: Stefan Kalm/Saab AB people in the province of Samat Prakan ad- jacent to Bangkok. Thus the broader Bang- kok Metropolitan Area (BMA) contains more than 15% of the Thai population and is the political and economic centre of the country. It is becoming increasingly obvious that the political and economic interests of the BMA population, especially the elites and the developing middle class, are diverg- ing from those of the rest of the country, especially the agricultural areas. Although 50.4% of the Thai population live in urban A three-ship formation of one GRIPEN C and two GRIPEN D combat air- areas, it should be noted that 31.8% of craft of the Royal Thai Air Force (RTAF). The RTAF acquired 12 GRIPEN the Thai labour force of 38.45 million are C/D aircraft in two separate batches with orders in 2008 and 2010. employed in agriculture. The divisions be- Interest has been expressed in a further batch of at least six aircraft. tween urban and rural interests are already manifesting political differences that are chaiyudh government failed to handle the who was also in politics to enrich himself, unlikely to provide long-term stability. consequences of the Asian financial crisis his family and supporters at the expense of of 1997, resigning in November of that year everybody else. Economic and Political Uncer- and being succeeded by a government led Thaksin would go on to complete a full tainty by Chuan Leekpai that would remain in term in office and then stood in the Febru- power until the January elections of 2001. ary 2005 election, returning to power with The Thai economy is dependent on inter- These elections were conducted in compli- his party winning 375 seats out of 500 in national trade, with over 66% of Gross ance with the democratic constitution of the Thai House of Representatives. This Domestic Product (GDP) being provided 1997 and were regarded as free and fair, was a true mandate to govern, in many by exports. However, GDP growth rates being decisively won by the Thai Rak Thai respects it was the high point of Thaksin’s in recent years have not been that good, (TRT) party of Thaksin Shinawatra. Unfor- political career. Thaksin had become so po- 0.9% in 2014, 2.9% in 2015, 3.2% in 2016 tunately, rather than opening the way to- larising that mass protest broke out and and the 2017 figure is likely to be 3.3%. wards sustained democratic governance, this limited the ability of the government The problem is that Thailand needs growth the 2001 elections would usher in a period to achieving anything. Eventually, in Feb- rates far in excess of these figures to cope of immense political instability whose ef- ruary 2006, Thaksin decided to obtain a with its population issues and the need to fects are felt to this day. fresh mandate, scheduling a new election create higher waged jobs. Thaksin was different, his political message for April 2006. Thaksin won 460 seats and Since November 1997 Thailand has had 14 was calibrated towards ordinary people over 61% of the vote, hardly surprising as different Prime Ministers. This is hardly an and he was not seen as a corrupt self-serv- the opposition had decided to boycott the endorsement of Thai governmental stabil- ing conventional Thai politician. Inevitably election. The Constitutional Court would ity. Even more disturbing is the fact that Thaksin’s populist approach made him nullify the April election, this would then there have also been two military coups enemies amongst existing elites who saw see Thaksin propose another election in in 10 years, in September 2006 and May him as disruptive. It also made him enemies October 2006. That never happened as, 2014, as well as multiple new constitutions elsewhere, especially amongst those who on 19 September 2006, the military staged being promulgated. The Chavalit Yong- saw him as the worst kind of demagogue, a coup and removed the Thaksin govern-

52 European Security & Defence · November 2017 INTELLIGENCE FOR THE INTELLIGENT

 ARMAMENT & TECHNOLOGY An Overview of Trends and Developments in Decontamination

Dan Kaszeta

CBRN weapons and agents can cause either short-term or long-term contamination. Decontamination, is the (hopefully) orderly and systematic removal of liquid and solid contaminants. Decontamination is necessary to reduce casualties, to prevent the spread of contamination to clean areas, to return vital equipment to service and to allow for operations to be performed without the need to wear cumbersome protective equipment. a 7.90 econtamination is an essential compo - nent of CBRN defence, both in terms taries must assume that the use European Security D of CBRN and methods to deal with contaminated of doctrine and technology. Most modern weapons will result in something getting militaries place great emphasis on “con dirty somewhere. rooms and building, or things that are

D tamination avoidance” by using detection,- From the viewpoint of technology and in harmed by more traditional wet methods, - hazard prediction, and reporting systems to dustry, it is useful to break decontamina such as aircraft interiors and electronics. European - tion into three segments: hardware, chem Numerous companies provide generic ma - teriel such as tents and hoses, but this is- a segment too broad and non-specialised to examine here. There is ample opportunity & & Defence for crossover in this market as a customer can easily buy one company’s sprayer and (Photo: USMC) use it with another company’s chemistry. Security There’s nothing stopping a customer from spraying Cristanini decontamination agent or soapy water with, say, an OWR sprayer.

Systems and Chemicals from ES the 80s and 90s 2/2017 • Politics Decontamination is an example of a portion & Defence of the CBRN space which resists dominance by US companies. Non-US firms are quite International Security and Defence Journal a large segment of the decontamination industry. Whereas the detection market is heavily driven by a series of major US mili tary procurements, decontamination has- • Armed Forces not been as seriously influenced in recent years. US acquisition has been largely fol Decontamination training of the US Marine Corps with the M26 Joint - Service Transportable Decontamination System. lowing the market rather than leading it. In both hardware and chemistry, the US minimize the amount of personnel, terrain, Army is still heavily reliant on systems and and equipment that are contaminated by istry and fumigation are distinct segments. generic chemicals purchased in the 1980s persistent agents. Some militaries, such as Some companies operate in a single seg and 1990s. These include the large M12 • Economy ment; others operate in all three. - and M17 decontamination sprayers, which the UK’s, place a high premium on contam - The hardware segment is largely composed the author learned to use in 1993 as a jun ination avoidance, with the aim of much - of sprayers, pumps, dispensers and ancillary ior officer. Indeed, the US Defense Depart lower costs for protection and decontami - nation. However, no avoidance measures- hardware for dispensing either proprietary ment investment and procurement in the can completely assure that soldiers, equip or generic decontaminants. decontamination space is somewhat low ment or vehicles are not contaminated. -Mili The chemistry segment comprises a variety compared to other areas of CBRN defence. - of wet and dry substances used to remove, While the US government is spending • Technology ARMAMENT & TECHNOLOGY absord, adsorb, and/or neutralize contami money on research and development in Author nants. Some products work through multi- this area, very little is being spent on actual ple mechanisms. Some chemistry products- procurement. The last major investments Dan Kaszeta is Managing Director at are designed for use on equipment, while were the Joint Service Transportable Decon Strongpoint Security Ltd. - Naval Missile Evolutionary Trendsothers are designed for use on human skin. tamination System (JSTDS), a procurement The fumigation segment includes systems which commenced ten years ago, and the adoption of Reactive Skin Decontamination David Saw 66 European Security & Defence · March 2017 Naval missile systems in the context of anti-ship and air defence systems are undoubtedly a broad area to cover, but there is obviously linkage between offensive and defensive naval missile systems.

Superficially, it might seem that the naval missileumbr_ESD_02_2017.indd market place 66 is characterised by limited, incremental improvements. (delivered in 2011), further missiles were supplied in 2013 leading to an Israeli air -raid single C-802/NOOR (Iranian version of the- 15.03.17 11:52 Chinese C-802 system) fired from a Hezbol on the Latakia warehouse where the mis or example, work on the EXOCET anti- siles were stored on the basis that the new ship missile started in France in 1967 lah coastal battery. F Then there is the example of the Iranian- missiles were to be passed on to Hezbollah. and the first MM38 EXOCET, with a range Now Hezbollah has the YAKHONT, though of 70 km, entered service in 1973. While- supported Houthi rebels in Yemen, who in October 2016 successfully attacked an it is unknown whether they have complete EXOCET is still in production today, the lat Bastion systems or will configure their own est variant (the MM40 Block 3) is a far more Incat high-speed catamaran leased to the (UAE) military with coastal defence system, something they formidable system with a maximum range are capable of achieving. Why is this im- in the region of 180 km. It might still be - anti-ship missiles fired from a shore battery. - portant? YAKHONT presents a formidable called EXOCET, but it is designed to incor- The Houthi then tried to engage a US Navy destroyer later that month, but were de threat to Israeli naval units, merchant ship porate a whole series of advanced technol traffic heading to or from Israel will have to ogies that were simply inconceivable when be routed away from the range envelope of YAKHONT, and Israeli gas extraction platforms in the eastern Mediterranean

can be targeted by the missile. This is a big Photo: MBDA Systems MBDA Photo: (3,000 kg on launch), high speed (up to - Mach 2.5) missile capable of inflicting sig Assault Rifles nificant damage on maritime targets. The YAKHONT missile has a solid-propellant booster for launch and then uses a ramjet, guidance is via an inertial navigation system ESD – with a Granit-Elektron seeker offering both active and passive modes for the terminal

ISSN 1617-7983 phase of the engagement. Maximum range is out to some 290 km (dependent on flight- profile selected). However, the Russian ver sion of the missile, the P-800 ONIKS, has a range of some 600 km. Russia deployed BASTION-P coastal defence missile systems- to Syria last year, where the system dem for the step onstrated its land attack capabilities. The YAKHONT has also been acquired by the Indonesian Navy in a four-missile vertical- EXOCET MM40 Block 3 is the new generation long range anti-ship - launch system (VLS) installation on a single missile system from MBDA. feated by the defensive systems of the de AHMAD YANI class (ex-Royal Netherlands Navy VAN SPEYK class) frigate, OSWALD- the original EXOCET programme started. stroyer. At end of January this year, a Royal Saudi Navy frigate patrolling off Yemen SIAHAN. According to the US Office of Na The point to remember is to look beyond val Intelligence, Iran is currently negotiating the name in naval missile programmes. was hit in the stern by a Houthi suicide boat beyond thought attack, showing another development in to acquire the YAKHONT missile to use in a

www.euro-sd.com • - coastal defence application. the asymmetric threat faced by navies.  ARMED FORCES • Proliferation Issues YAKHONT also provides the basis for - Mention must also be made of further de BRAHMOS, the joint missile programme There are also other factors that are impact velopments in terms of asymmetric threat in the Middle East, with Hezbollah in Leba- between and Russia. BrahMos ing on the evolution of the naval missile en- Aerospace, a joint venture between NPO- vironment. The first of these is proliferation, non once more involved. Hezbollah is now Belgian- Mashinostroyenia of Modernisation Russia and the In Plans in not in the context of recognised navies, but credited with being in possession of the dian Defence Research & Development t h a l e s g r o u p . c o m / s m a r t - l Brazilian Air Force Protecting Naval Vessels leadership in the development of an asymmetric anti- P-800 YAKHONT missile (NATO designa Organisation (DRDO) was established in ship missile threat from non-state actors. tor SS-N-26 Strobile) usually the missile is Planning, budgets and major procurement programmes Threats, concepts and systems employed as part of the Bastion-P coastalCooperation 1998 and the first BRAHMOS missile waswith The Netherlands The first example of this was the 14 July defence missile system. Russia has already fired in 2001. Since then, the missile has

March 2017 2006 attack on INS HANIT, A SA’AR 5 class corvette of the Israeli Navy, some 18.5 km supplied Syria with the BASTION-P systemJaime Karremann off the Lebanese coast. HANIT was hit by a In 2016, Belgium and The Netherlands embarked on a large bi-national naval programme which will result SMART-L EWC. · March 2017 38 European Security & Defence in at least 16 new naval vessels. Moreover, Belgium wants to equip its new frigates with missiles that can Politics · Armed Forces · Procurement · Technology intercept ballistic missiles in space. 15.03.17 11:51 Innovative radar solutions en years ago the first of two Belgian umbr_ESD_02_2017.indd 38 M-frigates, BNS LEOPOLD I, was Belgium and the frigates in The Nether T - commissioned for the Naval Component lands. The four frigates underwent the gian and Dutch ships frequently exercise in to counter threats titel_ESD_02_2017.indd 1 15.03.17 11:45 same mid-life upgrade in Den Helder. On a combined group of ships. The Next Step Wherever safety and security matter, we deliver As the M-frigates and minehunters ap Photo: BAF proach the end of their service life, bi-na- tional cooperation in replacing the ships - had been anticipated. But when Brussels announced new budget cuts in early PROVEN TECHNOLOGY 2015, this cooperation was in doubt. The The newest addition to the Thales family budget cuts caused deep concerns in The of multi-beam surveillance radars INTERNATIONAL CO OPERATION Netherlands, because a cancellation of In line with NATO’s plans for the Belgian procurement would have had international Ballistic Missile Defence enormous consequences for the Dutch Navy. However, in late 2015 Belgium de - cided to invest €9.4M until 2030. The RAPID DETECTION investment plan included two new frig Early Warning Capability for split- - Belgium and The Netherlands ordered the same NH-90 helicopter. ates and six new mine countermeasures second missile launch detection vessels. The decision came as a relief for the Bel of the Belgian Armed Forces. The frig - ate had served for 16 years in the Roy - top of that the military staff of the two na gian and the Dutch navies. But quite a - al Netherlands Navy as HNLMS KAREL - vies are combined, the Admiral Benelux is few challenges remain. Although the two the Commander of the Royal Netherlands navies are in fact merged, the procure DOORMAN. When the second Belgian - M-frigate followed one year later, the Navy and the position of Deputy Admi ment processes are very different. When - programme was completed and an im ral Benelux is held by the Commander of Belgium decided to replace the eight EFFECTIVE DEPLOYMENT EUROPEAN SECURITY & DEFENCE is a specialist magazine portant milestone was reached. From - the Belgian Naval Component. Of course, ships, The Netherlands had already con SMART-L EWC can be installed - then on, Belgium and The Netherlands both navies cooperate closely at sea. Bel ducted studies on the new ships, even on any frigate-sized vessel - operated the same frigates, the same though a Dutch political decision on the TRIPARTITE minehunters and had or dered the same NH-90 helicopter. - To operate with identical equipment was an important goal for the two na tracking events and developments in the defence and security arena. - Photo: MoD Belgium vies which have cooperated closely since ANTI AIR WARFARE CAPABILITY 1948. Especially in the last decade, the The world’s best long-range two navies have cooperated in all do naval surveillance radar mains and on all levels. Belgian and Dutch- navy personnel are trained in bi-national schools in both countries. Dutch and Bel gian minehunters receive maintenance in- Millions of critical decisions are made every day by Navies to protect Author valuable assets from potential threats. Thales is at the heart of this with the early warning SMART-L EWC and S1850 volume search radars. One of the magazine’s objectives is to describe, explain and interpret European Jaime Karremann Famous for their impressive range, low false rate and capability is the editor- in-chief of the Dutch naval website to detect small targets, they provide early warning and highly accurate marineschepen.nl. tracking information to sea and land-based effectors. Additionally, for The TRIPARTITE minehunters are the first ships to be replaced by the Ballistic Missile Defence, Thales has developed Early Warning Dutch and the Belgian navies. Capability to increase the radars’ performance to detect and track a ballistic missile. Every moment of every day, wherever safety and 30 European Security & Defence and transatlantic security policy – which extends far beyond conventional · March 2017 security are critical, Thales delivers. Search: Thalesgroup

umbr_ESD_02_2017.indd 30

15.03.17 11:51 defence with military forces – in all its complex and sophisticated correlations. SMARTL14_English_C38846.018_297x210_Mar17_EuroSecDef_v1.indd 1

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tional terrorism. In 2012 a number of Ira- nian-linked terrorists attempted to attack Israeli targets in Bangkok, while in August 2015 a bomb planted by Uighur separatists in central Bangkok killed 20 and wounded Photo: Chinese internet 125 people. This attack was allegedly in re- sponse to Thailand deporting 109 Uighur back to China in July 2015. The character of the southern insurgency is now changing, with a new emphasis on the use of terrorist bombings. On 11/12 Au- gust 2016 insurgents planted five bombs in Hua Hin, one in Surat Thani, two in Phuket and one in Trang, total casualties were four killed and 36 wounded. This year has seen The Norinco VT-4 tank has been evaluated by both and Peru, more bombings, government-linked offices but the Royal Thai Army (RTA) is the first export customer for the sys- in Bangkok were attacked with pipe bombs tem, ordering an initial batch of 28, which is now being delivered. in two incidents in April and May. More The RTA intends to purchase another batch of 21 VT-4 tanks. seriously, two bombs were detonated out- side a supermarket in Pattani on 9 May, ment from power. If the military believed ability to stop matters getting out of con- causing 80 wounded. Then on 22 May, a that the coup would bring to an end the trol in Thailand, his influence will be greatly pipe bomb exploded in a waiting room at a Thaksin era, halt political polarisation, bring missed. His successor, King Vajiralongkorn hospital in Bangkok wounding 24. about government more amenable to the Bodindradebayavarangkun, will undoubt- If the insurgency had remained localised Thai elite and lead to political stability, they were wrong. Between October 2006 and August 2011,

Thailand would have five different Prime Photo: DSME Ministers. And then came the ultimate re- jection of what the Thai military had tried to achieve, the election of Yingluk Shi- nawatra, the sister of Thaksin. Yingluk took office on 5 August 2011 and would remain in office until 7 May 2014, when she was removed by the Constitutional Court. Yin- gluk would later be accused of malfeasance and corruption, but in a result that suited the current government she fled Thailand in August 2017, prior to a guilty verdict be- ing announced in absentia in September 2017. After the fall of Yingluk a caretaker govern- ment was installed, but on 22 May 2014 the military led by Royal Thai Army (RTA) commander General Prayut Chan-o-cha The launch of the HTMS TACHIN, a DW 3000F frigate, took place at the launched a coup. They dissolved all of the Okpo shipyard of & Marine Engineering (DSME) in existing political structures, introduced a January 2017, with delivery due in 2018. The intends to new constitution that amnestied every- acquire a second frigate of this class, which will be built in Thailand. body involved in the coup and introduced the National Council for Peace and Order edly face significant challenges. However, in the three southern provinces it would (NCPO) as the de facto government. Gen- nobody can ignore the importance of the have been containable. The fact that the eral Prayut was elected as Prime Minister by monarchy in Thailand and its critical role in insurgents are now embracing terrorism in the National Assembly in 2015 and a new holding the country together. major tourist destinations such as Phuket constitution was passed by referendum in and Bangkok is a truly concerning develop- 2016. This creates a political environment Security Challenges ment. Tourism is a major revenue generator where the emphasis is on stability and and source of employment in Thailand, ter- where populist politics will not be able to Thailand has an active internal security rorism targeting the tourism industry could challenge the status quo. threat due to an insurgency in the three have serious economic consequences. The death of King Bhumibol Adulyadej, Muslim-majority provinces of Pattani, Yala The insurgency, economic concerns and who reigned from 9 June 1946 to 13 Oc- and Narathiwat in Southern Thailand. political uncertainty make for a problem- tober 2016, is without doubt the most This insurgency became a major concern atic future outlook. It is obvious that this significant event in terms of national poli- in 2004 and since then more than 6,500 complicated situation is already having tics in Thailand. Universally revered, King have been killed and over 12,000 injured. an impact on the Thai economy, in 2015 Bhumibol was the key figure who had the Thailand has also been a target of interna- Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in Thailand

54 European Security & Defence · November 2017 ARMED FORCES  amounted to US$5.7Bn, in 2016 it had de- The Royal Thai Navy (RTN) acquired two systems on the YW531 chassis. clined sharply to US$1.6Bn. FDI at this level Type 052T NARESUAN Class frigates from Another potential example of defence is insufficient to fuel the growth necessary China, commissioned in the mid-1990s, technology transfer is the TACHIN Class for economic advancement in Thailand. these were fitted with western-sourced DW 3000F frigate from Daewoo Shipbuild- weapons and sensors that were installed ing & Marine Engineering (DSME). HTMS Procurement Behaviour in Thailand. The two frigates have more TACHIN (FF 471) was launched on 23 Janu- recently gone through a life extension pro- ary 2017 at the DSME yard at Okpo, Repub- The 1997 Asian economic crisis hit Thai- gramme, where a new Saab combat man- lic of Korea (ROK) and is due for delivery to land hard, it had major consequences for agement system and new sensors have the RTN in 2018. The 3,650 ton displace- the military as all budgets were cut dra- been installed. The RTN also acquired four ment frigate was ordered in August 2013 in matically. This meant that procurement Type 053 CHAO PHRAYA Class frigates a contract valued at US$400M, with equip- programmes were postponed or cancelled from China in the early 1990s, with two ment including a 76 mm OTO gun, Mk 41 altogether, all capital expenditure was put units receiving upgraded systems as part of vertical launchers, HARPOON missiles and on hold, meaning no spares and restricted a refit. The Royal Thai Air Force (RTAF) did a PHALANX CIWS. Sensors and electronics training. Recovery from this funding short- not acquire any Chinese equipment. come from favoured RTN suppliers such as fall would take many years and see the Thai Today, defence links with China remain Saab and Atlas Elektronik. military perceive that it was falling behind strong, this is a reflection of China’s grow- The intention is to build a sister ship to regional competitors in terms of capability. ing economic and military power in Asia. HTMS TACHIN in Thailand at the Mahidol This perception of equipment inferiority has The RTA is currently taking delivery of 28 Adulyadej Naval Dockyard which, along driven procurement efforts, unfortunately VT-4 tanks from China, as well as having or- with the related Bangkok Dock Compa- the Thai procurement system has proven to dered 34 ZBL-09 (VN-1) wheeled armoured ny, is a state-owned entity providing ship be less than effective in delivering suitable vehicles. The RTA will then order a batch of building and ship repair services to the RTN equipment solutions. 11 more VT-4s, with this being followed by and commercial operators. DSME will pro- Over the years, the weakness of the Thai acquisition strategy has been the inability to define equipment needs and place them in the context of a long-term procurement plan. The reason behind this is that there are too many actors, both political and mili- tary, interfering in the acquisition process. Photo: Chinese internet Politicians and senior offices try to push through procurement programmes, but then the government falls or senior offic- ers retire and a programme loses impetus and fades into the background. Then new programmes and new supporters emerge to battle for available funding. Other factors also come into play, one of these is related to foreign policy and alli- ances. For many years the US dominated defence procurement in Thailand, there In 2011, Thailand acquired 49 Kharkhiv Morozov Machine Building De- were sound economic reasons for this, with sign Bureau (KMDB) OPLOT-M tanks in a US$240M contract with all tanks US military assistance programmes and the to be delivered by the end of 2017. One of the first OPLOT-M tanks to be FMS system delivering effective solutions to delivered is shown on the right, next to an M60A3, 125 of which are in the Thai military. Politically, Thailand want- service with the RTA. ed diplomatic support from the US and a close defence relationship was part of the a third batch of 10 tanks for a total of 49. In vide technology transfer and other assis- price to be paid. These days, although the May 2017 the RTA placed an order valued tance to make the indigenous frigate build relationship with the US remains good, they at US$390M for a Type S26T YUAN Class programme a reality. The template for this are no longer first amongst equals in terms submarine, the intention is to acquire a to- effort will be the successful technology of being a key foreign policy and defence tal of three submarines through 2028. Chi- transfer/local build of the 2,000 ton dis- procurement relationship for Thailand. na has also been willing to transfer defence placement, 90.5-metre-long RIVER Class The US accounts for 11.2% of Thai exports, technology to Thailand. The end result has OPVs at Bangkok Dock conducted with but now China is just behind with 11.1% of seen the Defence Technology Institute (DTI) BAE Systems. The lead ship HTMS KRABI Thai exports, with China also the largest of the Thai Ministry of Defence develop a (OPV 551) was launched in 2011 and com- provider of imports (20.3%) into Thailand. range of Multiple Rocket Launcher (MRL) missioned in 2013, while sister ship HTMS The Sino-Thai relationship is long-standing, systems. The DTI-1 is a Thai version of the TRANG (OPV 552) was launched in June but it was only at the end of the 1980s Chinese 302 mm calibre WS-1 system, this 2017. that Thailand turned to China as a source of was followed by the DTI-1G, a 400 mm Over the years Thailand has looked to defence equipment. The Royal Thai Army calibre system with a range of 150 km and avoid becoming overdependent on a sin- (RTA) acquired over 50 Type 69-II tanks, GPS/GLONASS guidance. The most recent gle supplier country; it wants a diverse sup- 30 Type 59-1 130 mm field guns and 400 rocket system is the DTI-2, which is a 122 plier base and a competitive environment Type YW531H APCs, with the APCs the mm calibre system and will be used with to meet its needs. Ideally it also wants to only systems still in first-line service today. Thai SR4 MRL systems and the six YW306 encourage technology transfer to allow it

November 2017 · European Security & Defence 55 Since 1988 the RTAF has received 54 F- 16A/B aircraft from the US and in 2005 seven F-16A/B from Singapore. The current F-16 fleet amounts to 54 aircraft and the intention is to upgrade the fleet to keep it in service through 2035. The RTAF then defined a need for an F-5 replacement and for the first time looked beyond the US, evaluating a diverse range of solutions include the Sukhoi Su-30 and the GRIPEN. In 2008 and 2010, orders were placed for eight GRIPEN C and four

Photo: Defence, Australia GRIPEN D aircraft. Included in the package Two Lockheed Martin F-16A aircraft of the Royal Thai Air Force (RTAF) in were two Saab 340 AEW&C aircraft with a training exercise over Australia. Under the four Peace Naresuan pro- the ERIEYE AEW&C system, as well as two grammes the RTAF received 54 F-16A/B aircraft, with Singapore donating further Saab 340 aircraft transport, train- seven more F-16A/B aircraft in 2005. The RTAF intends to keep the F-16 in ing and other applications. The RTAF has service through 2035. stated that it wants to add to its GRIPEN fleet at least six more aircraft, the loss of to support its equipment, where possible export customers. The RTA certainly in- a GRIPEN C in January 2017 puts further built locally, and create a situation where tended to purchase at least 50 more BTR- emphasis on building up the fleet. local industry can increasingly meet Thai 3E1 and more OPLOT-M tanks, this is now Like the RTN, the RTAF has turned to the defence needs. In addition, the inflow of a complicated proposition in the light of the ROK for equipment, ordering four T-50TH sophisticated technology will hopefully act acquisition of the Chinese VT-4 tank and aircraft from Korea Aerospace Industries as a catalyst to developments in other Thai ZBL-09 vehicles, especially since China can (KAI) that will eventually replace the L-39 jet industrial sectors that will make the econ- omy more competitive and sophisticated and allow it to move up the value chain. The RTA has certainly embraced the con- cept of a diverse supplier base, initially its Photo: US Navy main suppliers were the US and various European countries, with Israel being a significant player in supplying communica- tions equipment, small arms and artillery amongst other systems. A new direction appeared in 2007 when it was announced that the RTA Light Armoured Vehicle (LAV) requirement had been won by the Kharkh- iv Morozov Machine Building Design Bu- reau (KMDB) BTR-3E1 from the Ukraine. Initially 96 vehicles were acquired, with 142 more vehicles ordered in 2011 and 2013, added to which the (RTMC) acquired 14 BTR-3E1s. Then HTMS CHAKRI NARUEBET is the flagship of the Royal Thai Navy (RTN). Or- in October 2008 the RTA ordered five Mil dered from Bazan in 1992, she was launched in 1996 and commissioned Mi-17-V5 helicopters from Russia, this was in 1997. The carrier originally operated ex-Spanish AV-8S MATADOR an unexpected move and the first major combat aircraft, but these were retired, and now the ship only operates procurement from Russia. helicopters. In 2011 the RTA looked to the Ukraine once more to acquire a new tank, signing offer extremely favourable financial terms trainer fleet in the lead-in fight training role a contract, valued at some US$240M, for to Thailand to purchase Chinese equipment. and provide a light attack capability. At this 49 KMDB OPLOT-M tanks with Ukroboron- While the RTA and the RTN were content stage there has been no indication on when prom. The first five tanks were delivered to to diversify their sources of supply, that further T-50TH aircraft will be acquired. Thailand in early 2014, with a total of 25 was not the case with the RTAF who had There can be no doubt that Thailand is fac- tanks having been shipped to Thailand by remained steadfast in selecting the US as ing serious challenges. Despite this, it rep- the end of 2016. The remaining 24 tanks will their supplier of their first-line combat air- resents a very interesting defence market- be delivered to Thailand before the end of craft. Indeed they had not had a non-US place. The fact that Thailand has embraced 2017, completing the contract. Originally the first-line combat aircraft since the SPITFIRE supplier diversity and is looking for technol- RTA was working towards the acquisition FR.14 in the early 1950s. Had the 1997 fi- ogy transfer has opened this market to a of 200 tanks to allow it to replace obsolete nancial crash not happened then the RTAF much broader spectrum of suppliers and US-supplied armour. However, the armed would have been operating the F/A-18C/D solutions. The downside is that, while de- conflict in the Eastern Ukraine has obviously HORNET, but this programme was can- fence requirements do exist, meeting them become a priority for the Ukrainian defence celled. Instead the RTAF eventually received is a very complex and time-consuming pro- industry and this has caused difficulties for second-hand F-16A/B aircraft from the US. cess where patience is indeed a virtue. L

56 European Security & Defence · November 2017 ARMAMENT & TECHNOLOGY  Last Line of Defence Vendors and Techniques in the Market for Aircraft Self-Protection

Georg Mader

All powered aircraft, including stealthy aircraft, have an infrared (IR) signature, often a unique or character- istic one. It provides a more or less clear target for IR- heat-seeking missiles. There are thousands of them out there, in the inventory of regular forces but some of course also at hands to non-state actors.

ut while combat aircraft are designed connected to flares and active counter- of laser-guided missiles or laser-based prox- Bwith capable on-board EW- and coun- measures like directed laser-distraction of imity fuses. termeasure-systems, the focus of this sur- approaching seeker-heads. Examples of such detectors or warners for vey is on available self-defence solutions For either complete systems or sub-com- example are the Airbus AN/AAR-60 MILDS, ponents of both variants, there are a dozen BAE Systems‘ AN/ALQ-156, MBDA‘s DDM, concepts or manufacturers, the latter often Saab‘s MAW-300 or ELTA‘s EL/M-2160. are identical to the relevant ‘big players’ in

Photo: Mader the aviation industry. Self-protection equip- “Hot rods” ment is usually optionally offered with components developed and produced by If with all that technical awareness a launch themselves, or together with such of third has been registered in the direction of the suppliers. On the market there are also so- aircraft, countermeasures are of course nec- lutions offered for which two manufactur- essary resp. essential. The system is usually ers bundle their components or sensors. displayed on a separate small screen in the Subsequently, there are different packages cockpit, indicating where the threat comes and product- or marketing-names out from. Simpler or older shoulder-launched there, often by renowned or established MANPADs – still common in third world manufacturers, while these can sometimes theatres, like the reportedly 20.000 SA-7 only be system-integrators as well. That re- to SA-24s proliferated from Col. Qaddafi’s sults in a certain level of confusion. arsenals – are giving only a short window of a few minutes of seeker lock-on, due to Passive IR Missile Approach limited battery-cooling. Sometimes they can Warning be dodged by aggressive counter-manoeu- vring, but that rarely is a viable option for US market-leader Northrop Grumman larger multi-engine platforms. Therefore points out that from the Vietnam War up countermeasures are often mandatory in to Gulf War II (‚Desert Storm‘), only 20% precaution, such as the well known pictur- of various aircraft were shot down by radar esque flare-fireworks in TV-images from cri- guided missiles while IR seekers have by sis-regions. Those phosphorus / magnesium AN/ALQ-157 IR countermeasures far been the biggest threat. Or else: 75% decoy flares – many folks still view them as sensor on a Royal Navy‘s AW-101 of all US aircraft losses were incurred with- air show-features – are ejected-out singly or MERLIN out a radar warning receiver ever altered in bursts of 25 to 45 meters / sec. and burn and 90% of losses (fixed-wing aircraft and for two to four seconds. against such threats for governmental op- helicopters, military and civilian) caused by But that is only one side of a coin which is erated multi-engine force multipliers, other ground fire fell to IR missiles. Therefore sen- not the central subject of this article. Only state-aircraft and – like in Israel – even civil sors like passive missile approach warners so much: As the more modern infrared cargo-aircraft and airliners. Capable de- are now an essential component of all such seekers tend to have spectral sensitivity tai- fence against such threats can be separated solutions. These approx. 10cm long sensors lored to more closely match the emissions into two families, which often are used in are working with insensitivity in the opti- of airplanes while, as so-called CCM or combination: Passive sensors like ultravio- cal range (‚solar blind‘) and are recognis- counter-countermeasures, rejecting other let/laser-based missile-approach warners ing all aspects of the ultraviolet signature sources, the modernised decoy flares have of a launched missile, with a considerable their emission spectrum optimised to also Author high error-resistance. These are, usually in match the signature of the airplane or bet- four locations around the airframe with ter its engines and engine exhaust. In ad- Georg Mader is a defence corre- priority to the rear, more or less ‘discreetly’ dition to spectral discrimination, the CCMs spondent and freelance aerospace mounted on aircraft or helicopters. That can include trajectory discrimination and journalist based in Vienna, Austria, requires only small modifications or instal- detection of size of the radiation source. and a regular contributor to ESD. lations. Also offered laser-based warners Latest generation of weapons like the FIM- are reacting within the laser-light spectrum 92 Stinger are using a dual IR and UV seeker

November 2017 · European Security & Defence 57  ARMAMENT & TECHNOLOGY

footprint on the market for retrofitting to ATIRCM standards and, depending on the

Photo: Mader regional threat situation, also for commer- cial aircraft. Northrop Grumman Corporation has de- veloped the cylindrically shaped rotating sensor AAQ-24 NEMESIS for its Large Aircraft Infrared Countermeasures System (LAIRCM or AAQ-24V) in 2001. As the name indicates, it is designed for large(r) aircraft and helicopters and since at least 2011 it flies on many US-made platforms. Like the VC-25s (AIR FORCE ONE), several of the USAF C-17As, various C-130s, KC-135Rs, KC-10Csand C-5 airlifters and tankers as well as the USN ASW P-8A POSEIDON. It ALQ-144 modulated IRCM jammer also is earmarked for the future KC-46A (B767) tankers or the Marine Corps CH- head which, according to conversations the call their DIRCM-product Advanced Threat 53K and the ASW future P-8 POSEIDON. author had with EW-specialists, allows for Infrared Countermeasures (ATIRCM) and In the British RAF several types are using a redundant tracking solution and effec- its latest sensor set consists of the passive AAQ-24 NEMESIS for the LAIRCM use, tively negating the impact of modern decoy components of the AN/AAR-57 Common like the eight C-17As, the ROYAL FLIGHT flares. While later R&D in flare technology Missile Warning System (CMWS) and two VIP-platforms BAE-146 CC2 – and –C3 of has given us an IR-signature on the same active control- or steerable cylindrical AN/ 32nd Sqn, or the A30MRTT VOYAGERS. wavelength as hot engine exhaust, mod- ALQ-212 (V) laser-jammers, a control unit LAIRCM can also be found in NATO’s E-3 ern flares still produce a notably and largely and the countermeasures-dispenser. The AWACS fleet and Australia has acquired immutably different UV-signature than an aircraft engine burning kerosene-fuel. The market for their dispensers is quite

extensive, to be named are MBDA‘s SAP- Photo: Mader PHIRE or E- SPIRIT, Saab‘s BOP-L, Terma‘s MCP (Denmark), Thales‘ VICON series, or BAE- Systems’ AN/ALE-40, ALE-45 and ALE-47. In the suppliers arena of add-on solutions there are some combinations with anti-radar foil ‘chaffs’, but more com- mon are IR-jammers to complement the flares. Leading here is BAE-Systems with the AN/ALQ-157, with about 900 units in worldwide use and the helicopter-tailored sensor ALQ-144 (type ‚disco light‘ ball) with about 3,000 units in service. The LAIRCM system from Northrop Grumman is a laser-based counter- Directed Countermeasures measures system that protects large fixed-wing transports and small rotary-wing aircraft from an infrared missile attack by automatically In recent years, triggered by helicopter detecting a missile launch, determining if it is a threat, and activating a losses in Iraq and Afghanistan with a peak high-intensity countermeasure system to track and defeat the threat. in 2009, weight has been shifted to the introduction of systems against ground- US Army began to install the combination the system for A330MRTT, C-17A, C-130J based threats which are supporting or in 83 Boeing CH-47 CHINOOK in 2009. and the 737-based AEW&C WEDGETAIL. replacing the described passive warning Today it is standard in all helicopters go- The characteristic swivelling drums are in- and pyrotechnic countermeasures by such ing abroad, including the Boeing AH-64 stalled in 500 military and state-run aircraft directly and actively aimed at the threat. APACHE and Sikorsky UH-60 BLACK worldwide, including 50 different types of Such Directional (or Directed) Infrared HAWKS. US Marine Corps Aviation Direc- fixed- and rotary wing aircraft. Among Countermeasures (DIRCM) also have the tor Gen. Davis explained to the author: “We them reportedly in the ‘Flugbereitschaft’ benefits that the platforms are not exposed can fly again in areas of Afghanistan with A340s, but the exact type is not officially at night by precautious flare-fireworks and even the big CH-53 birds that previously confirmed. But one can expect a similar that their crews are not dazzled. Also flight- were no go-areas due MANPAD danger, mix of sensors as on the VC-25 AIR FORCE planning for force multipliers and state-air- thanks to the new defence systems.“ Since ONE of the US President who will also get craft is eased, in relation to the handling of March 2015, FMS has unlocked export of two new and likely even better equipped what is classified as pyrotechnics on many such components to foreign governments B747-8s. civil or mixed-used airports. for military and VIP aircraft. Thanks to more An example of a – albeit much later – coun- A big player in this increasingly dominant than 1,500 passive CMWS-sets in opera- terpart to the US LAIRCM is MUSIC, a suc- area is BAE Systems (United States). They tion worldwide, BAE Systems has a good cessful collaboration of ELBIT (Israel) and

58 European Security & Defence · November 2017 The Inertial Measurement Unit STIM300 in 1:1-scale

Position yourself.

With more than 60 thousand gyros installed since 2010, the list of applications that rely on STIM every day is evergrowing: Mobile mapping | 3D Lidar systems | Road surface analysis | Autonomous vehicles | Camera turrets | Remote weapon stations | High resolution airborne surveillance systems | Laser guided bombs | Short range missiles | Phased array scanning airborne radar systems | Medical precision surgery equipment | Airborne Lidar system | Multibeam underwater sonars | Satellite attitude control | High altitude sounding rockets | Automotive vehicle testing | Humanoids | Industrial production robots | Mobile phone calibration & test equipment | Vehicle navigation | Sporting event wire operated cameras | Movie industry action cameras | Satellite earth observation cameras | Space craft docking navigation | Meteorite landing and explorations systems | Aircraft fl ight control systems | Underwater vessel control | Military target accusations systems | Mortar aiming systems | Direct infrared counter measurement | Missile launch platforms | Pipeline inspection | UAV’s | Electronic warfare systems | Satellite launch vehicles

When reaching for the ultimate performance level, they all trust STIM300. It’s a straight choice

Weight 55 grams | Size 35cm3 | 0.3°/h Bias instability Photo:via author J-MUSIC on an Israeli B707T

Italy’s Elettronica SpA. The core of what is for some platforms are too heavy and also commercial aircraft and is part of the so- an entire family of MUSIC (Multi-Spectral too expensive for many nations – not only called SKYSHIELD programme by the Israeli Infrared Countermeasures) is the ELT572 in crisis-regions since 2009, the US Army Ministry of Transport which started in June all-direction jammer based on laser-diode has requested answers to what is called a 2009 and has urged and funded a system technology in the IR wavelength range, re- simpler Common Infrared Counter Meas- to protect Israeli passenger aircraft from at- portedly even protecting against missiles ures (CIRCM) system. Responding to this tacks like the one on a B757 at Mombasa. homing in from above. The 25kg system request, BAE Systems/USA offers a minia- After several years of testing, in 2014 it was against IR threats consists of a system pro- turized version of the already mentioned made mandatory to all 38 aircraft of El Al cessor, missile-warners against IR, UV and ATIRCM, which should come with a weight to get the 190kg system, later extended radar (RWR), a thermal imaging camera, between 15kg and 55kg. Also along this to all 110 aircraft of other Israeli operators. a turret for seeker-head tracking and an lower edge, Raytheon offers it’s pack- That was a considerable burden, since we active laser to overload, blind or distract ages SCORPION and QUIET EYE, designed talk about a unit price of around US$1M, them. MUSIC was introduced in a dozen around the IR-seeker of their AIM-9X air- which meant around 10% of the annual countries and last year had a backlog of to-air missile. These are tailored for helicop- profit of ELBIT. A quick solution derivative 110 systems for 20 different platforms. ters and small COIN-aircraft. for large cargo- and passenger liners, also Reportedly earmarked for or in 2017 to available for vintage platforms like Boeing undergo such an upgrade are the Italian Civil Systems 707s or DC-8s of which quite a number C-27J, C-130J and AW-101, the upcoming are still used in the third world, is J-MUSIC, 30 new Brazilian KC-390 airlifters and – in- Since 1973, according to SIPRI and intel- announced in Farnborough in 2012 and cluding RWRs – the two B777 for the In- ligence services like the CIA, around 30 presented in Singapore last year. dian government. MUSIC was also tested civilian registered cargo-, passenger- and The system should also be integrated into in Germany on an Airbus C295M airlifter state-aircraft were downed by shoulder- the German AF A400Ms, at least a con- and was quoted superior against simulated launched MANPADs, claiming about 1,000 tract for integration was signed at the ILA threat from the surface by the WTD-91 lives. That category of weapons is always in 2014. Its three components produced by at Meppen. As indicated in a brochure at in high demand by militant- and non-state the Israeli manufacturer are integrated by Paris-Airshow, it also would be ready to groups, as recently explained by SA-7, Diehl BGT into a 360°-protection layout. integrate the (former) Cassidian-supplied SA-14 or even SA-24 (twin) that vanished In a confidential report to the Bundestag AN/AAR-60 warners used in the German from Libyan stocks down to Mali and as (parliament) the German MoD reportedly CH-53Gs, the TIGER and NH-90. Similarly far as Afghanistan. A few years ago, an Il- has addressed a “risk that the particular compatible also with SAABs MAW-300 76 was detained in Bangkok with 35 tons self-defence system for the A400M might and ELISRA’s (ELBIT) PAWS-2 system for a of North Korean weapons, among them become available much later than con- wide variety of platforms like B-737, B-737- many MANPADs. Destination reportedly tractually agreed for 2016 and therefore 700 BBJ, B-747, B-767 Tanker, B-777, C- was Teheran. Meanwhile Iran produces the up to 46-year-old C-160* TRANSALLS 130B, C-130H, C-130J, CN-235 or Russian own variants like MISAGH-1 and -2 just like would have to be used much longer than platforms like Il-76 or Antonovs. Sudan. In recent years, all of these are rea- planned.” According to the Luftwaffe how- The mentioned Elettronica Germany has, sons for manufacturers to come up with ever, at least one fully equipped A400M just like ‚Brite Cloud‘ by SELEX SE (now civil versions of military self-defence sys- was meanwhile delivered. LEONARDO Electronics) in the Saab GRIP- tems for the reason that it ultimately are For a part of the German C-160 fleet, EN, positioned itself into the dominant civilian pilots of large lifters and helicopters, an upgrade was funded for operations European project EF-2000 EUROFIGHTER who remain much more vulnerable than abroad, following the downing of an and, although the TYPHOON’s onboard pilots of fast manoeuvring combat aircraft. Italian G.222 transport by a SAM on ap- integrated EURODASS-systems are not in They cannot turn hard into an approaching proach to Sarajevo in September 1992. focus here, secures that at the Rhine, an missile or climb it out even if the threat is The chosen sensor was the AN/AAR- increase in R&D and production of techni- detected. 54(V) by Northrop Grumman, operated cally sophisticated components is secured, Leader in these add-on solutions again ap- by a tactical system officer (TSO) at the also for the supplier-based industry. pears to be Israel’s Elbit and its C-MUSIC™ seat of the board navigator/radio-oper- Because some of these DIRCM solutions The adapted version is intended for civilian/ ator.

60 European Security & Defence · November 2017 ARMAMENT & TECHNOLOGY 

Completing the MUSIC family since 2013 SAAB-2000 AEW&C or ERIEYE or DASH-8. the Austrian operator Wucher Helicopters is the only 19kg, very compact ‚mini MU- Supplier of the IDAS laser- and RWRs is was utilised and that civil run BELL-205 was SIC which uses four infrared sensors and a SAAB Avitronics/South Africa. The exotic selected by RUAG as what they called “the high-frequency laser and is specifically tar- subsystem bolted onto the Malaysian AF’s ideal certification type for a widespread but geting the segment of combat- and troop- SU-30MKM, since Israeli components were elderly platform”. transport helicopters. out of question for this Asian-Muslim na- Northrop Grumman’s add-on solution tion (like on India’s Su-30MKI). Test Your Sensors – on the Guardian™ is based on the already men- Israel has always been very innovative in Ground! tioned AAQ-24 NEMESIS and dates back civil/military so-called dual use-solutions. to an initiative of the US Department of Not surprisingly, another vendor from Is- Real or hot functional tests of self-protec- Homeland Security for the National Guard rael is BIRD Aerosystems. Its family of Air- tion systems are complex to stage within and the Civil Reserve Fleet. In 2017, it is borne Missile Protection System (AMPS) (first world) airspaces and of course expen- presented as based on LAIRCM BLOCK 30, is based on collaboration with Airbus De- sive. Therefore RUAG came up with a very in open architecture with the latest proces- fense & Space (former Cassidian/EADS). It innovative tester for SP-sensors, its hand- sors and detectors and the VIPER-laser as comes in four different versions – including held MISSIM. With that yellow handheld it’s DIRCM component. According to the AMPS-MLR with radar warning – and is device, one can carry out a quick review manufacturer, the pod or container will be already certified by leading aircraft manu- of the reactions and effectiveness of one’s ideal for a large variety of civil- but also mil- facturers, including Airbus Helicopters, protection systems/warners. Weighing just itary-platforms. Coming into action would only need a few seconds and no inputs or actions by the crew. GUARDIAN™ is very

similar to MUSIC, also with the unit-costs Photo: Mader of between €1M and €2M. There how- ever was – as unveiled by Aviation Week – no order by a US airline so far, despite the costs of only some US$ per ticket. US shareholder-slaved airlines apparently see no domestic threat, even in the light of the described threat by the same journal, how MANPADs could be smuggled into the US and used by Mexican cartels. A European – while passive – solution for so- called VIP/Head-of State and governmental operated high-end executive aircraft was developed by SAAB as the CAMPS (Civil Aircraft Missile Protection System). The The Civil Aircraft Missile Protection System (CAMPS) from Saab clever Swedes have explicitly developed it as fully compatible with the Wassenaar- the Russian MIL design bureau and Ros- 1.6kg, it is portable to be carried aboard agreement because it is not listed as report- vertol, etc. AMPS carries the label combat even smaller helicopters and can be used at able military product in this way. The 35kg proven (as in Iraq, Libya and Afghanistan) stop-overs, for example before a sensitive system – including MAW-300 detectors and can be found in over 2,000 platforms. area is entered. The electronic handgun can and the control unit in the cockpit – allows Known are the helicopters A-129, AB-205, simulate 255 hostile fire indication-threats the operator a flexible flight-planning – also AB-212, AB-412, AH-1, BELL-407, BK-117, by radar-, missile-, guided and handheld with regard to the often overlooked factor CH-47, CH-53, PUMA/ COUGAR/ SUPER- weapons from a distance of one to 20 me- that some countries do not want pure mili- PUMA, (now) H-135, H-145, H-155,H-225, ters. In early 2016, RUAG Aviation Prod- tary systems present at their (civil) airports. EH-101, Mi-17, Mi-8, NH-90, TIGER, S-70s ucts delivered 10 MISSIMs to the German CAMPS is already installed in the execu- (UH-60s), S-92, SH-3D, SH-60, UH-1, but Federal Office for equipment, Information tive version of the B737, the BBJ. Of course also aircraft like A-340, B-200, B-350ER, C- Technology and In-Service Support of the the basically passive nature can neverthe- 130-series, C-160, C-27J, CN-235/-295 and Bundeswehr (BAAINBw). Another and in- less also be retrofitted by SAAB into the P-3C ORION. teresting product is the handheld ATS-100 more military and also countermeasures Especially for helicopters since 2012, RUAG by LEONARDO-DRS. containing CIDAS (Compact Integrated Aviation from Switzerland developed the Another system to later equip helicopters Defensive Aids Suite) and even into the Integrated Self-Protection System (ISSYS) was presented in 2015 by Orbital ATK, a radar warning IDAS (not to be confused which is tailored to provide safety for civil- genuine space-industry company from with Diehl/tkMS’ submarine-launched anti- ian helicopters and their crews by flares and Virginia. They call their brainchild HAPS helicopter missile!). Together this family of chaff-decoys when their machines are op- (Helicopter Active Protection System), but self-protection systems already had some erated in areas of conflict or are sent to indi- contrary to others it uses an active, ma- commercial success in Europe, Asia, Af- vidual missions in crisis-regions. The system noeuvring kinetic kill-vehicle. Main focus rica and the Middle East. It is included on is marketed jointly with Rotorcraft Services is – unlike most other vendors – the de- helicopters like PUMA/ COUGAR/ SUPER- Group and is designed to be built in on fence or protection against non-emitting PUMA, ROOIVALK, A-109, SUPER-LYNX short notice, any alteration of certification short-range rocket-grenades (RPG), which 300, HAL‘s (India) DHRUV and its armed is not necessary. That saves costs and time. have claimed quite a number of hovering version RUDRA, CH-47 CHINOOK, NH-90 For the related tests of ISSYS – both on US rotary-platforms in Iraq. Activation and or Mi-17, but also turboprops like C-130, the ground and in the air – a helicopter of reaction of HAPS’ arrows should take place

November 2017 · European Security & Defence 61  ARMAMENT & TECHNOLOGY

ALQ-135(V) and-136, ITT/ALQ-1 NG-36 or- 165, the SELEX (LEONARDO) SKY SHAD-

Photo Mader OW, ELTA’s EL/L-8212/22 or Elettronica’s ELT/553 and ELT/555. Further optional systems are‚ BAE Systems’ AN/ALQ-178 or -214, SAAB’s already mentioned IDAS, SPECTRA by THALES. Last but not least we should look not only at Western inventions. We are definitely not alone out there and other powers are pro- gressing in this segment as well. Notewor- thy is the latest known Russian sensor, the L370 VITEBSK (President-S) by the Russian Institute АО-НИИ ‘Экран’ (ERKAN) from Samara. It already has had its combat debut on board the Russian assault-helicopter Ka- 52 ALLIGATOR in Syria. The combined ra- SAAB‘s IDAS-3 on an Indian HAL-RUDRA dar- and laser warner system plus jammers was seen last January on a Mi-8AMTSh as within a fraction of a second, while the equipment are the SKY GUARDIAN-2000 well, also in Syria. This spring, the author impact- or detonation point should be far by SELEX (now LEONARDO Electronics), noticed a similar configuration attached to away enough to clear the helicopter from BAE Systems USA’s AN/ALR-56, Raytheon’s a Mi-17 airframe at Kala/Azerbaijan. the RPGs fragment circle. AN/ALR-67 or Elettronica‘s ELT 156-158. Another non-Western and increasingly up- But like the strictly passive components of grading player are the Chinese forces, resp. Radar Warning... C-MUSIC or LAIRCM, RWRs would hardly the Chinese state-run research institutes help the crew and passengers of a non- that are supplying the PLAAF (Air Force), So far we have read a lot about the – ever agile commercial aircraft much like MH-17s PLAN (Navy) and PLANAF (Naval Airforce) more likely – threat by an IR-guided weap- B777 over Eastern Ukraine to survive. More with sophisticated systems. These can be on. Nevertheless, in many offered solutions likely, it signals the crew that they would compared to systems designed to break there also is a radar warning receiver (RWR) die soon... hostile radar-lock and to jam enemy target- included, designed to register a wide va- acquisition attempts. One example consid- riety of signals to compare it with thou- …and Radar-Jamming erably larger than most of what is described sands such fingerprints stored in a – hope- above, are two jamming pods on the latest fully continuously filled – threat library. The If that is no option and is to be prevented version of the XAC (Xian Aircraft Corpo- quality of protection one can expect from by an increased level of protection – techni- ration) H-6 bomber (itself a grandchild of such a device is directly proportional to the cally and financially almost anything is pos- the late 1950s Soviet Tu-16 BADGER), the efforts a far-sighted operator addresses i.e. sible – this then calls for active attempts H-6KH. It was photographed by Japanese spends to SIGINT- and ELINT-databases. To to jam the hostile radar lock-on. Such so- JSDFAF F-15s only in late August, showing obtain a suspicious or hostile signal is nor- lutions are available but expensive. Often two additional wing pylons with KG800 mally based on the correlation of four RWR- these are based on external and/or confor- and KG600 jamming pods. The latter were sensors, for the majority working in the 2 mal pod-solutions. There again is Northrop also frequently seen on PLANF JH-7A and to 18 GHz spectrum. Examples for such Grumman with the AN/ALQ-131(V), AN/ PLAAF J-10B tactical aircraft since 2014. L

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62 European Security & Defence · November 2017 ARMAMENT & TECHNOLOGY  KC-46 PEGASUS Status Report

Sidney E. Dean

As of September 2017, developmental testing of the KC-46A PEGASUS LRIP and Advanced Testing

was approximately 65 percent complete. The KC-46 programme Low-rate initial production (LRIP) was ap- office continues to assert confidence that the tanker will achieve its proved immediately after the KC-46 pro- gramme passed Milestone C, with USAF key and technical performance capabilities. ordering the first two lots of production aircraft, covering seven and twelve aircraft respectively. The order for the third LRIP lot echnical difficulties encountered be- and coalition military aircraft compatible of 15 planes plus spare parts and WARPs Ttween 2013 and 2016 have been re- with international aerial refuelling proce- was placed in January, raising the number solved. The same holds for the cost-over- dures. The boom and a hose-and-drogue of KC-46 on order to 34. runs which once plagued the programme. system are both located below the aft fuse- Flight testing continues during the Produc- The non-partisan Government Account- lage. In addition, wing aerial refuelling pods tion and Deployment phase. In addition to ability Office (GAO) released a report on (WARPs) equipped with hose-and-drogue the four original test and evaluation proto- 24 March of this year, stating that the KC- can be carried under both wings, enabling types (two each 767-2C and two KC-46A), 46 programme is meeting cost and per- formance targets with fewer engineering changes than expected. The GAO found that the estimated total acquisition cost has dropped by fourteen percent ($7.3Bn) since the initial estimate made in February 2011; while the ongoing Engineering and Manufacturing Development phase is still Photo: John Parker, Boeing. at least $1Bn over budget, those costs will be absorbed by Boeing under the terms of the fixed-price/incentive-fee contract. On the negative side, the schedule for delivery and operational capability of aircraft con- tinues to shift into the future. Additionally, some new technical problems have recent- ly emerged.

Engineering Manufacturing and Design The KC-46 PEGASUS tanker refuels an F/A-18 aircraft using its hose and drogue system for the first time on 10 February 2016. Boeing and Air The KC-46 is based on the Boeing type 767- Force aircrews successfully made contact with and refuelled the fighter 200ER passenger jet. The derivative type aircraft during the four-hour flight over Washington state. 767-2C designed under the KC-46 pro- gramme is the baseline non-military trans- the KC-46 to refuel two aircraft at one time. the first two planes produced under LRIP port aircraft. It features an enhanced flight The engineering and manufacturing devel- are also being used for flight and system deck, a cargo door and floor, a refuelling opment contract (EMD) was awarded to testing. Through June of this year the KC- system and body tanks, and tanker system Boeing in February 2011. Resolving vari- 46 test airframes had accomplished 1,700 provisions. The addition of aerial refuelling ous technical issues – including rewiring hours of flight time and conducted 1,200 components and military avionics trans- the electrical system and redesigning the “refuelling contacts” with F-16, F/A-18, forms the civilian 767-2C into the military refuelling boom – delayed not only de- AV-8B, C-17, A-10, and KC-10 aircraft; The KC-46 tanker. The KC-46 can refuel aircraft velopment but also the testing schedule. KC-46 has itself been refuelled in flight by through either an extendable (“telescop- Milestone C was reached in August 2016, the KC-10. As testing progresses it also be- ing”) rigid boom or the hose-and-drogue one year past schedule. Milestone C review comes more challenging, taking place at system, enabling it to service all US, allied determines whether an acquisition project high-and-low altitudes as well as high-and- has met all exit criteria of the EMD phase low speeds and under a variety of weather Author and is ready to proceed into the Production conditions. Additional types of receiver air- and Deployment phase. Specifically for the craft are also being introduced. Sidney E. Dean is President of KC-46 project, the prototypes had to pass Despite the various technical difficulties, Transatlantic Euro-American fuel to five representative types of aircraft, USAF is satisfied that the aircraft is meet- Multimedia LLC. and a regular including fighter and transport planes, and ing or exceeding all performance require- contributor to ESD. utilising both the telescoping boom and ments. For example, in testing the aircraft the hose-and-drogue method. demonstrates somewhat better fuel econ-

November 2017 · European Security & Defence 63 tion is achieved, the plane will enter the Initial Operational Test & Evaluation phase conducted directly by the Pentagon’s test- ing directorate.

Current Problems

For the Air Force the question is not if but when the KC-46 achieves full certification. Brigadier General Donna Shipton, USAF Tankers Directorate programme executive

Photo: USAF officer, said on 11 September that Boeing Airmen and civilians got to test out the Air Force's newest refuelling has made “steady progress, just slower tanker, the KC-46, outside the Pentagon during a visit from Boeing's than planned” to complete Federal Avia- simulator team on 4 September 2013. Visitors had the opportunity to tion Administration certifications and flight fly the simulator and operate the refuelling boom. tests. However, as of September the pro- gramme faces three (relatively new) cat- omy than required. Empty weight is nearly derestimated the level of design drawing egory one deficiencies which could delay 600 pounds below the operational target. details they would need to present for the certification. Boeing’s current priority must This summer the plane successfully com- review process. Additionally, sub-tier sup- be eliminating these serious flaws. pleted hot-weather testing in Arizona. pliers had not complied in a timely manner The most serious concern is “Undetected A major risk factor was eliminated in July with the WARP supplier’s request for the Contact Outside the Receptacle” (UCOTR). of this year when the KC-46 successfully necessary design documentation. The term COTR refers to failure of the passed Electro-Magnetic Pulse (EMP) test- Completion of the full testing cycle is re- boom to line up precisely with the refu- ing. The evaluation was conducted at the quired before the KC-46 can be certified elling receptacle of the receiving aircraft. electromagnetic pulse laboratory on Naval for operational flight. The plane will re- When this happens, the boom can bump Air Station Patuxent (Maryland) and at the quire three different certifications, two of or scrape that plane. On stealth aircraft, Benfield Anechoic Facility at Edwards Air them from the US civil aviation authority damage to even a small section of the Force Base (California). The tests confirmed FAA (Federal Aviation Administration): an radar-absorbent coating can negate that the functionality of the shielding and hard- amended FAA type certification for the airplane’s stealth capability (the KC-46 has ening technologies incorporated into the 767-2C baseline freighter with tanker-sys- not yet been tested with low-observable plane, that was proven immune both to tem provisions, validating the reconfigured aircraft). On any receiving plane more seri- EMP effects caused by nuclear detonation, aircraft’s airworthiness; and a supplemen- ous structural damage is also possible, po- and to other potentially harmful electro- tal type certificate for the full KC-46 tanker. tentially endangering the flight crew. Dam- magnetic fields. Boeing is trying to accelerate this process age to the refuelling boom is also possible. by pursuing both certifications simultane- While COTR occurs with all aerial tankers, Certification Worries ously rather than sequentially, as originally “we do think it, potentially, is occurring at planned. “We still have a significant amount a higher rate” during KC-46 testing, Gen- Developmental flight testing was sup- of work in front of us to complete certifica- eral Shipton said on 22 September. “Poten- posed to be completed by the end of this tion testing and other activities,” said Boe- tially” is the critical word in this context, as year, but this appears increasingly unlikely. ing spokeswoman Caroline Hutcheson on the scrapes are not being registered by the Speaking to the press during the Air Force 19 September. “It’s a day-by-day process to KC-46 boom operators (hence Undetected Association’s 2017 Air & Space Conference meet certification requirements.” Airwor- COTR). Instead, they are detected through in Maryland on 19 September, General thiness certification by USAF will follow post-mission review of boom-camera Carton Everhart said: “We’re running into both FAA certifications. After full certifica- video as well as inspection of the receiv- a crunch period (and) we may not be able to get all those test points done by end of year. We’ve adjusting the schedule to make Takeoff of a KC-46 from Boeing’s sure we get all our points done….sliding it proprietary Paine Field near Everett, Photo: Boeing out to the right.” The general, who leads Washington. USAF’s Air Mobility Command, was unable to say how far the testing schedule might shift. “I’m looking at three or four different schedules. I really am, because it depends on who you talk to.” One particular point of concern centres on the WARP system. Boeing spokesman Charles Ramsay denied performance issues with the developmental hose-and-drogue system, but said in May that qualification and certification were taking longer than anticipated. According to the GAO report from May, this is partly a procedural prob- lem. Boeing and its WARP supplier un-

64 European Security & Defence ARMAMENT & TECHNOLOGY 

2017 to late spring 2018. On 19 September General Everhart expressed confidence in the new spring deadline. However, he con- ceded that the most recently discovered malfunctions could force Boeing to post- pone deliveries further, putting the October 2018 availability into question. At that time Boeing was still insisting that it could meet the December target date for the first air- craft. Over and above this, Boeing maintains that – once deliveries begin – the firm can

Photo: US Air Force accelerate the production schedule so that The Benfield Anechoic Facility is the largest anechoic chamber in the the October fulfilment date will be met. world. It provides electromagnetic and radio frequency-resistance test- While USAF is eager to field the new planes ing and can accommodate most current aircraft. The anechoic facility and reduce its current tanker shortfall, provides a controlled electromagnetic environment and is shielded General Everhart warns against a rush to against radio frequency interference. IOC. “I don’t need an aircraft right now,” he told reports at the AFA convention. “I ing aircraft. Boeing and the Air Force have modes and effects testing in October. As- need the right aircraft when it’s ready.” been investigating the extent and cause of suming positive results, the Air Force expects The full rate production (FRP) decision is this problem since it was noted in spring, to close the deficiency report”. expected in August 2019 (26 months later with no clear result to date. Operator error than originally planned). Once FRP begins, has so far been ruled out, according to Air Delivery and Beyond USAF expects to acquire fifteen units per Force spokeswoman Ann Stefanek. year through the late 2020s. The complete USAF will conduct targeted testing in Oc- A total of thirty KC-46A are currently un- acquisition goal encompasses 179 units. tober-November to determine the cause of der production at Boeing’s plant in Everett, This will replace one-third of USAF’s cur- the UCOTR, and to establish a baseline for Washington. When they will be completed rent KC-135 tanker fleet. Eventually USAF comparison with other tanker types. A risk and delivered is the subject of speculation. wants to acquire 479 new tankers to re- analysis will also be conducted to deter- mine how great a concern COTR actually is. Based on the results of these studies, USAF will determine whether to accept the tanker as is or require a solution to the Photo: NAVAIR COTR problem. “We have to have a full understanding of the issue, and we won’t know that until the testing is complete later this year,” General Shipton said. Until then USAF cannot determine whether it would accept aircraft deliveries without resolution of the COTR problem, she said. Depending on the technical complexity, requiring Boe- ing to develop a fix could push aircraft de- livery beyond the spring 2018 timeframe. The second category one deficiency is “un- During tests on the EMP pad at Naval Air Station Patuxent River, the commanded boom extension.” On several programme's second low-rate initial production KC-46 received pulses occasions the boom has re-extended after from a large coil/transformer situated above the aircraft. This outdoor disconnecting from a fuel receptacle while simulation was designed to test and evaluate the KC-46's EMP protec- fuel was still flowing through the boom. To tion while in flight. date this has only manifested during ground tests. USAF is analysing the data from these Target dates have been moved back repeat- place the entire KC-10 and KC-135 fleets, incidents and expects to make a decision on edly in tandem with the development and but it is uncertain whether the remaining the deficiency report in October. testing delays. The current formal agree- procurement will encompass the KC-46 or The third problem, “non-compliance of ment would have Boeing deliver the first a brand new design. Speaking in spring, high-frequency transmit inhibit during aerial planes to the Air Force in December, and General Everhart described the KC-46 as refuelling,” is hypothetical. HF radios must complete delivery of the first 18 units dur- a good product which should probably be remain off during aerial refuelling to pre- ing the spring of 2018. The first nine WARP procured beyond 179 units, to replace the vent electricity arcing between the boom sets would be delivered by October 2018, entire KC-35 fleet of 414 tankers. Sticking and receiver aircraft. According to a USAF enabling the first operational squadron to with the KC-46 for the entire replacement press release dated 22 September, “there is declare initial operational capability (IOC) programme rather than introducing a sec- currently insufficient test data to verify that that same month. The Air Force no longer ond aircraft type would simplify logistics when radios are commanded off, they re- considers this realistic. In June of this year and avoid the problems associated with main off, even after various failure modes. USAF’s annual schedule risk assessment re- new system development, but could miss The Air Force is conducting qualification port forecast that delivery of the first opera- the opportunity to incorporate the most data review and Boeing is planning failure tional aircraft would move from December modern materials and design concepts. L

November 2017 · European Security & Defence 65  ARMAMENT & TECHNOLOGY Fighter Pilot Training

William Carter

In the past, pilots graduating from basic flight training were selected at long range to prevent the enemy from being able to start a high-G close-range for fighters if they showed above-average skills in aircraft handling, on battle. However, an enemy will get through the basis that in a fighter you needed to out-manoeuvre your oppo- sometimes and if the fighter is not itself nent. In fact, pilots needed more than that, in particular gunnery skills manoeuvrable, it becomes the proverbial “sitting duck” in an aerial dog-fight. It is and the ability to anticipate what an enemy is going to do. noticeable that other fighter designs, such as EUROFIGHTER TYPHOON, the US F-15 EAGLE, F-16 FALCON, F-18 HORNET, F-22 efore the advent of guided weapons, pilots now had to manoeuvre to place the RAPTOR and F-35 JSF, are in the highly ma- Bthe best pilots in gun aiming were of- enemy in the GW envelope, hopefully noeuvrable category. ten those who were accustomed to shoot- somewhere in the middle where the “Prob- Air ranges were developed for combat ing birds such as pheasants and were used ability of kill” (Pk) is high, rather than near training such as the North Sea range be- to aiming their guns ahead of a moving the edge where the Pk is low. With long- tween the UK and Germany, the Deci- target. Organised air combat training range Air-to-Air Missiles (AAM) such as momannu ranges in the Mediterranean off was minimal and consisted of crew-room AIM-7 SPARROW, AIM-54 PHOENIX and southern Sardinia, and the Nellis ranges in Nevada. At first, these used radar tracking. Combat training was co-ordinated by Ex- ercise Control, enabling a detailed de-brief to be made on a variety of scenarios that could be practised – and practised again

Photo: Austin Redman if necessary. In Europe, between the late 1960s and the early 2000s, NATO fighter squadrons would deploy to “Decchi” for combat training, and at times the airfield had the highest number of takeoffs and landings per day in Europe. One feature of these instrumented air exercises was that the outspoken “crew room cowboy” was often shown to be not as good as he claimed, and the quieter, more calculating pilot was sometimes shown to be the true “ace”. With the advent of satellite-based GPS navigation in the mid-1980s and the consequent ability to transmit an accurate position to the ground for exercise purpos- es, tracking by ground radars is no longer required. Nowadays, continuous recording of GPS positions of aircraft by Exercise Con- trol enables complex air combat training to take place anywhere in airspace that is free of civil traffic. In the USA, the RED FLAG series of exer- cises were developed, starting in 1975 in an effort to improve the air combat fig- ures from the Vietnam conflict, which have been reported as an overall kill-ratio of Simulated F-16 mission training about 2.2 between US and Russian-built aircraft and weapons, in some phases of briefings and flying as “number 2“ to an equivalents, it was initially thought that the war reducing to 1:1 such as during the experienced pilot before operating with- there was less possibility of a high-G close- final US offensives that brought the war out supervision. If a pilot survived 10 mis- range battle. Indeed, aircraft were devel- to an end. These ratios were considered sions he would probably have enough oped such as the European TORNADO low at the time, bearing in mind the rela- experience to survive many more, but ADV and US F-14 TOMCAT that were not tive sophistication of US weapon systems the attrition in those first 10 air combat particularly manoeuvrable but were able to compared to those used by North Vietnam- missions during World War II was high. carry many long range AAM. The theory ese forces. RED FLAG exercises are flown With the advent of Guided Weapons (GW), was that they would achieve sufficient kills from Nellis Air Force Base on the NE side

66 European Security & Defence · November 2017 ARMAMENT & TECHNOLOGY 

of Las Vegas, and this base now has more military schools and squadrons than any other USAF base. An important element Photo: L-3 of the RED FLAG concept is to use real air- craft as enemy “Red Air”. Currently Red Forces consist of F-15 and F-16 aircraft from a number of “Aggressor Squadrons” per- manently based at Nellis. Ground defence, radar and GPS jamming are provided by other Squadrons. A key co-ordinating ele- Photo: L3 ment is the RED FLAG Measurement and Debriefing System (RFMDS), a computer network for real-time exercise monitoring and post-flight debrief. The above illustrates the complexity of modern systems for fighter pilot training in real aircraft. However, these systems re- quire major resources to maintain, and time to prepare a challenging exercise and bring the appropriate forces together not only to fly the exercise abut also to take part in the in-depth debrief.

The Potential of Simulation Latest generation F/A-18 Tactical Operational Flight Trainer (TOFT) Each aircraft type has a simulator, and integrated with L-3 Link’s SimuSphere visual system display nowadays such devices are very capable. Originally, aircraft simulators were for pro- other aircraft systems. They were not liked er, current fighter simulators are quite dif- cedural training such as checks, practice by fighter pilots who always preferred to fly ferent, with wide-angle high-fidelity visual in Instrument Flying (IF), and dealing with “the bird” rather than sit in “the box” and systems that can be used for low flying, emergencies such as failures of engines and be bombarded with emergencies. Howev- aerobatics, practising for air shows and, of

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November 2017 · European Security & Defence 67

A-037_2017.indd 1 05.10.17 08:22 Photo: via author The graphic engines often come from the gaming sector, like the Sea Harrier Flight Simulator. course, their real role of realistic combat on the type of aircraft involved and the so- sirability of centrifuge training before flight training. Such simulators are even liked by phistication of the simulator. Furthermore, in a high-G fighter, with refresher training fighter pilots, particularly young ones who when exploited to its fullest, the use of perhaps once per year. have been brought up on computer games simulation may be able to extend the op- It seems appropriate to finish with a sum- and expect a high-quality training aid with erational life of the live equipment by tak- mary of a recent symposium on training on good visual fidelity. When such simulators ing some of the training load, particularly the F-35 JOINT STRIKE FIGHTER. This pulls are connected together in a network, we in types of flying that fatigue the airframe, together the various threads mentioned have a powerful training tool for combat such as high-G combat. above and puts them in the context of the conditions of all sorts. most complex fighter aircraft yet produced. Networking of simulators for multi-role Training For High-G training was started in the late 1990s by a F-35 Symposium at ITEC 2017 team led by General Richard Hawley, then The one activity that the most sophisticated Commander of USAF Air Combat Com- fighter simulator will not replicate is to pro- During this year’s International Training mand. This was so that aircraft in what he duce the G-loadings that are experienced and Equipment Conference and exhibition called a “force package” could have their in air combat. However, pilots can wear (ITEC) in Rotterdam, on 18 May there was simulators networked so that crews could their own anti-G suits in the simulator, and a day-long symposium on the F-35 LIGHT- be trained at home base rather than having the simulator computer and an air pump NING II JOINT STRIKE FIGHTER. Currently in to deploy. The US Distributed Mission Train- can be used to inflate the G-suit to pro- early production, the F-35 is to be operated ing (DMT) system was born and now it is duce the same tactile cues as experienced by some 12 countries. As well as the USA, straightforward to connect simulators for in the aircraft, in response to computed G these include Australia, Canada, Denmark, combined training, as long as the simulator in the simulator. As G loadings approach Israel, Italy, Japan, The Netherlands, Nor- is fitted with the network link. Nowadays, 9, the limit for most high-G fighter aircraft, way, South Korea, Turkey, and the United similar protocols can be used to include live the simulator visual system can be used Kingdom, and six nations have received aircraft in an exercise, so a mix of live and to produce effects such as tunnel-vision, their first aircraft. virtual training is possible, if this is required. followed by grey-out where the scene be- The F-35 conference was billed as “A Cul- In addition to RED FLAG there is now also comes black-and-white, and finally black- tural Shift in Training and Integration” the VIRTUAL FLAG series of simulator ex- out where the scene disappears but the and the first speaker was Air Commodore ercises, in which, for instance, instead of pilot is still just conscious before finally be- Robert Adang, Royal Netherlands Air Force Australian fighters flying all the way to Nel- coming fully unconscious. (RNLAF), Deputy Director of the European lis, their simulators back at home base can For real high-G training, man-rated centri- Air Group (EAG – www.euroairgroup. be networked into a multi-nation VIRTUAL fuges are available from companies such as org). This is headquartered in the UK and FLAG exercise. Austria Metall Systemtechnik and Environ- includes the Air Forces of Belgium, France, Once such a training network is estab- mental Tectonics in the USA. These can be Germany, Italy, Netherlands, Spain and the lished, it can be used for activities that are fitted with cockpits and visual systems so UK, plus other partner and associated Na- not possible in the aircraft itself. Conditions that a realistic environment is experienced tions. The logic is that we almost always too hazardous to be practised in the real by the pilot, and training runs up to 9G or fight in coalitions of nations, so interop- aircraft can be simulated and enemy ac- over can be carried out in a safe environ- erability of equipment between friendly tion can be programmed in different ways ment. In the real world, fighter aircraft have nations is absolutely vital. An example is a so that responses can be first trialled and been lost to G-LOC (G-induced Loss-of- €1M project to achieve interoperability be- then optimised. In sum, the possibilities us- Consciousness).. This condition is insidious, tween the simulators of member nations. ing networked training devices are endless. because after G is reduced the pilot still Future air power will be information-cen- A further point is cost. Simulation is much experiences several seconds of disorienta- tric, Adang said, and the fifth-generation less expensive than live flying, with cost tion during which loss-of-control or impact F-35 is designed for the information en- ratios between 1:10 and 1:30, depending with the ground can occur – hence the de- vironment and can be regarded as an

68 European Security & Defence · November 2017 ARMAMENT & TECHNOLOGY 

“Information-Dominance Fighter”. The stabilises and experience is gained, the ra- tween different systems must be as good old concept of Air Superiority can now tio will probably reverse to about 40/60, as technically possible. One solution for be regarded as Information Superiority. leaving mission simulators to take the main training is a fast-jet centre in which there In the future, the F-35 will constitute 18% training load. is a progression from Fighter Lead-In Train- of European fighter aircraft, and we need US Air Force Lieutenant Colonel Troy Ha- ing (FLIT) to training with other aircraft, to integrate the other 82% so that they vener spoke on integrated F-35 operations then adding Red Air, finally progressing to can inter-operate effectively. Using simula- and pointed out that, that (what he called) the addition of the forces of other nations. tion, when simulators are networked for a war of necessity” could be a surprise. Such a training centre should always be led multi-national training, one does not need Therefore we must be able to integrate by the military, he said, but can be sup- 100% realistic data on the aircraft and its smoothly with other nations in order to ported and enabled by industry. Industry weapons. A lower standard is acceptable respond quickly and with efficiency. Live can even finance such centres and an ex- because the networked exercise is more training cannot meet today’s need, he said, ample is the CAE-run helicopter training important than total realism of data in ar- and simulation must be (1) available, (2) centre at RAF Benson in the UK that pro- eas that are not vital to the exercise. This current with the aircraft fit (3) of adequate vides training from basic up to war gaming reflects almost identically the position of Lieutenant General (retd) Karlheinz Vier- eck, who was Deputy Chief of Staff Joint Force Training in NATO Allied Command Photo: CAE Transformation (ACT) and said at an ear- lier ITEC in Cologne that in multi-national exercises, the multi-national aspect is more important than always insisting on the use of sensitive high-classification data that will limit the number of countries that can be involved. David Scott is VP Business Development for Lockheed Martin Training in Orlando. He said that the F-35 cockpit displays had what he called “Sensor Fusion”, in which a sin- gle Tactical Information Display is produced instead of the several different displays in earlier fighters. Also, automatic systems had been developed for carrier landings in the C version, and he quoted a success rate of 125 out of 125 into the wire without any “bolters”. In the B version, which can hover, a single button switches to hover mode, and, unlike in the Harrier, automation al- lows easy control in the hover. CH-147F CHINOOK simulators of the Royal Canadian Air Force Some 90,000 hours have already been flown on 300 aircraft, and over 400 pilots fidelity for the training task, and (4) capa- in a secure complex inside an operational have flown the F-35. After full deployment ble of being networked with simulators at Air Force station. CAE Benson has a Tacti- there will be 24 training centres worldwide, other units for multi-aircraft training. He cal Control Centre (TCC) for coordination with 10 in the USA, 7 in Europe, 3 in Japan suggested that adequate data fidelity plus of exercises, with external network links so and 2 each in Australia and Israel. Lockheed networking was better than modelling sen- that other aircraft types can be involved. Martin in Orlando manufactures the F-35 sitive national data within just one simula- Another example is the CAE training centre Full Mission Simulator with a dome-based tor or at just one unit, the same point made at Dothan, Alabama, which trains US Air visual, and Scott commented that, regard- by Air Commodore Adang. He pointed Force and Army fixed-wing pilots. Finally, ing simulator networking, the US Air Force out that the US Distributed Mission Op- he announced a Working Group that will Distributed Mission Operations (DMO) sys- erations (DMO) system was available and discuss training co-operation between in- tem and US Navy and Marine equivalents network links like this should be used, and dustry and the military, to be held at the are in use, together with connections to he suggested that using common security Royal Aeronautical Society in London in the UK at Marham, the principal UK F-35 levels across networks is “easy”, whereas October. land base. More networking of F-35 train- being able to use differing security levels ing aids will follow. in an multi-national exercise without com- Summary Next, Lesley Jacobs and Edzard Boland promising security was a “Nirvana” to be from the TNO and NLR institutes in The aimed for. His ideal was integrated opera- This has been a quick overview of some Netherlands spoke on F-35 training in The tional training including strike, air defence, aspects of fighter pilot training. It can Netherlands. Both full mission simulators recce, surveillance, and, of course, realistic be said that the potential for highly re- and training aids embedded in the aircraft enemy action. alistic training for many different combat will be used, with networking between Air Commodore David Waddington now scenarios has never been higher, thanks training aids. The live/synthetic balance works for the CAE company and pointed mainly to the availability of network links was expected to start at about 60/40 in out that if the threat is urgent and you have between the different training elements favour of live flying, but as force training to go into combat, information sharing be- described above. L

November 2017 · European Security & Defence 69  ARMAMENT & TECHNOLOGY Securing Strategic Sites

Tamir Eshel

Facing escalating-, non-traditional threats, security and defence forces Perimeter Protection are revisiting security and preparedness concepts and strategies to Considering the evolving threats tradi- adapt to new realities, dissolving boundaries that defined legacy tional perimeter security should no longer be limited to the physical dimension, but security layers. complemented by sensors, automation and intelligence to augment and enhance the effectiveness and deliver threat warn- raditional security defined specific insider threat attacks that pass traditional ing as early as possible, even in challenging Tregions for site protection – the site defences and compromise the protected scenarios where perimeters or border lines perimeter, defined by a physical obstacle area. Contemporary defences are also ill pass through densely wooded area, jungle (walls, fence, watchtowers and gates), that prepared to meet overwhelming attacks – or crowded urban areas. created a safe area inside the perimeter, from vehicle-borne attacks like ramming, For most applications, the smart fence and areas of interest beyond the perimeter or vehicle-borne suicide attacks to cyber is still a mandatory security element that that could provide early warning if certain threats. Both could be used exclusively or establishes both physical obstacle and an conditions were met. Inside the perimeter, in synch with other attacks. important ‘tripwire’ that would differenti- ate between innocent and suspicious activ- ity. Beefed up with close-circuit television (CCTV) cameras and vibration detectors, smart fences provide a good solution for

Photo: Airobotics intrusion detection. When increased se- curity is mandatory, video motion detec- tion (VMD) using TV and infrared cameras, passive infrared sensors, motion detection radars and touch sensors are also used to detect tampering attempts. Each sensing method has its own advantages and weak- nesses, but the fusion of several sensing methods through Physical Security Infor- mation Management (PSIM) systems can establish a comprehensive network that constitutes a credible security system with minimal rate of false alarms. In applications that require users to establish high security with covert means a physical barrier is often replaced by a deeper ‘ster- ile zone’ created by covert sensors. These include highly sensitive seismic motion de- tectors, laser radars, passive infrared sensors and VMD. Enforcing access control in certain The Airobotics OPTIMUS autonomous drone and its “airbase” areas enables site security and safe zones through surveillance automation. certain areas could be further defined as When assessing site vulnerability, attack A smart, physical obstacle is not sufficient high-security areas, employing additional scenarios should be considered not only to provide security and it should be backed physical obstacles, surveillance and access based on the risk assessment of poten- by efficient reaction by security guards or control means. Since adversaries were of- tial damage, but also the unpredicted – other means to escalate the response. ten inferior – in terms of numbers, intel- desperate refugees running over border Technology innovations are applicable here ligence and equipment, deterrence was crossing, or religious extremist terrorists as well, utilising unmanned systems to aug- based on the assumption that the adver- that seek to gain media attention beyond ment or replace human intervention. sary, as motivated as they may be, would normal proportions. Such incidents, for avoid attack fearing penalty, overwhelming example, extended blackouts, water con- Robotic Guards power or risk of death. tamination, transportation or public ser- Such deterrence is still valid against con- vices disruptions could quickly exacerbate ROBOGUARD is an automated scout ro- ventional criminal threats, but is relatively out of proportion and have serious conse- bot developed by Magal S3. It runs along ineffective against motivated terrorists quences to national security, as events in secured fences, ensuring perimeter integ- launching cross-perimeter attacks by sui- Latin America, the Middle East and Eastern rity and can respond promptly to intru- cide bombers, rockets, mortars, drones, or Europe demonstrated in recent years. sion alerts. ROBOGUARD consists of an

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enabling more informed decision-making in times of emergency situations or during routine patrols. Photo: Noam Eshel Defence in Depth

Security systems designed to face contem- porary threats are required to look beyond the perimeter, using sensors and technolo- gies that can detect changes and inform in- telligence officers about an evolving threat or alert the site’s security of an imminent threat. Common sensors use traditional technologies such as electro-optical, radar and electronic surveillance, with a ‘twist’ of new technology using automatic process- ing and application of ‘machine learning’ The AMSTAF ground robot from Automotive Robotic Industries (ARI) to analyse routine data and spot anomalies can be used for perimeter patrol missions. that would indicate potential risks. Dedicated sensors are required to cover vul- nerable areas, such as forested areas im- penetrable by radar or electro-optical sen- sors. To overcome such issues specialised foliage penetrating radars are used to en- Photo: Elbit Systems able penetration of few tens of meters in- side a forest. Other solutions could employ ground based seismic sensors that would report on human activity in that area. To avoid false alarms by animal activity certain algorithms are used. Enhancing the functionality of CCTV is also enabled by video analytic services, such as those provided by Agent Vi that enhances the safety and security of a protected site performing automatic detection of possi- ble security breaches across perimeters and inner circles in distributed sites. At the core of Agent Vi’s technology is its patented software architecture for distributed video Elbit Systems’ Homeland Security - Incident Command Team Training analytics, called “Image Processing over IP System (HLS-ICTTS) simulates complex emergency scenarios. networks” (IPoIP). This architecture distrib- utes the video analytics task between the autonomous unit travelling on a monorail most security alerts, react to real event as a edge device (an IP camera or encoder) and and carrying several sensors. On routine first responder and delay intruders until the a server (which may be located on-premise patrol mode it travels autonomously, scan- arrival of security forces. or in the cloud). Agent Vi has developed ning and searching for perimeter anoma- Drones can also be used as response ele- high-performance computer vision algo- lies or nearby suspected objects. As it runs ments, as they can rapidly deploy over rela- rithms which include advanced machine closely to the fence, ROBOGUARD pro- tively large areas regardless of terrain. Ai- learning capabilities for real-time event vides a detailed examination of the fence robotics is a developer of the first certified, detection, video search and business intel- under all weather and visibility conditions. autonomous, automated drone system. ligence applications. These algorithms per- In response mode, ROBOGUARD rushes Deployed from specially designed docking form with high precision due to their ability to a location where a suspected intrusion stations placed within the secured perim- to accurately separate and classify various has happened, acting as a first responder. eter, drones are dispatched on patrol auto- targets and objects detected in the scene, To maximise response rates, a network matically, monitored Beyond Visual Line of so that people, vehicles and static objects of ROBOGUARDs is deployed along the Sight (BVLOS) from the control centre. The are classified and events detected accord- perimeter line. Earlier this year Magal de- drone provides the control centre with real- ing to the user’s requirement. As a result, livered the first serial production batch of time insight into security and emergency Agent Vi’s solutions feature high probabil- ROBOGUARDs to an Israeli Government situations, providing better situational ity of detection and low false alarm rates. agency that has become its lead customer. awareness for decision support. Different types of robots such as the AM- The fully automatic platform autonomously Protecting the Inner Zone STAF from ARI are designed to patrol long deploys and lands the drone and collects borders. This intelligent vehicle carries a aerial data to be processed and analysed. While the site perimeter zone attracts the mission payload comprising sensors and Real-time aerial video and photos are deliv- highest attention, gates, communications effectors preparing the robot to deal with ered directly to personnel on the ground, and utility portals are the most vulnerable

72 European Security & Defence · November 2017 ARMAMENT & TECHNOLOGY  elements in the security system, as their goal is letting traffic in and out of the gates. Main gates are often beefed up with ob-

stacles and barriers to stop heavy trucks Photo: via author from ramming in, or prevent vehicle-borne suicide attacks (SVBIED) from hitting the check post. Mifram Security, specialised in barriers and checkpoints is addressing this demand with a comprehensive range of products that includes fixed, deployable and mobile barri- ers, capable of stopping vehicles in tempo- rary installations or gateways, even where permanent measures are not available. They also provide protected guard posts designed to intercept suspected vehicles while securing the guards. When high throughput and high level of security are required, automated process- ing can be used to minimise traffic disrup- tion. These can include pre-screening of vehicles and pedestrians, based on license plate recognition, specific vehicle profiling, and matching of vehicle and human biom- etric data. For individuals, cross-checking of biometric and document identification could establish an automated security pro- cessing, to establish high confidence of de- tection in a short time. Since no security system is impenetrable, high security sites also enforce security measures inside the protected zone. Sur- veillance systems similar to those placed along the perimeter could also monitor ac- tivity inside the site, using elevated sensors in aerostats and drones, existing CCTV or WiFi communications services to track in- dividuals or vehicles and verify each entity adheres to permitted access and functions. Identifying an insider threat is one of the toughest security tasks that can be achieved through the implementation of comprehensive, integrated PSIM. On top of the analysis of local activity, security officials could also employ artificial intelligence (AI) and cognitive computing to reach deep- insights for investigation, vetting and other security related activities. Such tools are SKYSTAR 110 light aerostat from RT provides elevated, persistent provided by VoyagerAnalytics developed surveillance over a large area. by VoyagerLabs, an AI engine that com- bines expert systems with deep-learning ply since they are installed outdoors and ly warning to incidents without sacrificing algorithms, to extract dynamic, real-time, physically accessible to electronic attack. the organisation’s operational agility. and tailored insights into human behaviour Cyber Security Event Management (SIEM) Unmanned systems, automation, AI, deep by analysing massive amounts of publicly such as the OCTUPUS provides a converged learning systems and cyber security are available unstructured data. By analysing physical and cyber security solution provid- only few of the exciting new technolo- content, connection and concepts it spots ing security details a real-time overview of gies now available to enhance site security. individuals, groups or topics that might pre- security threats along with optimal stand- However, as security systems are evolving, sent a security threat ard operating procedures (SOP), to respond they also become more complex to inte- By their essence as security systems that act to unfolding events that may include physi- grate, maintain and operate. To enable as a buffer between the protected organi- cal and cyber events. Such systems collect users to continue and operate such com- sation and the outer world, these systems data on user activity, from physical, cyber plex systems, the market could address this are vulnerable to cyber attack. Even when and safety and sensor systems, to detect challenge with semi-automated solutions using protected, robust networks, security and report anomalies. By fusing data from that integrate artificial intelligence to assist systems are often vulnerable to attack, sim- different sources such systems provide ear- human operators in decision support. L

November 2017 · European Security & Defence 73  ARMAMENT & TECHNOLOGY Calming the Storm Equipment for Riot Control

Doug Richardson

A video clip published on the internet during the recent DSEI 2017 defence exhibition in London claimed to show police brutality against protestors demonstrating against the event. But in practice, all that it showed were protestors being forcibly removed from the road leading to the exhibition grounds.

iewers who expected to see batons, ing theft, vandalism, and destruction of Vteargas, or rubber bullets being used property. Police and military forces need to would have been disappointed by scenes be trained and equipped to deal with such that seemed almost as ritualised as a Japa- riots by confronting such behaviour, pro- nese Noh play – protesters trying to block tecting lives and property whose security access to the exhibition by sitting and lying is threatened. Photo: Imperial Armour on the road, only to be hauled to their feet DSEI gave “European Security & Defence” and frogmarched away by the police. a chance to talk to some of the companies that produce the hardware needed for riot control, and most (but not all) of the equip- ment featured in this report represents a selection of those being promoted at the exhibition. Anti-riot forces have traditionally used Photo: Doug Richardson handheld ('bullhorn') or vehicle-mounted public address (PA) systems to commu- nicate with demonstrators or rioters, but these suffer from low quality and limited range. A more effective approach is to use a high-powered communication system able to deliver clearly-intelligible messages at long range. LRAD Corporation offers systems able to deliver high-quality live or pre-recorded sound messages, or to deliver a loud dis- ruptive noise intended to curb hostile be- LRAD Corporation's hand-portable haviour. Its smallest product is the hand- LRAD 100X sound system easily portable LRAD 100X, a 6.8 kg unit pow- outperforms bullhorns or vehicle ered by an 8-hour lithium iron phosphate PA systems, says the company. It rechargeable battery and able to deliver offers high-quality sound at high sound levels up to 30 db louder than is pos- volumes. sible with bullhorns or vehicle PA systems. Designed for use on tripods or mounted on But not all protests are conducted in such vehicles, the LRAD 450XL is a larger system, a low-key manner. Individuals prepared to weighing 16.6 kg without accessories. It use violence in pursuit of their aims can cre- can be connected to any audio device with ate a dangerous public disturbance against a headphone jack, while a USB cable allows authority, property or people, and involv- downloading of pre-recorded audio files to the unit's MP3 player. It has a maximum Author range of up to 1,700 m in ideal conditions. An operational range of up to 500 m is Following an earlier career in possible in the presence of more than 88 Imperial Armour's ballistic helmet, engineering, Doug Richardson is a dB of background noise. face-guard, body armour, knee defence journalist specialising in Glock Audio used DSEI to promote two new and knuckle protectors, gloves, topics such as aircraft, missiles, and lightweight acoustic systems – the LSA-X riot shield, and baton would military electronics. ultra-compact acoustic hailing manpack, probably deter all but the most and the CDL-136 drone-mounted loud- persistent of opponents.

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speaker. Designed for mobile applications, Imperial Armour was promoting what it timidate a crowd. Lines of officers tapping the LSA-X weighs less than 5.8 kg and is described as the South African Standard their batons on their shields can be quite designed to transmit high-quality speech Anti-Riot Suit, the Delux anti-Riot Suit, and frightening to unarmed civilians, particu- over ranges of 500-1,000 m. It is powered a Full Anti-Riot Set. Features of these in- larly if the anti-riot force is advancing. by a lithium rechargeable battery and has cluded a helmet fitted with an anti-petrol Electrified batons and stun guns able to a remote-control facility that allows it to be polycarbonate visor, knee protectors, and deliver immobilising, low-energy pulsed used from a concealed position or while knuckle protector gloves. electric shocks have long been used for on the move. The CDL-136 weighs 2.8 kg The Turkish company QVS offers a ballistic riot control, but the same concept is also and was displayed on a quadcopter drone. vest able to resist 9mm and .44 Magnum used in longer-range weapons. The classic It has a 20-minute operating time and is rounds. Optional additional pieces provide conducted electrical weapon (CEW) used Photo: Milkor Photo: PepperBall

Photo left: Despite the availability of multi-shot and rapid-firing anti-riot weapons, there is still a market for the more traditional single-shot weapon such as Milkor's 37/38mm STOPPER. Photo right: PepperBall's shoulder-fired TAC-SF can fire anti-riot projectiles in single-shot, three-round burst, or full-automatic modes.

designed to transmit high-quality speech protection for the crotch, neck, throat and at range is the Axon (formerly Taser Inter- over a range of 100-400 m. shoulders, while pockets at the front and national) Taser. This uses compressed gas Personnel tasked with riot control typically back can accommodate plates, should a to launch two small dart-like electrodes wear protective equipment, such as ballis- higher level of protection be required. designed to penetrate clothing. Both elec- tic helmets, face visors, and body armour. Riot shields are usually sized to cover an trodes remain connected to the main unit These need to cope with the anticipated average-sized man from the top of the by trailing wires used to deliver a pulsed threat, while allowing the wearer enough head to the knees. Normally made from dose of electrical energy intended to dis- mobility to perform his duties. While it is transparent high-impact polycarbonate, a rupt voluntary control of muscles by means temping to specify that the armour must material that can be penetrated by low- of neuromuscular incapacitation (NMI). provide protection from .44 Magnum velocity handgun and shotgun projectile, First fielded in 2011, the TASER X2 Defend- rounds, several US studies conducted dur- they can be used defensively to protect er incorporates dual lasers, which show ing the 1990s suggest that the most com- the user from thrown projectiles, and the the user exactly where the electrodes will mon weapon causing police deaths was splash from improvised weapons such as a strike. It can also create a preliminary warn- the 0.38 calibre handgun. Molotov cocktail. In the offensive role, they ing arc that may intimidate the target and The range of body armour offered by the can be used to push back rioters. remove the need to fire. The X2 also intro- UK company Jack Ellis includes three prod- For more severe threat environments, a duced a "back up shot" feature which al- ucts that were singled out in response bullet-proof ballistic shield may be needed. lows the user to fire a second shot without to our enquiries. The Enforcer zip-front The Czech company OCZ has developed having to reload. quilted body armour weighs between hand-held versions in a range of sizes rang- Axon has also developed a long-range 2.39-3.23 kg depending on size and level ing from the 400 x 500mm CZ 4M Police wireless electro-shock projectile called of protection. While the lightest variant is to the 1,000 x 530mm CZ 4M Panter. For XREP (eXtended Range Electro-muscular designed to counter knife and spike at- situations where the highest level of ballis- Projectile). Designed to be fired from a tacks, blunt trauma, and fragmentation, tic protection is required, the 21 kg CZ 4M 12-gauge shotgun, it contains a small the heaviest version (UK HG2 KR2 SP2) Attack is intended to cope with rifle rounds high-voltage battery used to generate the offers protection from 9mm, .375 Mag- such as 7.62x51mm AP, 5.56x45mm SS109, pulsed energy required for NMI. An XREP num, and .44 Magnum projectiles. The and 7.62x54mm LPS Dragunov. Too heavy projectile has a maximum effective range Defender series was being promoted in to be hand carried, it is mounted on a four- of almost 30 m. versions for police and press use and con- wheeled base and has a ballistic glass view- Tear gas is a widely-used anti-riot incapacit- sists of a base unit incorporating front, ing port. ant. It is typically composed of the chemi- side, and back soft armour, but front and A baton or truncheon is one of the most cal compounds chloroacetophenone (CN) rear pockets (and optional side pockets) basic weapons for crowd control or the and chlorobenzylidenemalononitrile (CS). can house armour plates. Peacekeeper dispersal of rioters. Available in straight, These irritate the mucous membranes of was a model initially designed to meet the side-handle, and extendable forms, it nor- the eyes, nose, mouth, and lungs, and can requirements of humanitarian customers, mally takes the form of a club of less than cause crying, sneezing, coughing, difficulty but it also has police and military users. arm's length, and it can be used defensively breathing, or even nausea and vomiting. Additional auxiliary components provide to block an attack or offensively to strike But the effects are usually short-lived, al- protection for the shoulder, collar, lower the arms or legs of the targeted individual. lowing recovery within 30 minutes of ex- intestines, and groin. Batons and shields can also be used to in- posure to the agent ending.

November 2017 · European Security & Defence 75  ARMAMENT & TECHNOLOGY

Pepper spray (more correctly known as cap- or more. According to a US Department of The VKS shoulder-fired launcher was de- sicum spray) is another lachrymatory agent. Justice study published in 2004, almost 10 signed to have the same look, feel and fire- Its effects include causing the eyes to close, percent of munitions fired at 3 m or less control system as the AR-15/M-4 carbine. thus creating a temporary blindness. PAVA cause broken bones, the most common It can be switched from a mode that uses (pelargonic acid vanillylamide) is a synthetic serious injury that could result from being a magazine with a capacity of either 10 or capsaicinoid used as an incapacitant. Sig- hit by an impact munition. 15 rounds, or a hopper with a capacity of nificantly more potent than CS, it primarily Anti-riot weapons traditionally used a pro- 180 rounds. The gas pressure is provided affects the eyes, causing closure and a se- pellant such as smokeless powder to pro- either by a 13-cubic-inch inch tank in the vere pain reported to be greater than that vide the projectile with the required impe- butt-stock, or via an air line to an external caused by CS. tus, but many more recent designs rely on tank. With VXR-series projectiles, it has an Anti-riot weapons typically use 37mm, compressed air or compressed gas. The effective accurate range of 35 – 45 m. 38mm, or 40mm rounds. They can be sin- Fabrique Nationale d’Herstal (FNH) FN 303 By the end of 2017, the company plans to gle-shot weapons (typically of break-open has become a classic weapon of this type. offer two new products – the shoulder- configuration) or multi-shot (typically of the Constructed primarily of polymer, it weighs fired TAC-SF, and the TCP, a smaller weapon revolver type). The munitions can be inert 2.2 kg and uses compressed air to propel shaped like a handgun. The TAC-SF can be rounds intended for direct impact, or can projectiles out to a range of around 100 m. set to fire in semi-automatic, three-round carry a payload of washable or indelible Its 15-round detachable drum magazine has burst, or full-automatic modes, with muz- paint, or an irritant such as CS. a clear polymer back plate to provide a sim- zle velocities of 85-100 m/sec. It is powered As their name suggests, rubber bullets ple identification of the number of rounds by a 30-cubic-inch 3,000 psi gas bottle un- (sometimes termed rubber baton rounds) remaining. The weapon is designed to derslung beneath the barrel and fires am- are rubber or rubber-coated projectiles in- produce a muzzle velocity of 86-91 m/sec, munition stored in a 180-round EL-2 hop- tended to provide a non-lethal method of delivering a projectile intended to create a per mounted above the weapon. Its total riot control. They can be fired from dedi- sufficiently dissuasive level of pain to tem- weight complete with the gas bottle and cated riot guns or fired from standard fire- porarily neutralise a suspect up to a range hopper is 2.85 kg. arms in place of metal projectiles, and they of 50 m yet with minimum risk of causing Sized to fit into a moulded duty holster that are intended to stun or otherwise tempo- a penetrating injury or collateral damage. can be comfortably carried on a standard rarily incapacitate their target, giving law Projectiles can be of the pure impact type or duty belt, the 0.77 kg TCP has a semi-au- enforcement officers a chance to subdue can include a secondary payload such as an tomatic action that uses CO2 or nitrogen and arrest that person. irritant, or washable or indelible paint. to launch round or VXR-shaped projectiles Normally fired from a 12-gauge shotgun, Originally an engineering project group stored in a six-round magazine. Round pro- a bean bag round consists of a small fabric within the US defence contractor Jaycor, jectiles are accurate to a range of 20 m, says bag filled with lead shot. This spreads out in PepperBall is now a division of United Tac- the company, while VXR-shaped projectiles flight and distributes its impact over an area tical Systems (UTS). It currently markets a are accurate out to 50 m. of about 6 square centimetres of the tar- number of weapons that use high-pressure PepperBall's range of 0.68 x 0.72 VXR get. Super Socks look more like cloth socks gas to eject anti-riot projectiles. shaped projectiles include VXR (filled with than the traditional square bean bags. Of- ten sewed or tied off in the middle, they may incorporate a rear-positioned streamer intended to stabilise their flight. Sponge rounds use projectiles made of a spongy material and can be fired from long range with increased accuracy and consistency. All forms of direct-impact projectile rapidly lose velocity, so their capacity to create se- rious injury is diminished at ranges of 3 m

BCB International's FRAMM rifle stock allows firearms officers wearing a ballistic helmet with the visor low- ered to use their weapon from any firing position. Photo: BCB International

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inert powder and used as direct-impact rounds or for training), VXR CS, VXR CS/PAVA (armed with 1.25% CS/1.25% PAVA), and VXR Live-X (carrying 2.5 g of 0.25% PAVA). They weigh 3.5 g, hold a 2.5 g payload, and are colour-coded to indicate type. For example, the VXR inert powder round is purple, while the VXR Live-X is red. Wearing a ballistic helmet with the visor fully lowered can make it difficult to aim a firearm such as a riot gun, so BCB Inter- national developed its FRAMM rifle stock. Launched as a new product at DSEI, it of-

Photo: Streit Group fers nine position settings that can be used Rioters who try to seize the Streit Group's 4x4 Riot Control Vehicle will to conform to a wide range of body and be faced with a smooth exterior offering no handholds and protected ballistic visor shapes. It is intended to allow by a system able to release tear gas around the vehicle. firearms officers to use their weapon from any firing position. A wide range of specialised vehicles has been developed for use by anti-riot forces. Photo: IAG Typically, these will be armoured against small-arms fire and be able to transport a small group of anti-riot personnel. Some are equipped with a water cannon able to shoot a high-velocity stream of water intended to repel unruly crowds. Most modern water cannons are also capable of adding dye or even tear gas to the stream. A growing problem faced by police at- tempting to keep order at left-wing pro- tests (or at counter-protests held in re- sponse to right-wing rallies) is what has become known as the 'Black Bloc' – mili- tant individuals prone to use militant and often illegal tactics such as smashing win- dows, setting cars or other vehicles alight, and hurling projectiles at police, but who The RHINO ARMORED Crowd Control Vehicle is one of International dress for anonymity (in black clothing, for Armored Group's range of riot-control vehicles. It can accommodate example), and with their faces concealed by a crew of 2+10 and features gun ports and a turret with mounts for a scarves or balaclava helmets. Spraying such 7.62mm or 0.5-inch calibre machine gun. people with a powerful jet of dyed water might allow them to be subsequently iden- tified, even if they have abandoned their now dye-stained black garb. The Streit Group's 4x4 Riot Control Vehicle is armed with two water cannons fed from Photo: Katmerciler a 6,000-litre water tank and able to release water infused with dyes, foams, and other additives. It has a smooth exterior intended to prevent rioters from mounting it, and it incorporates a tear gas duct system able to spray irritant around the vehicle in order to force rioters to retire to a safe distance. International Armored Group (IAG) mar- kets its Armored Anti-Riot Truck as a way of moving a 2+10 man team into an area of concern. The vehicle incorporates gun ports and a turret that can be armed with a 7.62 mm or 0.5-inch machine gun. 76mm grenade launcher pods are reloadable from A positive pressure system incorporated in Katmerciler's Toplumsal within the vehicle, and a front-mounted Olaylara Müdahale Araci (TOMA) Riot Control Vehicle should ensure detachable hydraulic ram can be used that riot-control agents such as tear gas do not leak into its interior. to displace road blocks. The company's

November 2017 · European Security & Defence 77  ARMAMENT & TECHNOLOGY

Armored Water Cannon is available in 4x4 be expanded like a concertina – packs flat width from 4.5 m to 7.5 m – wide enough and 6x6 forms, and it has a throw range of for ease of transport, but can be deployed to block some city streets. Several could up to 65 m. A water spray system is pro- from the back of a vehicle or trailer at a combine to block a wider thoroughfare. vided in order to protect the vehicle's roof, rate of about a kilometre per hour to form The vehicle is also equipped with a small sides, tire shield, and underbody. Katmer- an obstacle. shielded platform that can be elevated to a ciler's Toplumsal Olaylara Müdahale Araci Barricades set up across streets and the height of 4.7 m. This can carry two people (TOMA) Riot Control Vehicle is armed with cry "To the barricades" have their place and can be fitted with payloads including a water cannon, vehicle-top and underside in left-wing folklore, but today's secu- spotlights, teargas dispensers, or a water sprays, and a bulldozer blade. Its cab is pro- rity and anti-riot forces can deploy such cannon fed by a towed tank. tected by a positive pressure system. The barriers with greater speed than would- From his position in the vehicle's armoured vehicle can carry 5,000 litres of water, 80 be revolutionaries could ever hope to compartment, the operator can use a litres of foam, and 60 litres of dye. achieve. For example, the RIOT tactical video link to monitor what is happening Pakistan's Heavy Industries Taxila company vehicle marketed since 2010 by the Slo- on the other side of the shield. If anti-riot based its PROTECTOR armoured security vakian company Bozena can be used to forces need to get past the barrier, the vehicle on a Toyota Land Cruiser chassis, create near-instant barricades. Based on a latter can quickly be lifted into the air. adding lightweight composite armour to small wheeled vehicle with movable arms Faced with opposition barricades, the create a 4,700 kg vehicle that combines B7 similar to those on a front loader, it carries Boneza can use a front-mounted dozer level protection (the ability to cope with ri- fle-fired armour-piercing rounds) for a 2+6 crew with the manoeuvrability needed to operate in urban environments. Photo: Bozena Penman's METRAS 4 x 4 has an all-in weight of 11,000 kg including a 3,300 - 4,126 kg payload. Suitable for roles includ- ing public order and border patrol, it pro- vides STANAG 4569 L2 KE – 2A/2B protec- tion for its 2+6 crew, but L3 protection can be provided by an appliqué field fit. If the goal of protestors or rioters is to en- ter an area or facility of interest to them, perimeter security becomes important. Carefully positioned physical barriers can keep unwanted visitors out and allow se- curity personnel to focus their activities onto entrances and known weak points. When DSEI moved to its current location at London's Excel Centre in 2001, protes- tors realised that there were only two ways into the site, and concluded that by block- ing these they could prevent exhibitors and visitors from entering. What they failed to realise was that the limited number of en- trances would increase the effectiveness of the police and security staff in maintaining legitimate access to the exhibition. Interlocked crowd control barriers act as a physical and psychological barrier. Of- ten used for crowd management at public events including political rallies and dem- onstrations, if locked together they can- not easily be toppled or broken through. However, their limited height will allow determined demonstrators or rioters to climb over. A chain-link fence in which thick wire Anti-riot forces can shelter behind the built-in barrier carried by the Bozena forms a characteristic diamond pattern RIOT Tactical Vehicle while using its viewing ports and weapon ports. is a widely-used security measure. Such fences are normally permanent, but tem- a 4.5 m-wide shield armoured to resist blade attachment to push large obstacles porary fencing consisting of free-standing 7.62x51mm projectiles. out of the way. It all adds up to a high- self-supporting panels of chain-link, steel The shield includes eight bullet-proof win- technology approach that would have or wire, can be used to create a suitable dows that allow visual observation and been unthinkable to Victor Hugo when barrier around the perimeter of a defended monitoring of the crowd situation and he penned his account of 19th century area. Concertina wire – barbed wire or ra- has firing ports suitable for anti-riot guns barricades and anti-riot policing in the zor wire formed in large coils which can or other weapons. It can be extended in novel 'Les Misérables'. L

78 European Security & Defence · November 2017 ARMAMENT & TECHNOLOGY  CBRN Training and Simulation Current Standards and Trends

Dan Kaszeta

Chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear (CBRN) situations and environments can be caused by acts of warfare, accidents, or terrorism. CBRN operating environments pose distinct training and simulation challenges.

South Korean Army soldiers in a CBRN training exercise at a US Air Force base in South Korea. Photo: Public domain image, US Air Force

urvival in CBRN environments requires scenarios, so there is the added challenge militaries, from unit to unit, often at the Suse of equipment and procedures for of conducting non-CBRN tasks and using mercy of commander’s decisions to allo- protection, decontamination, medical care, non-CBRN equipment under the demand- cate training time and resources. detection and identification. Most of these ing conditions of CBRN environments. A trend worth mentioning is that of out- procedures and pieces of equipment are CBRN training is not a field where we have sourcing. Early in this correspondent’s ca- not used very much, or even at all, in non- seen revolutionary developments in the last reer, there was very little outsourced or con- CBRN situations. Likewise, the normal tasks few years. Rather, we see occasional de- tracted CBRN training. However, numerous of fighting wars must not cease in CBRN velopments and often years of neglect as companies large and small have entered CBRN scenarios take a lower priority than this field. One of particular prominence is Author the crisis of the day, which for the last two Hotzone Solutions, a Netherlands-based decades has generally been conventional company drawing on extensive expertise Dan Kaszeta is Managing Director at warfare in places like Iraq and Afghanistan. from former Organisation for the Prohibi- Strongpoint Security Ltd. As a result, the state of CBRN training varies tion of Chemical Weapons staff. In addi- widely from country to country, and within tion, the various manufacturers of CBRN

November 2017 · European Security & Defence 79  ARMAMENT & TECHNOLOGY equipment provide a higher degree of ism in protective equipment is easy; the suit tioned above) has fielded a set of chemi- training on their products than in the past. and mask feel exactly the same in clean cal warfare simulants so well crafted that Both recent and long-term technical devel- air as in toxic air. Likewise, decontamina- they will fool nearly every instrument on opments have made CBRN training easier tion is much the same, whether you are the market, so much so that customers are to conduct. Many of these developments cleaning off harmless dust or radioactive advised to be cautious storing and travel- occurred for other reasons and have had particles. The hardest issues with realism ling with them lest they cause false alarms. important, even if sometimes indirect, ben- are in detection and identification. But this Using simulants over wide areas, however, efits for CBRN training. There have been is also the area where the most interesting is neither economically nor environmen- gradual improvements in respirators and developments in CBRN training and simula- tally acceptable. Their use within confined protective clothing. Weight, field of vision, tion have occurred. spaces may also present challenges. A sig- In previous decades, CBRN detection nificant trend over previous years has been equipment was often restricted to highly towards virtual simulation, by electronic trained CBRN specialists and was complex means, of chemical or radiological materi- to operate, requiring extensive operator als. Biological detection remains a slower training. The overall trend in chemical and than real-time process, so there is less work radiological detection equipment has been done in this arena. As radio waves travel in a very strong movement towards lighter, a similar way to gamma rays, use of small easier to operate, and (often) less expen- radio transmitters to simulate radiation sive equipment. Biological detection lags hotspots is not new, but the early systems behind in many ways, and it is less affected were cumbersome and difficult to use. Ad- by these trends. Chemical and radiological vances in electronics and digital communi- instrumentation is generally more rugged cation make it far easier to set up simulated and resistant to abuse now than it was in contamination zones and provide realistic

Photo: Photo courtesy of Argon Electronics and UK MoD the past. Fewer chemical detectors contain detection readings on instruments. GPS co- radioactive sources, which drove intensive ordinates can be tied to specific instrument security and accountability paperwork that measurements to simulate large areas of often left the detectors locked in a vault contamination. when units trained. The general idea in The industry pioneer in this “virtual detec- many militaries now is to proliferate detec- tion” world is a UK company called Argon tion equipment far and wide in the combat Electronics. They produce a wide variety of forces, not just to specialist CBRN teams simulators that physically mimic actual de- and units. The largest example of this trend tectors from many of the major instrument is the US Joint Chemical Agent Detector manufacturers, including Thermo Fisher, (JCAD), produced by Smiths Detection in Canberra, Smiths Detection, Proengin, and both the USA and UK. It is estimated that Environics. For example, their simulated almost 100,000 JCADs have been fielded Smiths Detection LCD 3.3 detector feels, by the US military in a major step-change looks, and behaves just like the actual prod- over previous fielding plans. uct, and it gives realistic readings. Their These trends in detection development PlumeSIM™ technology is a training sys- LCD/JCAD simulator training at have had generally positive effects on train- tem to simulate Live and Virtual wide-area the UK Defence CBRN Centre ing. On the one hand, infantrymen and ar- hazards and is capable of integration with tillery crews have new items of equipment systems such as eSIM’s Steel Beasts Pro breathing resistance, and heat burden have to use and train on, as detectors migrate and SAAB’s Gamer. Argon has established all been reduced in recent generations of out of specialised units into infantry pla- a reputation as the leader in this particular protection technology. Many protective toons and onto tanks and other armoured niche, and their products are in use around suits have a longer service lifetime and can vehicles. More importantly, however, the the world. Argon has rivals in this sector, be reused. Many can be laundered. The newer detectors are often very easy to use. including the UK-based Safe Training Sys- days when chemical suits needed to be It takes less than an hour to make someone tems, which primarily does radiation detec- saved for wartime and not used for training proficient in the use of the JCAD, and a sim- tion simulation. They appear to have less should be gone for good. This means that ple five-minute orientation can get a user market penetration in the military market. CBRN training and exercises can be con- up and running with the basic functions of Others are active in this sector. A relatively ducted with the actual gear that one is ex- the detector. new Dutch company, Prometech, takes a pected to wear to war. Improved clothing Another technical trend in instrumentation different approach to this problem. Their means less heat stress and better visibility has been great improvements in simulation CBRN Response Simulator applies soft- for the soldiers or emergency services per- of CBRN detection and identification. Using ware that uses off-the-shelf smartphones sonnel involved, leading to fewer accidents simulants i.e. (chemicals that have a similar and tablets to mimic the displays on vari- and injuries. Given the same environmen- signature to the agent in question) has long ous detection instruments, an approach tal conditions, training can be conducted been a method of confidence testing and Argon has taken with PlumeSIM-SMART. for longer with less physical stress on the training with detection instruments. For ex- While there are obvious sacrifices in real- participants. ample, the chemical methyl salicylate has ism using this approach, it also allows for Realism is always a problem in CBRN train- long been a simulant for Sulphur Mustard, training without the actual instruments ing, but one of varying difficulty, depending as it presents a similar signature to many involved and does not require hardware on which aspect of the CBRN operational types of chemical warfare detectors. It is purchases. USA-based HazSim uses a tech- environment one is trying to simulate. Real- worth noting that Hotzone Solutions (men- nical approach that is roughly in between

80 European Security & Defence · November 2017 ARMAMENT & TECHNOLOGY  the Argon and Prometech approaches: teaching emergency services personnel. important aspect of simulation that has HazSim fields a generic detector-like device The US Army moved its CBRN training to relevance to training. Part of CBRN re- that simulates a gas monitor, which can be Fort Leonard Wood, in Missouri, in the late sponse, in both military and civil settings, programmed as part of a wireless network. 1990s and built a new CDTF there, which is to understand the behaviour of CBRN However, this product appears geared to- trains thousands every year, from across all materials in actual scenarios. Since CBRN wards emergency services users rather than of the military services and allied partners. training rarely, if ever, actually releases military CBRN customers. These are rela- The USA does not have a monopoly on CBRN materials in real-world scenarios, tively new approaches that merit further live agent training. Canada has the abil- then there is a clear need to model such observation. Such approaches could easily ity to use small amounts of actual chemi- releases. Large efforts, often internal to be adapted into military environments were cal warfare agents at their Experimental government agencies and laboratories, there to be sufficient demand. Proving Ground at CFB Suffield, in Al- are being expended to improve the ac- Photo: US Army Public Domain Image

Training with actual VX nerve agent at the US Army’s Chemical Defense Training Facility in 2013

Saab, in Sweden, has developed simulation berta. The Czech Republic has their well- curacy and capability of these models. capabilities that use its Automated Warn- respected facility in Vyškov, which is used Many of the best products in this cate- ing and Reporting System for inputs. This by various NATO members, and it uses a gory are government-produced software is more a virtual tool for command post wider variety of chemical warfare agents packages, such as the US military’s Haz- exercises, but is useful nonetheless. Bruhn than the US facilities. Notably, Hotzone ard Prediction and Assessment Capability Newtech, well known for sensor integration Solutions has access to this facility for (HPAC), which has evolved over twenty and software for warning and reporting, has countries and agencies that need to out- years. CATS, CAMEO and ALOHA are products that are as useful in exercise set- source their live-agent CBRN training. This also US government software products tings as they are in real world scenarios. goes a long way towards helping nations with widespread uptake, and all have Regardless of the advances of simulants get access to this level of training without been used in various training exercises. and electronic simulations, there is a role the serious difficulty of establishing such Literally hundreds of software packages, for training with actual CBRN materials, facilities themselves. It should also be both well known and obscure, exist in this as long as it is done safely and in a con- noted that numerous fire training facilities market. An exhaustive listing of them is trolled and secured environment. The use around the world use chemicals such as beyond the scope of this article. of small, licensed radiation sources is rela- chlorine and ammonia for hazardous ma- As a final note, it is important to re-it- tively easily done by government agencies terials technician training, and such train- erate that none of this new technology and authorised users. However, use of ing facilities are occasionally underutilised has benefit if units and commanders do actual chemical warfare materials is much by military CBRN responders. not emphasise CBRN training. If CBRN harder to achieve. The USA has long been Another area of effort that is worth men- training is neglected or is a belated after- a pioneer in this arena, having set up its tioning is that there have been significant thought, as has often been the case, then Chemical Defense Training Facility (CDTF) improvements in computer modelling the above-mentioned technologies and at Fort McClellan, Alabama, in the 1980s, of CBRN situations. Once the domain of products cannot bring any value. The best using Sarin and VX to train US military per- manual calculations, pencils, and tem- CBRN training is that which actually hap- sonnel. That original facility still soldiers plates, computer modelling of CBRN is pens and is not just a bullet point on the on, despite the closure of Fort McClellan, now standard in most places. This is an annual training report. L

November 2017 · European Security & Defence 81  ARMAMENT & TECHNOLOGY Technology Driving Increased

Simulation Fidelity Trevor Nash

The use of virtual simulation to replace live training has been underway for a number of years. The challenge in trying to balance the virtual domain with that of the live domain has generated much heated debate but modern training syllabi view the growing use of virtual training as the way forward.

ccording to Dan Brockway, VP Mar- Aketing at VT MAK, virtual simulation can be described as, “The use of simula- tion to immerse a person in a 3D synthetic environment to engage in learning experi- ences. The principle of virtual simulation is Photo: Northrop Grumman to use first-person interactive scenarios and environments that reflect real-life situations to train, experiment, and study.” Expanding upon the training aspects of virtual simulation, Brockway said, “Virtual simulation is preferable to live training in cases where it is too expensive or too dangerous to practise with live people and equipment. Virtual simulation also affords the possibility to create training scenarios that would be difficult or impossible to set up in the real world.” Clearly beneficial, how does the military evaluate the correct balance between the two training domains? “The UK took a little bit of a punt on 50/50 In December 2016, a demonstration for the first time successfully quite a few years ago,” former Royal Air proved distributed simulation capability by connecting a RAAF KC-30A Force F-35 Lightning commander Air Com- Multi-Role Tanker Transport simulator with a C-17A Globemaster III modore Harvey Smyth said recently. “That simulator at RAAF Base Amberley and a Northrop Grumman test was for many reasons, some of which were laboratory located in Orlando, Florida. financial. But since then we’ve done a lot of analysis to underpin that. I charged the Richmond for C-130J training conducted by economic and operational aspects of vir- team: ‘Do not be skewed by 50/50. Do the 285 Squadron. tual training, this feature will concentrate work objectively, and then let me know Looking in more detail at 33 Squadron, type on the technical drivers affecting improved what it pans out to be.’ And, near as dam- training for the KC-30A currently includes fidelity and its associated realism within mit, it came out at 50/50.” 70 hours in the simulator and just three modern virtual training devices. But the RAF is not unusual in adopting a flights in the actual aircraft. This model is In terms of economics, virtual training is pa- 50:50 live-virtual split. Others, notably for likely to change and become more radical tently cheaper. For example, to fly a Block type training, devote over 85% to virtual in the future as the RAAF looks to adopt a 50 F-16 for one hour costs between $7,500 training in the full mission simulator and zero-flight time approach and conduct all and $24,000 depending on what is amor- other lower order training devices. A case type training in the simulator. tised. According to Rockwell Collins, the in point is the Royal Australian Air Force’s In the US, which accounts for over 65% operation of a full mission simulator would 33 Squadron at RAAF Base Amberley that of the world’s spending on military simula- cost around $900 per hour. trains crews for the KC-30A MRTT aircraft. tion and training products and services, the The increased safety of using simulators This approach is also mirrored at RAAF Base US Navy’s Simulation Master plan calls for also impacts economics. Crashing a simu- an increase in virtual training. For example, lator costs nothing but crashing a F-16 has Author MH-60R virtual training is set to grow from serious consequences. a baseline of 39% in 2012 to 48% by 2020 Another cost factor arises when conduct- Trevor Nash is the Editor of “Military and the EA-18G from 20% to 34%. ing large-scale exercises that require all Training & Simulation News” (MTSN) The reasons behind this move towards elements of a composite air group to be and provides simulation and training more reliance on virtual training within the brought together. Bringing together spe- consultancy services to industry and simulators may be considered under the cialist capabilities such as air to air tankers, government organisations. three headings of economic, operational airborne early warning, strike, suppression and technical. After briefly considering the of enemy air defence and air defence air-

82 European Security & Defence · November 2017 craft for training exercises is expensive and wasteful of resources as the aircraft may have to be taken away from operational tasks. There is also the question of airframe fatigue and costly maintenance to consider. This, in part, is why exercises such as Coali- tion Virtual Flag have become so popular. “The benefits of conducting this training in a virtual environment include enormous cost savings over live-fly, enhanced security, greater participation through distributed training networks, a larger scope of opera- tions, greater ability to reproduce contest- ed-degraded-operationally limited effects, expanded multi-domain play through

space and cyberspace, and significant Photo: DoD Australia inclusion of coalition and joint players,” C-130J Full-Flight Mission Simulator during Exercise Coalition Virtual explained Colonel Geoffrey Weiss, Com- Flag 2015 mander 552nd Air Control Wing, USAF at Kirtland AFB. architectures and commercially available One visualisation company to gain traction Turning to operational aspects, the latest graphics cards, modern systems have a since being acquired by Havelsan in 2016 generation of combat aircraft, such as the much smaller footprint, are more reliable is Quantum3D. The company’s latest suc- F-35, are “driving new training methodolo- and generate extremely realistic images. cess is in Turkey where it is to supply its gies and changing the whole ball game,” One area where visual systems have not IDX 8000 image generator and MANTIS said Dave Scott, Lockheed Martin Rotary really advanced is in terms of standardised database generation software for use on and Mission Systems VP Business Develop- databases that allow a database to be the TAI T-625 OZGUN flight simulator. ment. “This is due to the extreme range transportable and used on different image “Helicopter simulation is one of the most of the aircraft’s sensors and weapons and generators. In the US, CAE has developed demanding applications from a visual sys- the inability of current live ranges to cope the common database (CDB) that enables tem perspective,” commented Brian Overy, with the performance envelopes of such all such databases to run on CAE’s MEDAL- Quantum3D’s Vice President of Business aircraft.” LION 6000 image generators. Although Development and Sales. “We are excited Scott added that there are also security is- this is of benefit to users that have such to be a part of this programme with TAI, sues with potentially hostile nations “be- hardware, CDB does have its detractors. and this only adds to the momentum of ing able to monitor the aircraft during live For example, co-founder and President of success we’ve been seeing recently as the training”. Together, these are leading to visualisation specialists MetaVR, W. Garth emerging visual platform of choice in the the greater use of virtual training for such Smith said that, “The portable source initia- rotary-wing segment.” aircraft. tive or US Navy PSI, is for us the most practi- The choice in the image generation mar- Before looking at the technical aspects of cal [database standard] as it denotes source ket is extensive. The widespread availability virtual simulation, most notably visual and data in very heavily supported commercial of increasingly powerful graphics process- motion systems, it is worth considering formats often times by companies whose ing units (GPU) from companies such as how virtual simulation is used across the sole focus is not in the DoD space such NVIDIA and computer processing units air, land and sea domains. as ESRI. As we see it, CDB is used by the (CPU) available from the likes of Xeon as An analysis of sales of simulation systems originator as a gatekeeper to access con- well as easy-to-use database creation soft- and services over the past five years in tent by [those] originators. As the source is ware that is supplied by companies such respect to monetary value indicates that not included, you are beholden to process as Presagis means that integrators can, in around 66% are used for aviation, 16% their format, in other words, it is their inter- theory at least, create their own visual so- for joint training, 9% for land and 6% for pretation of the data.” lutions. Another trend is the development naval training. The remaining 3% are un- MetaVR provides the VRSG image genera- of games technologies for use as discrete specified. It is little wonder therefore that tor that is used in a number of programmes image generators; a case in point being Bo- the portfolios of the major simulation and throughout the world. hemia Interactive Simulations VBS IG and training companies such as CAE, Lock- MEDALLION 6000 is an extremely popu- the company’s soon-to-be-launched VBS heed Martin, Rockwell Collins, Thales and lar image generation system and may be Blue IG. Rheinmetall Defence Electronics are heav- considered as one of the top-end and top- Like many of the higher-end image genera- ily weighted towards the air sector and as selling offerings, which also include the tion systems, VBS Blue IG provides a rendi- such, this sector will form the focus of this Rockwell Collins EP-8100 and the Flight- tion of the whole world that enables the feature. Safety International VITAL 1100. As well user to gain flexibility both for training and Perhaps the major part of Brockway’s as military applications, these image gen- mission rehearsal. “virtual immersion” process is created by erators are also used for commercial airline As discussed earlier, visualisation also in- the visual system; this comprises the im- training applications and may be certificat- cludes the provision of display systems and, age generator, its associated database and ed to Federal Aviation Administration Level just as for image generation, major techno- the visual display that includes the screen D standards. These certification standards logical improvements have been underway and projector system. Historically, visual are often applied to military multi-engine in this sector as well. Cathode Ray Tube systems have been very much proprietary aircraft, examples being the RAAF’s C-130J (CRT) technology has been eclipsed by digi- designs, but with the adoption of PC-based and KC-30A simulators mentioned above. tal light processing, liquid crystal on silicon,

November 2017 · European Security & Defence 83  ARMAMENT & TECHNOLOGY light emitting diode and laser technologies to provide customers with a wide array of choices. So-called 4K resolution projectors are now widely available from companies such as Barco, Sony, JVC and Canon. In the US, for example, Boeing is working with JVC on its Constant Resolution Visual System (CRVS). The system is currently being used on a

number of simulators, including the F-15, Photo: TAI F-16 and F-22. Quantum3D’s IDX 8000 image generator is used for the TAI T-625 OZGUN “Boeing has been in the business of devel- flight simulator. oping visual display systems for air supe- riority fighter simulators since the days of smear reduction, dual input WQXGA 120 ability and good support,” said Ton Stam, domes and terrain boards,” said Rick Roth, Hz and optional IR goggle stimulation – but E2M’s International Account Manager. Boeing’s manager of visual systems. “The also that special measures have been taken “E2M has responded with leading edge CRVS is a logical successor in the evolution to make the projector as rugged as possible human perception based cueing technol- from domes to the highly successful VIDS in order to withstand the harsh treatments ogy, ultra-durable and reliable systems product line. Customer demand for lower on a motion platform.” and first-class diagnostics combined with life-cycle cost and increasing optical reso- true 24/7 global support. A major devel- lution led to the introduction of the CRVS opment in motion technology is the sim- in 2008. The company continues to plification of the electro-mechanical develop CRVS variants to address actuator and electronics. Without a spectrum of customer cost complex hydraulic/nitrogen and and performance require- pneumatic integrated weight ments. We have a motion- compensation systems, the based variant in work that actuator consists of a mini- has grabbed the attention of mum amount of parts. Using some in the low flyer com- Photo: Barco exclusively COTS electronics, munity. The CRVS was de- the maintainability of the sys- signed with an inherent up- tem further improves. Other grade path to increased opti- advances are in the software cal resolution and brightness, field; human perception based with 20/20 being a develop- motion cueing algorithms are ment priority. In the meantime currently being developed to in- we are excited to offer the CRVS in crease the realism of the simulation a new baseline configuration that is ca- and optimise the use of the avail- pable of 20/25 resolution, an improvement able workspace. As motion systems over the current 20/40 resolution system The F70-4K8 from Barco is a laser have become more of a commodity item, with no increase in our catalogue price.” phosphor projector with up to 4K reliability, cost of ownership and after One of the most well-known projector UHD resolution. sales support have become increasingly suppliers is Barco. In 2015, Barco divested important for both simulator integrators its Defence and Aerospace division to Es- The other area where technology is helping and end users. E2M has focused on these terline, resulting in the establishment of to improve the fidelity of training simulators areas since the start of the company 10 another player in the already crowded dis- centres on motion and haptic feedback. Like years ago.” plays market. Today, Barco supplies projec- the surpassing of CRT technology in the vis- In conclusion then, the virtual simulation tion systems to Esterline and markets its ual display sector, hydraulic-based motion market is very active at the present time own F-series projectors that were acquired platforms have been superseded by electro- as military budgets continue to be strained when Barco bought Norwegian company mechanical solutions in the motion sector. and the pressures to replace live training projectiondesign. One of the major players in this sector is with virtual training continue. Although Barco’s top-of-the-range projector for E2M. The company was founded in 2007 the so-called live-virtual debate was preva- simulation is its laser-phosphor F70. The by former lead engineers from FCS Control lent a decade ago, the argument seems 4K resolution projector has been specifi- Systems. At that time, there was only one now to have been won with more and cally designed for the simulation market provider of level D electric motion systems, more training now taking place in the vir- and this, said the company’s VP Simulation, Moog. E2M entered the market in 2009 tual simulator. Dave Fluegeman, has clear advantages. with a new generation of electric motion Such devices continue to offer increasing “The F70 is not a general projector that systems that offered, said the company, levels of fidelity, primarily in the areas of has been re-purposed for simulation,” he “simulator integrators a better solution for visualisation and motion cueing, and this explained. “Unlike many general purpose their motion needs”. trend is set to continue. As to the future, projectors offered to the simulation mar- Customers of E2M include CAE, Elbit, augmented reality – blending 3D hardware ket today, the F70 was built specifically for Rheinmetall Defence Electronics, Indra, ST with virtual images – will enhance training the market. This not only means it has a Electronics and AMST. still further however, such technology, and number of specific features to answer the “The clear requirements from the market its use in relevant training applications, is market’s specific requirements-including are realistic motion cues, durability, reli- still in its infancy. L

84 European Security & Defence · November 2017 INDUSTRY & MARKETS  Danish Defence Industry 2017

Jørgen Bo Leimand

Some people would consider describing the Danish defence industry an easy task as there are not too many companies in this field. However, when it comes to the process of being involved in defence programmes in Denmark, either as a domestic or a foreign supplier, the description of this process is quite complex and some might fall into a trap and some do. Lately, even Boeing was dissatisfied with the fighter selection process and is now preparing a case in the Danish legal system.

enmark has never had a large defence of the Confederation of Danish Indus- manufacturers of naval defence equip- Dindustry (it currently ranks as the small- try. The smaller companies (small and ment have formed an umbrella organi- est of the four Nordic countries), and there- medium-sized enterprises (SMEs)) are sation, Naval Team Denmark, which fore the decline of defence equipment as- also member of The Center for Defence, also includes, as associate members, a sociated with the end of the Cold War did Space and Security (CenSec). However, number of foreign suppliers to the Royal not have a major impact on Danish indus- some companies are members of both Danish Navy. Again you might notice try. In 1997, for example, the total Dan- organisations. This might be due to the that members of FAD and CenSec are Photo: wikipedia

The Danish Standard Flex Concept comprises a combination of standard platforms and different exchangeable weapon and system modules to match different missions or roles. Since the 1990s it has been used in all new classes of ships built for the Royal Danish Navy such as the IVER HUITFELDT Class frigates.

ish defence industry output totalled only fact that FAD is more politically oriented also members of Naval Team Denmark US$166.6M, with US$103M in exports, in relation to industry politics while Cen- as they do not want to miss a business and the defence industry employed only Sec tries to stimulate innovations for the opportunity. 1,300 people. Danish defence companies SMEs. This can also be seen in different Naval Team Denmark was formed as a re- are generally small and look to find success visions. FAD is focused on acting as the sponse to the international interest caused as niche suppliers. point of contact for all foreign defence by the innovative and trend-setting Stand- There are approximately 100 companies equipment suppliers who seek to do busi- ard Flex modular concept and its applica- and consultants involved in the defence ness with Danish defence and aerospace tion in the fourteen Standard Flex 300 industry, mainly focused on high-tech- companies. Meanwhile, CenSec is fo- units. In the course of time, focus has nology equipment and built to blueprint. cused on developing business networks also been on many other advanced naval The major companies are members of among SMEs within the defence, space systems offered by Naval Team Denmark The Association of Defense Manufactur- and security industry as well as adjacent members, systems that are not directly ers in Denmark (FAD), which is a mem- high-tech industries. linked to the application to the Standard ber-based organisation under the aegis In addition to those two organisations, Flex concept but have proved competi-

November 2017 · European Security & Defence 85  INDUSTRY & MARKETS tive and applicable to other types of naval National Defence Industrial Strategy. This specific assessment and must be related to ships. However, it is noteworthy, that the strategy states; “As a small country, Den- the specific procurement or correspond- modular idea is still reflected in several na- mark is dependent on the procurement ing defence equipment. Industrial coop- val ships and might be used in new devel- of competitive defence equipment on the eration can involve both the procurement opment programmes. European and North American markets. of subcontracted work provided by Dan- However, it is necessary for Denmark to ish companies and development projects Industrial Cooperation have at our disposal certain competitive conducted by Danish companies. industrial competencies and capabilities in The Danish Business Authority verifies that Whenever the Danish Armed Forces pro- the field of defence in Denmark which are foreign suppliers comply with the Interna- cure new defence equipment, the Dan- strategically important for the protection tional Cooperation Contract (ICC), and the ish Business Authority may oblige foreign of Denmark’s essential security interests.” Danish Business Authority pre-approves suppliers to collaborate with Danish com- The strategy includes descriptions of how development projects between suppliers panies in the area of defence, in order to in times of crisis Denmark must be indepen- and Danish companies before these pro- secure Denmark’s essential security inter- dently capable of maintaining key systems, jects are initiated. ests. This is called industrial cooperation. equipment and materiel. In other words – Industrial cooperation is based on “Guide- This term might be better understood if security of supplies. lines for Industrial Cooperation in Denmark”, the “National Defence Industrial Strategy” and the “Agreement on the Administration of Industrial Cooperation”. The Danish in- dustry is to be consulted in key matters of principle. Photo: ESD archive

The JOINT STRIKE FIGHTER

On 28 May 2002 the US and Denmark signed an Agreement on the JOINT STRIKE FIGHTER. For Danish industry participation is of great importance. The Danish defence industry may be small in size as mentioned above, but they are great in performance and great in quality. They know very well that they will have to be competitive and to excel to get their share of the work. The opportunity to get access to valuable busi- ness opportunities and to further develop business relations with American industry, F-35 test support by a Royal Danish Air Force F-16BM sharing knowledge and technology will strengthen the industry in both countries. the term “off-set” is used. For years there Danish companies in the field of defence This has certainly been acknowledged by was a long debate about using this term manufacturing have to collaborate with Danish industry and it has been demon- and as a compromise it is now called in- foreign suppliers of defence equipment strated by their contribution to the financ- dustrial cooperation. Whatever you call it, in order to maintain and develop the re- ing of participation in the development it is an expensive exercise for the taxpay- quired competencies and capabilities. For phase which is in itself an exciting coop- ers as this obligation in some cases might this reason, the Danish Business Authority eration between the Danish armed forces imply a 10 per cent or more increase to can require foreign suppliers of defence and Danish defence industry. Denmark the price tag. However, it has for many equipment to enter into industrial coop- has recently decided to acquire 22 JOINT years been an acceptable mechanism as eration. STRIKE FIGHTERs. By this decision, Dan- the politicians can tell the voters that they This will apply if the Danish Ministry of De- ish Defence Industry enters into a new era will receive something in return when ex- fence, in assessing a specific procurement, like the one when Denmark back in 1975 pensive defence equipment is bought. deems industrial cooperation necessary selected the F-16 for the Royal Danish Air With that said, the Danish Business Au- for the protection of Denmark’s essential Force. At that time defence industry had thority manages industrial cooperation in security interests and if the Danish Busi- more or less to start from scratch. Today close collaboration with the Ministry of ness Authority assess that such an obliga- the defence industry is at a very high level Defence, which assesses national security tion will not distort the competition on the of competences in respect to technology interests, and with the Defence Acquisi- civil markets. This is of importance in order and workmanship. tion and Logistics Organization (DALO), to adhere to the EU regulations. which is responsible for issuing calls for The Danish Business Authority stipulates Reflections tender and procuring defence equipment. the terms of the industrial cooperation ob- The official purpose of industrial coopera- ligation in a contract between the foreign When the offsets programme started af- tion is to ensure that the Danish industry supplier and the Danish Business Authority. ter the acquisition of the F- 16 fighter air- has the competencies and capabilities, The industrial cooperation must concern crafts around 12 companies were involved which are required for the protection of defence equipment within specific stra- in those programs and only a couple of Denmark’s essential security interests. tegic technology areas, as stipulated by those survived. Mainly, because they These security interests are described in the the Danish Ministry of Defence based on a started their own development of defence

86 European Security & Defence · November 2017 INDUSTRY & MARKETS  equipment and did not use the offset pro- them to successfully integrate into the de- and dual-use has become “the new brand” grammes as cash cows. fence supply chains. of the defence industry as the European Some of the companies died a “learning Commission launched it as a new business curve” death as they had to compete with The Way Forward – model in 2013. The business model aims to companies who had already been produc- an Example bring together civilian and military solutions, ing the offered equipment for some time. It so that the same technology can be used for was not enough to bid low and then survive I use CenSec as the example for a way for- more than one purpose. The idea is not new on engineering change proposals. ward. CenSec is the prime cluster for SMEs – technology made for the military (and vice Today you see SMEs entering the defence in the Danish defence industry. CenSec stays versa) is already in use in the civilian market. market but they do it based on an in-house abreast of the latest development in the in- The new deal is, that it is something worth expertise which they can offer to system dustry, new opportunities and the latest re- striving for instead of something that just houses looking for skilled subcontractors. search help the members navigate the large happens by chance. This is an intelligent way of doing business number of rules and regulations that have to as the defence market is quite volatile and be taken into account when joining this line Conclusion dependant on political decisions. of business. One of CenSec’s main objec- The Danish Prime Minister has put forward tives is to help the industry to explore new On purpose I have abstained from promot- the idea that the Danish defence industry opportunities and in the process perhaps ing one Danish company over the other. It could benefit from the so-called EU defence gain new business partners and thereby might be their own responsibility, making fund also known as the European Defence new ideas, as new ideas are formed when themselves known and offering their skills Action Plan (EDAP). Although Denmark people meet and network. to those foreign companies who want to is outside the EU defence agreement this Now CenSec is focused on the business op- do business in Denmark. When you look should not be binding for the industry. This portunities that are waiting to be discovered at the laws and directives, which govern could be an important message for the within the areas of dual-use technology. this specific area it is well understood that Danish SMEs as a particular emphasis is put Dual-use is about getting the best from the some companies stay away as they pos- on helping SMEs, which in many Member civilian and the military industries using the tulate that it is 80 percent hard work and States remain the backbone of the national same technology for different purposes. 20 percent turnover. I will close this arti- defence, to gain access to finance. Repre- For a long time it has not been possible to cle with Dwight D. Eisenhower’s famous senting the most vulnerable part of the de- sell technology made for the military in a words: “In the councils of government, fence supply chain, SMEs constantly require civilian context as it was considered trade we must guard against the acquisition of fresh capital for new investments but mostly distorting because the military products had unwarranted influence, whether sought do not benefit from the necessary funding an advantage due to the offset-agreements. or unsought, by the military–industrial to further scale up, which ultimately hinders Lately, however, the tides have changed, complex.” L

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November 2017 · European Security & Defence 87 Marketing Report: Systematic A/S

Danish Cooperation Led to International Success

Danish-based IT company Systematic has defence customers on ideas, development IRIS delivered command and control solutions and testing, as well as hiring employees The IRIS Suite has revolutionised to the Danish armed forces for more than with military backgrounds to work in the military messaging and interop- 30 years. This remarkable collaboration be- Systematic development department.” came the first step on the road to similar erability in modern defence forc- es with its range of off-the-shelf success in the international market, most Purchased by the US Army recently with sales to the US Army. software products. The software suite is combat proven and has Systematic supplies the IRIS military mes- become the de facto standard in saging solution and the SitaWare com- NATO member nations for inter- mand and control solution to the Danish operability and military messag- armed forces. IRIS is a solution that is cur- ing using agreed international rently in use in about 50 countries, includ- Photos: Systematic Message Text Format (MTF) ing all the NATO states. SitaWare is a com- standards. IRIS has been in ser- mand and control system that gives soldiers vice for more than 30 years, and at all tactical levels better situational aware- is used by more than 100,000 ness, easier collaboration, better security military operators in over 40 na- and more effective communication. The tions as part of numerous Com- solution is currently in use by 26 countries, mand & Control (C2) and Military and in the spring of 2017 the US Army also Messaging Handling Systems signed up for SitaWare. (MMHS). Cooperation within a smaller home mar- ket, like that in Denmark, brings with it a lot of valuable lessons. Michael Holm says the individual soldier on deployment to the “Quality is a key word when delivering commander back at headquarters. That’s command and control systems to a military why we work closely with many of our organisation such as an army. Regardless Michael Holm, founder and CEO of the size of the country or the defence of Systematic budget, the solutions must work under mission-critical conditions – you simply can- Systematic started entirely as an IT com- not compromise on quality. In this context, pany in the Danish language and in Den- cooperation with a smaller home market mark, but has since developed into a major and other countries with limited defence international enterprise. Systematic has budgets can often be of benefit to the sold command and control solutions to the larger markets. Small markets and budgets Danish armed forces since 1985 – and what are often forced into less expensive, more really started as a small-scale consultancy creative solutions. This results in price-sen- assignment has become a company with a sitive, high-quality solutions – which both staff soon to number 900. the home market and larger international According to Systematic founder and CEO markets can benefit from. Smaller nations Michael Holm, it has been an exciting jour- often face the same tactical, logistical and ney in which the key words have always management challenges as the larger na- been quality and creativity. tions with bigger defence budgets – they “Right from the beginning, our working are just forced to think in terms of alterna- relationship with the different branches of tive ways to tackle those same challenges. the Danish armed forces has been on the And this all contributes to moulding new, basis of an open business strategy, empha- SitaWare Edge is an Android based highly creative solutions.” sising close cooperation in the develop- battle management system for the ment and testing of systems. It’s a really dismounted commander at the tac- Standardisation + Simplicity good way to work. The solutions get better tical edge. Designed for operation- = Scaleability and our customers get the products they al simplicity it provides the com- really need,” explains Michael Holm, con- mander with fast and clear Friendly Being cost-conscious is an ongoing princi- tinuing: “A close relationship with the cus- Force Tracking (FFT) picture, shared ple at Systematic. Both IRIS and SitaWare tomer means we get a detailed, in-depth tactical situation and latest intel- are therefore highly focused, high-quality, understanding of the whole organisation’s ligence overlays thereby enhancing efficient and user-friendly product ranges practical needs and requirements, from force protection. whose purpose is to provide essential as-

88 European Security & Defence · November 2017 SitaWare SitaWare is a unique command and control system currently in use in more than 25 countries. The system provides soldiers at all tactical levels with a series of powerful C2 tools, helping warfighters to achieve better situational awareness as well as greater operational security. SitaWare is a fully developed, ready-for-use product. SitaWare enables units from multiple na- tions to work together on joint missions, because it can ex- change information with other SitaWare Frontline is a breakthrough in battle control software that of- countries’ C2 systems, using fers clarity, simplicity and high performance that addresses real world recognised international stand- command and control challenges at the front line. It has been designed ards for information exchange. by and for front line commanders in tough environments, where a clear SitaWare features open archi- operational view with rapid updates of Friendly Force Tracking (FFT) is tecture that makes it possible absolutely essential and has been built with deployment and in-theatre to integrate a wide range of management in mind. existing systems and specialised technologies, as well as making International standards are a constant fo- – even in areas with no Internet access or it easy to adapt SitaWare to spe- cus in Systematic development work; for mobile phone signal, giving troops a better cific requirements. example, the Multilateral Interoperability overview of their own positions, along with Program (MIP) international standard is in- greater safety and security. corporated into SitaWare, andADatP-3, “Software that provides soldiers with bet- sistance to the soldier at all levels. At the US-MTF and other standards feature in the ter safety and security has been among Sys- same time, compliance with international IRIS product suite. Artillery Systems Coop- tematic’s core products for many years, and standards is always high on the agenda. eration Activities (ASCA) are incorporated we’re pleased that we’re continuing to take “Combining standards-compliance and into the new SitaWare digital fire support big steps in this field, both here in Denmark simplicity gives you scaleability. This is the module – which was actually developed in and internationally. Security is essential to any military unit, and at Systematic our ul- timate goal is todeliver software that makes a positive difference for any soldier,” con- cludes Michael Holm.

About Systematic Systematic A/S, established in 1985, develops software and system solutions to customers in both the public and private sector. Today, the company is the largest privately owned software company in Denmark, with solutions sold to custom- ers in 50+ countries. More than 500,000 people worldwide now SitaWare Headquarters is a powerful and scaleable C4I system that use Systematic solutions and ser- offers an accessible, easy-to-use yet comprehensive toolset that can vices. The company has almost significantly increase operational flexibility and reduce deployment 900 employees and is headquar- time while providing extensive interoperability capabilities. tered in Aarhus, Denmark, with offices in Copenhagen, Austral- formula for the best IT solutions on the mar- cooperation with the Danish armed forces, ia, Finland, France, Germany, ket, and pivotal for Systematic products. Co- and which the Danish army has adopted. New Zealand, Romania, Singa- operation between countries is of increasing Another field of activity developed in co- pore, Sweden, the United Arab importance in all this, and this means IT solu- operation with Danish soldiers is SitaWare Emirates, the United Kingdom tions must be configured so that they can Frontline. This software allows soldiers in and the United States. communicate with each other.” vehicles to communicate easily and quickly

November 2017 · European Security & Defence 89

INDUSTRY & MARKETS  Urgency in the Middle East Regional Air Forces Are Re-equipping

Alan Warnes

Right now, there is a lot of political uncertainty in the Middle East. Iran, Islamic fundamentalists and Yemen all pose big questions for governments and their air forces in the region. Lessons are being learnt and big ticket procurement deals are trying to face up to current and future issues.

he threat of Islamic fundamentalists, More Cooperation if Iran complies with the January 2016 Joint Tlargely from Islamic State (IS) and al Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA), Qaeda, and their affiliates has made many Air Forces know they must be inter-op- underwritten by the UN Security Council, states very nervous. They do not want Syria erable, under a single central command. and its nuclear capabilities are declared as and Iraq-like scenarios unfolding in their The Gulf Co-operation Council (GCC), peaceful. Iran will be able to modernise backyards. made up of KSA, the UAE, Oman, Qatar, its tired inventory and China, with Russia, Photo: Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Germany

In July 2015 the P5+1 states (China, France, Russian, the United Kigdom, the United States plus Germany), the European Union and Iran agreed on the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA) on the Iranian nuclear programme.

This led to the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia Kuwait and Bahrain recognise this, and it would be more than willing to sell in what (KSA), the UAE, Jordan, Kuwait and Bah- is their goal to model themselves on the could be some big purchases. rain working alongside Western militaries NATO structure. However, as one lead- So, it is against this backdrop that regional starting to attack IS in Syria in December ing Air Force Chief in the region told ESD air forces are re-equipping. Not surprisingly, 2015. At the same time, KSA led a lo- “There is working together and there is KSA, with the biggest military of all, leads cal coalition into Yemen. After the Yem- being inter-operable, where you have the the way. eni government was ousted in September same tactics, and where the personnel 2014 the coalition started a campaign of air have same standard operating proce- Fighters strikes against the Iranian-backed Houthi dures.” forces, starting in April 2015. Once again, Progress has been slow and political fall- Interoperability with their close US allies is this included jets from KSA, the UAE, Bah- out with Qatar in June 2017 threatens to the biggest factor, and means the bulk of rain and Kuwait, as well as Morocco and break the alliance: Qatar has been accused the budget will go to the USA. As with most even Sudan. of having close links with Iran and for fund- of the deals announced by Uncle Sam, they ing terrorism, which it denies. “allow for greater interoperability with US Author After the jihadists and Yemen comes the forces, providing benefits for training and big problem of Iran, and not just because possible future coalition operations in sup- Alan Warnes was the Editor of of state-sponsored terrorism; there is now port of shared regional security objectives.” AirForces Monthly from 1998-2010 a real prospect of Iran re-arming with mod- That sums the situation up, even if the UK, and is now a freelance journalist ern, more sophisticated systems after dec- Italy and the French have managed to pick based in the UK. ades of sanctions come to an end. This will up a small share by selling Eurofighter TY- come about by October 2023 at the latest, PHOONS, HAWKS and RAFALES to their

November 2017 · European Security & Defence 91  INDUSTRY & MARKETS

traditional allies in the region. While the this year, “instead, we are concentrating that Russia planned to develop a fifth-gen- type of fighters the six GCC countries are our efforts on sustaining the aircraft until eration light fighter, based on the MiG-29, buying might differ, one important piece of 2030/40.” with the UAE. Meanwhile, the Royal Bahraini Air Force (RBAF) looks set to acquire 19 Lockheed Martin F-16V Block 70 fighters, after a

Photo: RSAF DSCA announcement on 8 September 2017. The deal is valued at an estimated US$2.785Bn, with the APG-83 AESA ra- dar being the jewel in the aircraft’s crown, along with a new modular mission system which will see the cockpit go all-digital with three multi-function displays (MFDs). State Department approval was also an- nounced for the upgrade of the RBAF’s current fleet of 16 F-16C Block 40 and four F-16D Block 40 aircraft to the F-16V configuration, at an estimated cost of US$1.082Bn. Bahrain has been looking Eurofighter TYPHOON of the to acquire new fighter aircraft for some years to replace its ageing F-5E/F TIGER equipment they will all share is the airborne While the UAE has been looking towards II fighters and supplement the existing F- electronically scanned array (AESA) radar, a replacement for its fleet of 62 MIRAGE 16C/D Block 40 aircraft. The Eurofighter with all its advantages. 2000-9 aircraft for several years, it seems TYPHOON had also been a candidate for The Royal Saudi Air Force has a fighter force to have turned to the Russians for a solu- the requirement. currently made up of TYPHOONS, TORNA- tion. During Abu Dhabi’s last International The Kuwait Air Force (KAF) has not let the DOS and F-15S STRIKE EAGLES. However, Defence Exhibition (IDEX 2017), Rostec grass grow under its feet either. On 5 April this is being boosted considerably, due to Chief Executive, Sergei Chemezov told re- 2016, the Kuwaiti Ministry of Defence a US$29Bn purchase of 84 brand new F- porters that work would start on develop- signed a deal with Italy’s Finmeccanica 15SA EAGLES and the upgrade of the 68 ing a light fighter with the UAE next year. (now Leonardo) for 28 Eurofighter TY- surviving F-15S STRIKE EAGLES. The aircraft Both countries have apparently reached an PHOONs, covering 22 single-seat and six will be equipped with the Raytheon APG- initial agreement on the next steps of the twin-seat aircraft. The inter-governmental 63(v)3 AESA radar, Lockheed Martin Low ambitious programme, which would con- agreement between the two also includes Altitude Navigation and Targeting Infrared tinue UAE’s quest for technology transfers the training of an initial eight KAF instruc- for Night (LANTIRN) TIGER-EYE Navigation throughout its defence industry. The num- tor pilots, together with ground personnel, Pods, and Lockheed Martin AN/AAS-42 bers being considered was not announced, in co-operation with the Italian Air Force’s Infrared Search and Track (IRST) Systems but later, on April 20, Russian trade minis- TYPHOON Operational Conversion Unit at to track aircraft providing any kind of infra- ter Denis Manturov said the talks involved Grosseto. Part of the contract is an up- red glow, from fuselage, engine and sys- the possible acquisition of “several dozen” grade of the ground-based infrastructure tems, while the pilots will use Joint Helmet of the type. Chemezov also stated at IDEX at Al Salem Air Base in Kuwait, where the Mounted Cueing Systems (JHMCS). There will also be a UTC Aerospace DB-110 re- connaissance pod capability and a host of cutting-edge weapons including AIM-9X air to air missiles, AGM-84 SLAM-ER and JDAM/GBU bombs. While the first few F-15S STRIKE EAGLES Photo: Lockheed Martin have been upgraded in Boeing’s St Louis facility, the remaining jets are receiving at- tention at AlSalam Aerospace Industries, at Riyadh International Airport. With these 152 cutting edge fighters, cou- pled with the 72 Eurofighter TYPHOON air- craft the RSAF will have a capable fighter force ready to take on any challenge. The UAE Air Force and Air Defence (UAEAF&AD) meanwhile battles on with its 77 F-16E/Fs fighters which have been in service since 2004. They have been used extensively over the years, and play a major part in the UAEAF&AD’s Yemen operations. There appear to be no upgrade or acquisitions in sight, with a Lockheed 77 F-16E/Fs fighters are in service with the UAE Air Force and Martin spokesman telling the author earlier Air Defence (UAEAF&AD).

92 European Security & Defence · November 2017 INDUSTRY & MARKETS 

KAF TYPHOONs will be based. The order, Force (QEAF), moving from an inventory of UAE. It is cleared to fire HELLFIRE missiles, worth up to €8Bn, will see the Italian-built nine MIRAGE 2000-5 to 24 RAFALEs and Roketsan CIRIT 2.75in laser-guided rock- fighters equipped with the latest Tranche 36 Boeing F-15QAs. Clearly, a significant ets, GBU-12 500lb (227kg) and GBU-58 3 (P3EB) standard and the new CAPTOR E- threat is envisaged. In May 2015, the Qatari 250lb (114kg) PAVEWAY II laser guided Scan AESA radar. Integration of the BRIM- Government signed a €6.2Bn deal for 18 bombs. ARCHANGEL comes equipped STONE 2 air-to-ground weapon, single-seat and six twin-seat RAFALEs, with with the L3 Wescam MX-15D electro-opti- cal/infrared (EO/IR) imaging and designat- ing turrets and Denmark’s Terma provides the modular aircraft self-protection equip- ment (MASE). Photo: IOMAX A new contender to the ARCHANGEL, is L3’s AT802L LONGSWORD which was displayed at Paris Air Show in June for the first time. Fitted onto its ten hardpoints under both wings was a HELLFIRE preci- sion attack missile, LAU 19 launcher ca- pable of firing 2.75in laser guided rockets, 500lb GBU-12 laser guided bombs and Dillon 30 calibre gunpods on both wings. Two Mk 82 500lb general purpose bombs were positioned on two of the three cen- tre pylons. Also fitted is a MX-15D HD EO/ IR turret with laser designator. The Yemen conflict has highlighted several weaknesses in the coalition’s progress and many of the lessons learnt are now being IOMAX delivered 24 ARCHANGEL Border Patrol Aircraft (BPA) to the UAE addressed. One is satellite communications between July 2015 and March 2017. for helicopters operating a long way from the operations centre: with the radio often Beyond Visual Range Air to Air Missile delivery expected in 2018. While these will not having the required range, the UAE (BVRAAM) and STORM SHADOW cruise be equipped with the RBE2 AESA radar, has fitted satellite communications on its missile will be standard on P3EB, although other sensor fits will include the Elbit TAR- NorthStar Aviation Bell 407MRH Multi Role the weapons being acquired by Kuwait GO II helmet-mounted cueing system and Helicopters that are being used in Yemen, have not been announced. However, un- the Lockheed Martin AN/AAQ-33 SNIPER where to date one has been lost. At IDEX like the RAF and Italian Air Force examples, Advanced Targeting Pod, which will also 2017 an example was seen modified with the KAF aircraft will be fitted with SNIPER be carried by the QEAF aircraft, the first a SATCOM system on top of both weapon advanced targeting pods rather than LIT- RAFALE customer to order the pod. pylons. Hughes’ Defence and Intelligence ENING. The KAF TYPHOONs will be as- This contract was followed up on June 14 System Division (DISD) had recently won a sembled at Leonardo’s production line at this year, with an announcement that the contract with NorthStar to supply its Helo- Turin-Caselle, with deliveries planned be- QEAF would acquire 36 Boeing F-15QA Sat system, essentially a 360 degree Beyond tween 2019 and 2023. (Qatar Advanced) STRIKE EAGLE aircraft, Line of Sight (BLOS) SATCOM capability, A second major fighter deal for the KAF a variant of the F-15E tailored to Qatari re- that can transmit HD video. A spokesman is the acquisition of 40 Boeing F/A-18E/F quirements. The US$12Bn deal will also in- told ESD: “It will allow the helicopter to SUPER HORNET aircraft, at an estimated clude US-based lead-in-fighter-training for send imagery recorded with its FLIR STAR cost of US$10.1Bn. The order, which was the F-15QA. SAFIRE 260 EO/IR system (or 380HD which announced on 17 November 2016, will is the current UAE requirement) back to the comprise 32 single-seat F/A-18Es and Irregular Warfare Ground Commander from up to 500 miles eight twin-seat F/A-18D SUPER HORNETS, (800kms) away,” adding “It gives the heli- equipped with Northrop Grumman AN/ Away from the conventional air power, copter an ISTAR (Intelligence Surveillance APG-79 AESA radars. They will initially there is a growing requirement for ir- Tracking and Reconnaissance) capability.” work alongside the KAF’s ageing legacy regular warfare assets in the shape of These kinds of technologies are now F/A-18C/D HORNETs before eventually re- slow moving close air/counter-insurgency common on many helicopters and fixed placing them. support aircraft. It is seeing crop dusters wing aircraft in the region, as the ISTAR Unlike the other five GCC nations, the like the AIR TRACTOR and THRUSH COM- capability is a top requirement for most Royal Air Force of Oman (RAFO) acquired MANDER being converted into bunker in the fight against terrorism - it is not just its new fighter fleet prior to 2015/6. Eu- busters, and this is a trend set to continue. about fighters and bombs. This is why so rofighter TYPHOON aircraft are now be- The UAE has purchased 24 ARCHANGEL many countries are investing in the Beech- ing delivered, having been purchased on Border Patrol Aircraft (BPA) from Florida craft King Air 350ER which is one of the 21 December 2012. They join 25 F-16C/D based IOMAX. Based on the THRUSH most common ISTAR aircraft in the region. Block 50 fighters that were acquired in two S2R-660 agricultural aircraft, the company Fighters and ISR aircraft working together, batches, with deliveries completed in 2008 delivered the ARCHANGEL between July by data-linking imagery or information, is and 2014. 2015 and March 2017 to complete the the way the world is moving and recent The biggest planned expansion of any lo- 48 armed Intelligence Surveillance Recon- acquisitions in the Middle East underline cal air force is that of the Qatar Emiri Air naissance (ISR) platforms ordered by the this trend. L

November 2017 · European Security & Defence 93  INDUSTRY & MARKETS "We continue to invest in the finest technical minds to develop new solutions"

Interview with Alex Hooper, Vice President Global Sales & Business Development, Revision Military Photo: Revision

Advanced laser protective solutions: Re- the Danish Army, UK Army and most re- vision has the technical and operational cently, the US Army where Revision was capabilities to develop custom laser pro- selected as the supplier of the new ACH tective lenses that not only protect against Generation II helmet, offering a solution specific laser threats, but also maintain su- 24% lighter than the legacy ACH. perior ballistic protection. • Power Management Snow Glare Lens: Based upon user feed- In February 2014, Revision entered an- back, Revision developed a Snow Glare other new and exciting arena – Power Lens, specifically designed to prevent snow Management. Advanced, electronic blindness in extreme conditions. battlefield equipment – networked ra- dios, night-vision systems, GPS, smart ESD: What are the other core competences phones, and laptops – has the potential and business fields of your company? to bolster situational awareness and en- Hooper: Beyond eyewear, Revision has hance communication for units operat- continued to rapidly innovate in other sol- ing in unstable environments. Revision dier integration areas, to include helmets is intent on improving the functioning ESD: Revision has a well-established rela- and head systems, power management and reliability of these devices in the tion to the German Bundeswehr. Can you and tactical communication headsets. field with a comprehensive Power Man- describe this success story? • Helmets and Head Systems agement solution – NervCentr™. This Hooper: Revision has had an especially in- Revision developed Batlskin® to provide project comes with the challenge of fluential relationship with German Armed improved head and facial protection sustaining power for these devices for Forces over the years. In 2008, German against blast, fragmentation, blunt im- long durations without adding weight troops deployed in Afghanistan encoun- pact and ballistic threats. Built around and unnecessary intricacy. The need for tered increased threats to the eyes and face an ultra-lightweight polyethylene ballis- integrated power management systems in the field. This was identified as a critical tic shell, these helmets offer enhanced that provide flexible storage and adapt- vulnerability in need of a solution. As Ger- integration capabilities with existing and ability to a wide range of mission sce- man forces sought an intervention, they future head-borne devices, and the lack narios is widespread and growing, es- discovered that not all protective eyewear of parasitic weight optimises the bal- pecially with increases in mobile-ready is made equal. The durability, reliability, and ance between lethality, protection, and tech and wearable tech. Boosted energy proven protection of Revision’s eyewear mobility. Revision’s pioneering mandible storage, delivery, harvesting, and shar- stood unmatched. Revision was awarded attachment completed the head system ing is the next frontier for future soldier a protective eyewear contract to meet this loop, providing total face and head bal- solutions. pressing demand. The performance of Re- listic protection. In fall of 2015, Revision • Tactical Communications Systems vision’s eyewear has only strengthened this Military started supplying UK soldiers The SenSys ComCentr2™ Tactical Head- relationship over time, and, to date, Revi- with a new head sub-systems kit as part set System marks Revision’s entry into sion has delivered over 248,000 pieces of of the Virtus programme. The custom the communications and hearing pro- protective eyewear to the German Army. head protection solution, known as the tection market. This headset combines Revision has been proud to equip the BATLSKIN COBRA PLUS, is the lightest, technological advancements in tactical German Army since 2010, when we first most adaptable system ever made, pro- communication and hearing systems, started delivering our durable, proven pro- viding premium head and face protec- and improves command, control and tective eyewear. We were selected based tion. Additionally, Revision continues to communication. The system’s Active upon extensive German Army require- disrupt the market with custom helmet Noise Reduction (ANR) feature reduces ments and extensive user trials. In 2016, solutions built to customer specifica- distracting high volume, low frequency we were chosen to remain the incumbent tions. With vast technical capabilities noise to protect hearing, prevent fatigue eyewear provider. We are dedicated not with materials and manufacturing meth- and improve communication. ANR goes only to providing the German Army with ods, Revision has the distinct ability to beyond simple noise limiting and active the best protective eyewear, but also con- develop a helmet solution to match spe- hearing protection offered by currently tinuing to innovate new eyewear solutions cific weight and threat targets. This has fielded headsets. With four micro- for the German soldier. These include: led to advanced helmet contracts with phones (two forward facing and two

94 European Security & Defence · November 2017 INDUSTRY & MARKETS 

rear facing) instead of the traditional tocol. We have a state-of-the-art hel- two microphones, the system offers met manufacturing facility that we 360° situational awareness enabling recently expanded and upgraded true directional sound: The system’s 3D with the latest equipment to make spatial communications feature enables ultra-lightweight polyethylene hel- users to hear vital communications as mets. We continue to invest in the they would in the real world. Sophis- finest technical minds to develop new ticated 3D audio processing allows for solutions and advance our capability. natural feeling speech as if someone was standing to the user‘s left or right, ESD: To what extent do head protec- reducing cognitive burden and improv- tion systems and energy management ing intelligibility. Being a digital headset fit together? instead of a traditional analogue system, Hooper: With the digitisation with the ComCentr2 increases speech intelli- NVGs, requirement and desire to reduce gibility, improves comms signal and re- weight, and the requirement to ensure that duces potential failures and latency. The the soldier’s equipment must be as capable system’s software can be upgraded and Revision’s BATLSKIN CAIMAN™ as possible, it is a natural fit for the head customised based on the user profile, Head System suite has been de- systems and power management to work offering an upgrade path and mitigat- signed to incorporate additional together. As we move closer to the vision ing product obsolescence. Electronics in technologies and capabilities, as of a fully integrated soldier, we must evalu- ear cups allow full audio enhancement shown here with the new SenSys ate how we can utilise the helmet to en- even when the wearer dons only the ComCentr2 Tactical Headset System hance this capability. We have started the headset without control unit as a stan- and Ballistic Protection Eyewear. exploration of a powered helmet platform dalone device. The ComCentr2 headset to allow for plug and play for a variety of is USB compatible, enabling the headset tant for the modern soldier. devices to provide a whole new level of ca- to connect with devices such as smart- pability for a product that otherwise would phones and computers. ESD: Can you name reference customers be an additional weight burden. As a company, Revision has expanded for the individual areas? in both scope and reach by adding new Hooper: Revision's reference customers ESD: What are your options for further de- innovations in a variety of markets and are the US Special Operations Command, veloping these technologies? providing equipment to a growing contin- Canadian Special Operations Command, Hooper: It’s clear there is an increasing gent of NATO countries. German forces’ UK Army, US Army, US Marine Corps, US requirement for advanced battlefield com- Photos: Revision

Revision’s BATLSKIN CAIMAN™ Head System suite – a Ballistic System (left), a Carbon Bump System (middle), and a Carbon Bump System with Ballistic Appliqué – are lightweight and scaleable, and they are tailored for the intense demands of Special Operations missions.

protective appeals were certainly not an Air Force, the Danish Military, the Dutch munication, and the ability to provide what anomaly in the global market; this de- Military and the German Army. is currently delivered in an NVG or on a mand has proven to be uniform. With a mobile phone into an HUD. This further recent expansion to the UK, Revision is set ESD: What distinguishes revision head pro- emphasises the potential for integrated to elevate and deepen its European pres- tection systems in comparison to systems soldier protective solution that can provide ence, progress its capabilities and knowl- of the broad competitive environment? a spectacle with more function, a helmet edge-base, and advance the effectiveness Hooper: We will relentlessly work with our that offers a platform for enhanced soldier of protective equipment in the modern customers to understand requirements, capability. Revision has integration exper- battlefront. Revision sees the soldier as a and deliver a protection solution that meets tise and is constantly looking to partner system, and each technological advance- their needs, as opposed to selling an off- with companies with compelling and tech- ment has integration as the primary goal the-shelf product. We achieve this with a nological expertise that we can integrate. – the integration of power, protection and dedication and expertise in material science, The interview was conducted communications are exceedingly impor- manufacturing methods, and testing pro- by Waldemar Geiger.

November 2017 · European Security & Defence 95  INDUSTRY & MARKETS Business Perspectives for European Defence Industry in Latin America

Harry Campbell

For the European defence industry exports are imperative. IIIEV/DV and then 25 MIRAGE 5/MIRAGE 50. The years of domestic demand being able to sustain the industry Latin America was also a major submarine are long gone. market for Germany with Howaldtswerke Deutsche Werft (HDW), now part of thys- senkrupp Marine Systems (TKMS), selling side effect of this is ongoing industrial article is to discover how Latin America fell to seven different countries. Argentina Aconsolidation, both in a national and from grace as a defence market and how took two Type 209/1100 boats, Brazil four multinational context. There is another fac- it might be on the verge of emerging once Type 209/1400 boats (plus a modified tor that has to be taken into account as more as a key defence market for European Type 209/1400 built in Brazil), Chile had well, that is the increasing level of interna- companies. two Type 209/1400L, Colombia acquired tional competition in the industrial sector. two Type 209/1200, Ecuador had two Type It is not just about US and European com- Historical Experience 209/1300, Peru took two Type 209/1100 panies any more, sophisticated defence re- and four Type 209/1200, while Venezuela quirements can be met by a large number There was a time when nobody in Europe took two Type 209/1300 submarines. Over of international companies. would doubt the size of the Latin Ameri- 60 Type 209 submarines have been built With no apparent shortage of defence can defence marketplace. The experience since the early 1970s, making this the most companies capable of meeting any con- of Dassault with its MIRAGE series of fight- successful European conventional sub- marine class of the modern era. What is notable is that Latin American customers accounted for more than a third of Type Photo: FAB 209 submarine orders. These figures for combat aircraft and submarine acquisitions demonstrate how significant the Latin American defence market once was. But for various reasons, Latin America was seen as a virtual disaster area with very little to attract the interest of defence suppliers. That opinion began to change in 2001 when the major financial institution Goldman Sachs came up with the idea that the economies of Brazil, Rus- sia, India and China (BRIC) would by 2050 be amongst the most important world economies. Later South Africa would be added to the four BRIC countries who were then referred to as the BRICS countries By 2007 the Goldman Sachs BRIC thesis was that the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) The Brazilian Air Force (FAB) was forced to cancel its F-X MIRAGE III re- of Brazil, as determined in constant 2006 placement programme in 2005, instead acquiring 12 ex-French Air Force US dollars, would rise 968% between MIRAGE 2000C aircraft (shown here). Eventually under the F-X2 2006 and 2050, in value terms that would programme FAB signed a contract for an initial 36 GRIPEN E/F in 2014. be US$1,064Bn in 2006 to US$11,366Bn in 2050. At that point Brazil would be the ceivable defence requirement, what of the ers shows how important Latin America number four economy in the world. This customers? The Middle East and Asia rep- was. Argentina acquired 21 MIRAGE III and study showed Mexico as the number five resent the two major export marketplaces 10 MIRAGE 5, Brazil acquired 27 MIRAGE economy in the world in 2050, with its GDP where everybody wants to be, but one IIIEBR/DBR, Chile purchased 41 MIRAGE having risen 997% since 2006, in value market area that was once treated with 5/MIRAGE 50, Colombia purchased 18 terms that is from US$851Bn in 2006 to the same importance is now, with certain MIRAGE 5, Ecuador took six MIRAGE 50 US$9,430Bn in 2005. According to Gold- notable exceptions virtually ignored: Latin and then acquired 18 MIRAGE F.1JA/F.1JE, man Sachs the top ten world economies America. For our purposes Latin America Peru purchased 41 MIRAGE 5 and in 1982 in 2050 would be China, US, India, Brazil, is used as an umbrella term to cover South contracted for 12 MIRAGE 2000P/DP, with Mexico, Russia, Indonesia, Japan, the UK and Central America. The objective of this Venezuela initially taking nine MIRAGE and Germany.

96 European Security & Defence · November 2017 INDUSTRY & MARKETS 

The Case of Brazil

Whether this BRIC/BRICS theory was be- lievable is open to debate, Goldman Sachs went cold on the idea post-2010. While confidence in the economic growth poten- tial of China and India appears justifiable, some of the other projections appeared to be far fetched. In the end what mattered was the growth of the perception that Bra- zil was finally going to exploit its potential and enter a new era of economic growth.

The victory of Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva, the Photo: Embraer progressive candidate in the 2002 election, Brazil intends to be a player in meeting defence needs in Latin America can be seen as the starting point of the and beyond with systems such as the KC-390 transport aircraft. First de- belief that Brazil would become a global liveries to the Brazilian Air Force are on course for the first half of 2018, player. Lula was charismatic and extremely with full operational capability due to be reached in the second half of popular, more importantly after his admin- 2018. istration came to power in January 2003 he delivered. One of the key defence programmes Boeing F/A-18E/F SUPER HORNET, Dassault Under Lula by 2008 Brazilian government was the F-X2 fighter programme for the RAFALE, Eurofighter TYPHOON, Lockheed debt had moved from virtual “junk” sta- Brazilian Air Force (FAB). The original F-X Martin F-16BR, Saab GRIPEN and the Suk- tus to investment grade, the country was programme was aimed at finding a re- hoi Su-35. By October 2008 the FAB has seen as one of the top ten economies in placement for the MIRAGE III fleet, this reduced the F-X2 candidates down to three the world. Brazil had a new found confi- commenced in 2001 but was effectively aircraft: the F/A-18E/F, RAFALE and GRIP- EN. A new RfP was then issued to the three contenders with responses to be received by February 2009. The FAB commenced a technical evaluation in March 2009 and Photo: US Navy the expected timetable was that a winner would be announced in October 2009. It appeared that the RAFALE had been se- lected as the preferred bidder in Septem- ber 2009, but this development was rapidly disavowed and the competition continued. In December 2009 it was announced that a decision on the F-X2 has been postponed until 2010. Through 2010 no decision was made, and with Lula leaving office on 1 January 2011, the F-X2 decision would rest with his successor Dilma Rousseff. The problem was that the new government was in no hurry to make a decision due to the amount of money involved and the complex nature of the programme. And so the F-X2 competition continued into 2012 In the 1970s Brazil purchased seven NITEROI Class frigates from Vosper and then continued into 2013, with a win- Thornycroft, building four units in Brazil. Six of the frigates remain in ner finally being announced in December service, after a modernisation programme, as combatant units, with the 2013 as the GRIPEN-NG was selected to seventh frigate BRASIL (shown here) being designed and built from the meet the F-X2 requirement. outset as a training unit. Much was left to resolve though, in Oc- tober 2014 a US$5.475Bn contract was dence and everybody had new confidence cancelled by 2005. This led FAB to acquire signed between Saab and Brazil. This cov- in Brazil, the country had been awarded 12 ex-French Air Force MIRAGE 2000 air- ered the supply of 28 GRIPEN E and eight the World Cup of 2014 and Rio de Janeiro craft as a temporary measure with the first GRIPEN F aircraft, training, spares and a Olympics of 2016. The government also aircraft arriving in 2006. At the beginning ten-year industrial cooperation contract decided that it was time to embark on a of 2008 FAB was authorised to begin work covering technology transfer and the in- major military modernisation programme, on a new fighter programme to be known volvement of Embraer as a strategic partner the intention was not just to replace legacy as F-X2. This was an ambitious programme in the programme. The contract came fully equipment, they were looking for technol- that would build from an initial 36 aircraft in to force in September 2015, with financ- ogy transfer, local content and production to a final force goal of 120, with the vast ing being covered by a major export credit/ and wherever possible the means to pro- majority to be built in Brazil. loan from Sweden of US$4.6Bn. vide Brazil the ability to participate in export A Request for Proposals (RfP) was issued in Although France did not win F-X2, it did programmes. mid-2008, with responses coming from the win other major contracts in Brazil, one

November 2017 · European Security & Defence 97  INDUSTRY & MARKETS

of these was the H-X BR helicopter pro- difficult economic circumstances have put ment as was the case with Colombia or as gramme won by Airbus Helicopters, with paid to significant procurement. Brazil is part of a criminal trade as is the case with the helicopters to be produced in Brazil by not alone in facing poor economic condi- Brazil. Concerns are already being raised Airbus Helicopters subsidiary Helibras. This tions. in Latin America of what could happen if contract was signed in December 2008, it In April 2017 the Stockholm International more weapons flow out of Venezuela, or covered 50 H225M helicopters and was Peace Research Institute (SIPRI) released its even worse if it became a failed state and valued at US$2.65Bn. Also signed in De- annual update of the SIPRI Military Expend- Venezuela’s arsenals are pillaged. In May cember 2008 was a contract covering the iture Database covering 2016. As regards Reuters reported, using official Venezuelan construction of four SCORPENE Class sub- Latin America, SIPRI noted that:“Military documents, that the Venezuelan military marines for Brazil, plus technical assistance expenditure in Central America and the had an enormous quantity of Man Portable on the non-nuclear elements of the Brazil- Caribbean and South America combined Air Defence Systems (MANPADS) on hand, ian SSN programme. decreased by 7.8 per cent to a level not comprising of 1,500 9K338 IGLA-S (SA-24) Another major Brazilian programme was a seen since 2007. The fall is largely explained grip stocks and 5,000 missiles. The conse- new wheeled armoured vehicle to replace by spending reductions by oil-exporting quences of the IGLA-S and other advanced the old Engesa EE-11 URUTU fleet. In De- countries such as Ecuador, Mexico, Peru Venezuelan equipment ending up on the cember 2009 it was announced that IVECO and Venezuela. Brazil’s spending contin- open market is unpleasant to contemplate. of Italy had been awarded a €2.5Bn con- ued to decline as a result of a worsening The Venezuela situation represents an ob- tract covering the development and pro- economic crisis.” vious risk to the security situation in Latin duction of the GUARANI Viatura Blindada America, meaning that those with the Transporte de Pessoal - Media de Rodas The Venezuelan Disaster ability to prepare to confront these risks (VBTP-MR). The GUARANI is a 6x6 vehicle are doing so. The fact is that despite there and multiple variants, possibly ten differ- Venezuela reportedly has the largest oil being numerous regional states suffering ent, will be developed and produced at the reserves in the world, but the Maduro from a poor economic situation, and as a IVECO facility in Minas Gerais, Brazil. regime is presiding over an economic dis- result restricted defence budgets, there are The assumption was that there was so aster. The International Monetary Fund others who do have the ability to look to much to come from Brazil, but the Brazil- (IMF) estimates that inflation in Venezuela boost their own defences. It is these states that represent the core defence market in Latin America.

Opportunity Exists Photo: via author European Security & Defence (ESD) had the opportunity to speak to a European government official involved with defence export promotion to Latin America to gain some insight into the current situation and define who were the key markets for Euro- pean defence companies. Chile is regarded as an extremely important market, this is a stable and democratic country, with a well managed economy that attracts significant Foreign Direct Investment (FDI). Chilean government bonds are said to have the highest rating in South America. One of the most important export com- Chile remains an important defence market for Europe. The Chilean modities for Chile is copper; when the cop- Navy commissioned two SCORPENE Class submarines in 2005 and 2006, per price is high, that helps to stimulate O’HIGGINS (SS-28) and CARRERA (SS-29). Chile has one of the most profes- the broader economy, allowing the gov- sional militaries in Latin America and an effective procurement system. ernment to set aside the financial surplus gained and invest it in Sovereign Wealth ian miracle was unravelling. President Dilma is running at 2,069% this year and predicts Funds. These funds provide spending pos- Rousseff was suspended from office in May that the rate of inflation will rise to 2,349% sibilities when the copper price is low and 2016 and impeached in August 2016, be- next year. People are starving in Venezuela, the economy is less healthy. Funding from ing succeeded by former Vice President hospitals have run out of drugs, crime is copper sales also helps to pay for major Michel Temer who will serve to January rampant and yet the Maduro regime tena- defence purchases. Apart from a well run 2019. Sadly the abandoned stadia and ciously clings on to power no matter what economy, Chile also has an effective pro- other venues of the Rio de Janeiro Olympics the cost. Senior regime figures have been curement system and a highly professional will perhaps be the most visible epitaph of linked to drugs cartels and there are also military. As such Chile remains one of the the Lula/Rousseff years. real and reported links with guerrilla/ter- core defence markets in Latin America. For many Brazil was going to be the driv- rorist groups in Latin America and beyond. Despite its problems Brazil still remains ing force for a new era of robust defence What is becoming a major concern is that important, according to the official. While expenditure and between 2008 and 2015 Venezuela is awash with weapons and Brazil might not be that active now, de- many major contracts were signed. Today that these weapons are going across po- fence sales are a long-term exercise and the situation is very different and Brazil’s rous borders either with official encourage- the size of Brazil and its economic potential

98 European Security & Defence · November 2017 Masthead European Security & Defence

Photo: via author Issue 7/2017 · November 2017 ISSN 1617-7983 · www.euro-sd.com

Published by Mittler Report Verlag GmbH A company of the Tamm Media Group

Editor-in-Chief: Dr. Peter Bossdorf (pb) Managing Editor (Magazine): Stephen Barnard (sb) Managing Editor (Newsletter): Dorothee Frank (df) Industrial Editors: Waldemar Geiger (wg), Gerhard Heiming (gwh), Jürgen Hensel (jh) Sub-Editors: Christopher Barnard (cb), Christian Kanig (ck) Editor Special Assignments: Stefan Nitschke, PhD. (sn) Correspondents: Rolf Hilmes (Army Technology), Peter Preylowski (Airborne Systems) Regional Correspondents: Tamir Eshel (Israel), Tim Guest (UK), Jaime Karremann (The Netherlands), Beka Kiria (Georgia), Shinichi Kiyotani (Japan), Yury Laskin (Russia), J. Bo Leimand (Denmark), Jay Menon (India), Chet Nagle (USA), Luca Peruzzi (Italy), David Saw (France), Joris Verbeurgt (Belgium/EU/NATO), Esteban Villarejo (Spain) An Airbus CN-295 of the Colombian Air Force (FAC), Supported by the editorial team of “Europäische Sicherheit & Technik” one of nine in service, taking part in the Mobility Layout: Guardian international paradrop exercise in the davis creativ media GmbH, Germany US in August 2017. Colombia is seen as one of the Production: most interesting emerging defence markets in Latin Lehmann Offsetdruck GmbH America. 22848 Norderstedt, Germany Office address: are such that it cannot be ignored. One country that is seen as Mittler Report Verlag GmbH having tremendous potential as a defence market in Latin America Baunscheidtstraße 11, 53113 Bonn, Germany is Colombia. Once Colombia was associated with drug cartels, Phone.: +49 228 3500870, Fax: +49 228 3500871 Email: [email protected], www.mittler-report.de violence, insurgency and corruption, it was seen by many as being on the verge of becoming a failed state. Instead Colombia fought Director of Marketing Jürgen Hensel (jh) the cartels and the insurgents, and it did this while preserving a Baunscheidtstraße 11, 53113 Bonn, Germany democratic state and personal freedoms. Phone: +49 228 3500876, Fax: +49 228 3500871 The primary insurgent threat in Colombia was the Revolutionary Email: [email protected] Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC),in November 2016 the govern- Advertising Representatives: ment of Colombia signed a peace accord with FARC that calls for its disarmament, demobilisation and the reintegration of FARC Dipl.-Betrw. Uwe Nemeyer, optiproject GmbH – Agentur für sicherheitspolitische und wehrtechnische Kommunikation members into Colombian society. As a part of this process the Von-Imhoff-Weg 5, 53359 Rheinbach, Germany Colombian government is extending its control into previously Phone: +49 2226 909637, Fax: +49 2226 909653 insurgent dominated areas, the long war with FARC appears to Email: [email protected], www.optiproject.de be over. Previously the Colombian government had managed to France/Italy oversee the disbandment of anti-FARC paramilitary organisations. Diana Scogna There are still internal security issues to confront, primarily the Phone.: +33 6-6252-2547, Email: [email protected] narcotics trade and organised crime. As previously mentioned the UK/Ireland/Eastern Europe/Israel/Turkey: situation in Venezuela remains a major concern. The condition of Stephen Barnard, c/o Mittler Report Verlag GmbH the local economy is good, though as the primary export com- Phone: +49 228 35 00 886, Email: [email protected] modities of Colombia are coal and oil, reduced demand in these USA/Canada: sectors is hurting government spending. That being said, Colom- Susan Spilman-Gardner bia has defence requirements and can pay for them, the European Email: [email protected] official noted that Colombia always pays its bills! Phone: +1 817-751-5888 Peru is also seen as an interesting market, as is Mexico, though Russia & CIS: both are very complex places to do business. Ecuador normally Laguk Co., Yury Laskin, General Director does not get much attention, but the need for EEZ surveillance Krasnokholmskaya Nab., 11/15, 132, RF-109172 Moskau, Russian Federation Phone: 007-495-911-1340, Fax: 007-495-912-1260, Email: [email protected] and protection especially in the rich fishing grounds around the Galapagos Archipelago is becoming an important requirement. Subscription/Reader Service: Finally one trend is becoming pretty consistent in Latin American PressUp GmbH, Postfach 70 13 11, 22013 Hamburg, Germany defence markets, they want to be able to, wherever possible, Phone: +49 40 38 66 66-319, Fax: +49 38 66 66-299 build locally and have the ability to support, upgrade and ex- Email: [email protected] tend the service life of their equipment locally. There will be an European Security & Defence increasing emphasis on technology transfer to make this local © 2017 Mittler Report Verlag GmbH industrial participation a reality. This could create the basis for The views expressed are not necessarily those of the editor or publisher. further industrial participation by Latin American countries in in- All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced without prior ternational programmes, they have labour cost advantages and written permission of the publisher in Bonn. untapped intellectual potential that could be employed more Cover Photos: Lockheed Martin, Forsvaret, Rafael efficiently. As ever Latin America is a defence market with poten- tial, but in certain countries this potential could become reality Annual subscription rate (8 issues): €49.80 incl. postage far sooner than expected. L

November 2017 · European Security & Defence 99  INDUSTRY & MARKETS Virtual and Live Firing Under One Roof

Interview with Michael Paulk, Director of Virtual Systems, Meggitt Training Systems

ESD: Please explain the relationship be- fence, US National Guard, US Air Force, Ca- ESD: The FATS 100MIL has been described tween Meggitt, Meggitt Training Systems nadian Army, Royal Canadian Navy, Royal as tailorable and scaleable: What is meant and FATS. Canadian Air Force, Australian Defence by that? Paulk: Meggitt Training Systems, a divi- Force, Singapore Army, Singapore Police Paulk: The FATS 100MIL small-arms train- sion of Meggitt PLC, provides live-fire and Coast Guard, plus Belgium, Italy and other ing system provided the foundation to win virtual firearms training systems to US and customers worldwide. the EST II and ISMT contracts. It represents allied military, defence and security forces; Our two largest current contracts are for a major expansion in weapons training ca- federal and international law enforcement the US Army’s Engagement Skills Train- pability, introducing revolutionary features agencies; large metropolitan training acad- er II and the US Marine Corps’ Indoor such as advanced game engine 3D marks- emies; thousands of police departments; Simulated Marksmanship Trainer. Both manship, enhanced diagnostics with intel- ammunition and firearms manufacturers; are in year four of ligent automatic coaching and collective and commercial shooting range owners five-year IDIQ training. The new system provides an im- around the world. contracts for pressive array of functionality for both in- The company was created first through roughly 900 EST structor and trainee, delivering solid weap- Meggitt’s 2003 acquisition of 90-year-old II and 650 ISMT on-handling and shot-placement analytics, Caswell International. Since 1926 Caswell coaching tools that automatically highlight had provided shooting range innova- trainee results for reinforcement or correc- tions resulting in many successful tion, and enhanced graphic capabilities for product launches, including an all-encompassing immersive train- the industry’s first moving- ing platform. target system, first environ- Customer-specific doctrine, includ- mentally friendly bullet trap ing training manuals and videos, that reduces lead dust, first can be easily integrated to deliver

wireless range control device, Meggitt Photo: tailored learning to trainees. The and first fully mobile shooting FATS 100MIL offers all three range. training modes (marksmanship, Then in 2006, Meggitt pur- judgmental and collective), while chased Firearms Training Sys- military police and law enforcement tems (FATS®) Inc., which was departments are good candidates for originally founded in 1984. the new FATS 100P portable training This acquisition was based on system that features marksmanship FATS’ reputation as the leader and judgmental modes for training in the development, manufac- on the go. The compact 100P fits eas- turing and support of simulation ily into two hard-carry cases, allowing small- and combined-arms training one person the ease of transportation, set systems, indirect fire/forward air con- up and operation. trol, and vehicle trainers. Today’s FATS systems have up to three modes for marks- ESD: How does Meggitt’s new live-fire manship, judgmental and collective train- The FATS 100MIL is a major expan- screen fit into the company’s offerings? ing based on customer requirements. sion in weapons training capabil- Paulk: Meggitt’s full-size, live-fire screen In 2008, Meggitt merged Caswell and ity, introducing features such as allows users to train within a shooting FATS to create Meggitt Training Systems. advanced game engine 3D Marks- range using live ammunition while sce- This merger sought to capitalise on syner- manship, enhanced diagnostics narios are displayed on screen through the gies resulting from combining the two op- with intelligent automatic coach- FATS system. The live-fire screen includes erations to provide live fire and simulation ing and VBS3-based collective a natural rubber screen directly integrated training as an integrated product offering. training. with the FATS virtual system, leveraging the same software and courseware used ESD: Where are you now in terms of deliv- systems. Deliveries are continuing on for Meggitt’s laser-based weapons. Op- eries against current contracts, and what schedule and will conclude in the com- tical measurement of the bullet in flight does the short term (12-24 months) hold? ing months. Positive customer feedback determines hit positioning, which means Paulk: FATS military simulators are the sys- regarding EST II and ISMT is now driv- a much shorter guard time (the minimum tem of record for the US Army, US Marine ing interest in the export-friendly FATS required by the system to discriminate be- Corps, United Kingdom Ministry of De- 100MIL. tween successive shots) compared with

100 European Security & Defence · November 2017 INDUSTRY & MARKETS 

Photo: Meggitt ESD: What‘s the plan “post-FATS?” Paulk: FATS stands for more than 30 years of innovation in virtual training and Meggitt is committed to continuing that rich legacy. In addition to the simulators themselves, FATS was the first company to introduce wireless BlueFire® weapon simulators, using Bluetooth® technology. The company’s patented BlueFire weapons wirelessly replicate the form, fit and func- tion of live weapons, and provide the same accurate, real-time training diagnostics as tethered weapon simulators. Overall, more than 50,000 weapons have been integrat- “Meggitt’s full-size, live-fire screen allows users to train within a shoot- ed into FATS systems to date. Looking into ing range using live ammunition while scenarios are displayed on the future, we expect greater integration of screen through the FATS system.” virtual and live-fire training, through Meg- gitt’s new live-fire screen and other immer- other available live-fire screens. All elec- only for showing the projected image. It sive technologies that still permit the use of tronic equipment, including projection, is can be readily integrated into live-fire shoot real ammunition. Increasing training needs, located above the top of the screen and is houses with other surfaces for projected paired with more robust networks, should typically fixed to the ceiling behind an exist- images. The easy-to-install, self-healing allow for more combined-force training by ing range baffle. This eliminates the need screen can be used with various types of multiple military branches within a country for heavy and bulky steel frames common weapons ranging from revolvers to subma- or even across a coalition of nation states. in other systems. chine guns, and is designed to withstand Our investment in talent with extensive mil- Unlike competing live-fire offerings where up to 50,000 rounds over the entire surface itary and law enforcement experience has screen integrity affects hit detection ca- area before replacement or repair. kept Meggitt at the forefront of virtual and pability, Meggitt’s screen surface is not In short, military and law enforcement cus- live-fire simulation for decades. As such, needed for detection of projectiles passing tomers no longer have to choose between we firmly believe the best is yet to come. through the area of interest and is used simulation and live-fire training. ESD: Thank you. www.Police-Exhibition.eu GPEC® 2018 – Europe’s only One-Stop-Shop for Homeland Security 2018

10th International Exhibition for Police and Special Equipment 20 - 22 February 2018 in Frankfurt, Germany

GPEC® is Europe‘s leading closed specialized trade fair for police and law enforcement equipment. At GPEC® operational equipment to 6,694 experts from 55 countries. Since the inauguration event in 2000 GPEC® and only representative overview for all kinds of command, control and tactical equipment of homeland security:

Speci c specialist conferences and ocial working group meetings round o GPEC® as branch and user meeting for all management levels. At the globally renowned trade fair venue Frankfurt a.M. with its excellent accessibility from all over the world the international character of GPEC® will be further developed.

Equipment – Training – Operation

EMW Exhibition & Media Wehrstedt GmbH Hagenbreite 9 · 06463 Falkenstein/Harz · Germany E-Mail: [email protected] · Internet: www.police-exhibition.eu Firms & Faces

Germany and Norway Order operation in the naval defence sector. The Airbus A330 Tankers French company Naval Group and the Ital- (ck) Germany and Norway have ordered a ian company Fincantieri will play key roles fleet of five Airbus A330 MRTT Multi Role on a steering committee set up to define

Tanker Transport aircraft, placed on behalf Photo: Jerome Deulin a roadmap detailing the principles of the of NATO Support & Procurement Agency future alliance. A first proposal is expected (NSPA) through OCCAR - Europe’s organi- by June 2018: the agreement reached by sation for the management of cooperative the Italian and French governments on the armament programmes. With this order, shareholding structure of STX France is a Germany and Norway join the Netherlands first step. National Guard units operate the LAKOTA in a variety of missions including flight train- US Army to Buy TacFLIR ing, surveillance and reconnaissance, medi- Surveillance Cameras

Photo: Airbus cal evacuations, border security, VIP trans- (ck) FLIR Systems, Inc. has been awarded a port and disaster response. The UH-72A US$74.7M order to deliver TacFLIR surveil- is produced at the Airbus Helicopters Inc. lance cameras in support of the US Army facility in Columbus, Miss. by a workforce EO/IR-Force Protection (FP) programme. The and Luxembourg in the European/NATO which consists mostly of US military veter- US Army will purchase the systems through Multinational Multi-Role Tanker Transport ans. The US Army selected the UH-72A in Army Contracting Command, Redstone. Fleet (MMF) programme. This contract 2006 following a rigorous evaluation. It is Units delivered under this contract will sup- adds five aircraft to the two previously the Army’s lowest-cost twin-engine heli- port the ongoing US Army EO/IR-FP pro- ordered by the Netherlands and Luxem- copter to buy, own and operate. As part gramme, which provides perimeter security bourg. The contract includes two years of of its Aviation Restructuring Initiative, the and force protection for US troops stationed initial support and it is designed to enable US Army selected the LAKOTA for its Ini- around the world, such as in Iraq and Af- other nations to join the group: the MMF tial Entry Rotary Wing Training programme ghanistan. As part of the same programme, programme is funded by the four nations at Fort Rucker, and the US Naval Test Pi- FLIR was also awarded a US$8.8M contract who will have the exclusive right to operate lot School also operates the LAKOTA in a in the third quarter 2017 to deliver other FLIR these NATO–owned aircraft in a pooling training role. Since the LAKOTA’s introduc- RANGER radars. The contract expands the arrangement. The aircraft will be config- tion Army and National Guard units have use of FLIR stabilised surveillance systems for ured for in-flight refuelling, the transport of flown more than 460,000 hours with it. In the US Army’s EO/IR-FP programmes: FLIR passengers and cargo, and medical evacu- December 2016 the Army awarded Airbus has delivered over a thousand EO/IR sensors ation flights. All seven aircraft are expected Helicopters a five-year Contractor Logistics to the US Army as part of this programme to to be handed over between 2020 and Support contract valued at nearly US$1Bn support the safety of US forces and those of 2022. The European Defence Agency (EDA) and Airbus Helicopters Inc. will provide the US allies, including a variety of systems. FLIR initiated the MMF programme in 2012, support at Army and National Guard bases will manufacture the systems in Wilsonville, and OCCAR manages the MMF acquisi- in 43 states, including Fort Rucker, and in Oregon. Deliveries will begin in 2017 and be tion phase as Contract Executing Agent on Guam, Puerto Rico and Germany. completed within one year. behalf of NSPA. NSPA will be responsible for the life-cycle management of the fleet. France and Italy Reach Agreement iAccess Technologies Awarded Airbus Defence and Space Head of Mili- on STX USAF C-130H Avionics Modernisa- tary Aircraft Fernando Alonso said: “This (ck) The French and Italian governments tion Programme new order further demonstrates the A330 have reached an agreement regarding the (ck) iAccess Technologies, Inc. has been MRTT’s position as the world’s premier bankrupt French shipyard STX France. Its awarded a contract from the USAF Mate- tanker/transport aircraft. But it also firmly previous owner, the South Korean com- rial Command in Wright Patterson, OH, for establishes the MMF as one of Europe’s pany STX Offshore and Shipbuilding, was the first increment of the C-130H Avion- most important collaborative programmes ics Modernization Program (AMP), which and a model for the future European de- addresses current and near-term Commu- fence projects which are expected to be nication, Navigation, and Surveillance/Air launched in the coming years.” Traffic Management (CNS/ATM) mandates,

Photo: Fincantieri and limited safety upgrades, enabling the Airbus Helicopters Delivers 400th C-130H to operate safely and effectively UH-72A LAKOTA to US Army in international air space. ADS–B is a sur- (ck) Airbus Helicopters has delivered the US veillance technology using Mode S EHS to Army’s 400th UH-72A LAKOTA helicopter, periodically broadcast aircraft position and and in so doing has met all of the contract specific parameters to air traffic control requirements by delivering every aircraft on (ATC) secondary surveillance radar (SSR), time, on budget and of the required qual- forced to sell its shares due to financial dif- and to other aircraft for self-separation ity. For the US Army, the UH-72A is a key ficulties. In order to save jobs, the French and situational awareness. iAccess will de- helicopter that the Army will operate for government nationalised the shipyard sign, integrate, and produce ADS–B Out & the foreseeable future. The LAKOTA plat- and has since been looking for an inves- Mode S EHS kits for 172 USAF C-130H1/ form is a versatile, twin-engined aircraft tor ; the only investor is the Italian ship- H2/H2.5/H3 and LC-100 aircraft. Work will with a digital glass cockpit, flight controls builder, Fincantieri. France and Italy have be performed in California, Georgia, and and navigation systems. Army and Army now launched a process to increase co- Minnesota.

102 European Security & Defence · November 2017 Israel Shipyards to Produce Patrol was acquired by Paramount from the South 2015. He previously served as an assistant Vessel for Cypriot Navy African Government. to President Obama in the White House. (ck) Israel Shipyards Ltd. have launched a He holds a degree in International Relations new offshore patrol vessel (OPV) for the QinetiQ Supports Formidable from the United States Military Academy Cypriot Navy. In a project valued at tens of Shield at West Point and a Juris Doctorate degree millions of , the OPV, carrying high- (ck) QinetiQ supported eight NATO coun- from the Georgetown University. end systems, will be delivered to the Cyp- tries in the Outer Hebrides during the in- riot Navy towards the end of 2017. The OPV ternational maritime exercise Formidable Rheinmetall and Paravan to Shield. The exercise was one of the most Cooperate Globally complex ever undertaken in the UK and (ck) Rheinmetall Technology Group will was used to test integrated air and mis- cooperate with Paravan, a market leader sile defence capabilities of the NATO coun- in drive-by-wire technologies for autono- tries. QinetiQ operated the Hebrides Range mous driving. Rheinmetall and Paravan

Photo: Israel Shipyards of the Ministry of Defence (MoD) as part plan to develop semi- and fully automatic of the Long Term Partnering Agreement platforms for military and dual-use applica- (LTPA) for the eight participating countries: tions as well as civilian emergency response Canada, France, Germany, Italy, the Neth- vehicles for protecting and rescuing people erlands, Spain, the United Kingdom and in high-risk situations and disaster zones. was ordered in December 2015 and will be the United States. The exercise was held Paravan has been developing drive-by-wire used to protect the coastline of . The between 18 September and 18 October. It control technologies for 15 years: this tech- new OPV has a displacement of 430 tons, was led by the US 6th Fleet and supported nology is a prerequisite for autonomous an overall length of 62 metres, a maximum by the UK MOD, and aimed to improve al- driving and features an independent power speed of 32 knots, and carries a crew of up lied interoperability in a live-fire integrated supply. In the last five years Paravan has to 30 members plus a Special Forces unit. air and missile defence environment, us- equipped over 200 test vehicles, pre-series Installed on the vessel are multiple systems ing NATO command and control reporting vehicles and show cars for autonomous including two Rafael TYPHOON Weapon structures. Formidable Shield provided 13 driving. Paravan modular systems consist Stations, advanced radar, electro-optical ships with the opportunity to validate in- of software, actuators, interface manage- payloads, communications systems includ- service systems against live targets. QinetiQ ment and integrated sensors, and these ing satellite communications, navigation has invested £60M into the range to mod- systems can be adapted to the needs of systems, command and control systems, ernise equipment and facilities, including system manufacturers like Rheinmetall. and more. new radars. Paravan’s expertise lies in the redundant digital control of steering, accelerating and Paramount to Buy MIRAGE F1 Stephen Hedger Joins Rheinmetall braking as well as supplying interfaces for Fighters (ck) Stephen C. digitisation, GPS, control computers, cam- (ck) Paramount Group, the African global Hedger, a former eras, radars and sensors. aerospace and defence company, has im- Assistant Secretary proved its pilot training capability through of Defense in the Rolls-Royce to Supply MTU the acquisition of four Dual-Seat MIRAGE US Department of Engines to Poland

F1 fighter aircraft from the French govern- Defense, has joined Photo: Stephen Hedger (ck) Rolls-Royce is to supply 500 MTU Series ment. For many years, Paramount Aero- Rheinmetall Group 106 engines to the Polish vehicle manufac- space Systems, a subsidiary of Paramount as Senior Vice turer Jelcz. The type 6R 106 TD21 engines President Corpo- rate Development USA. This is a new

position established by Rheinmetall which Photo: MTU signals a commitment to continued growth in the US defence market for Rheinmet-

Photo: Paramount Group all. Hedger will be based at Rheinmetall’s headquarters in Düsseldorf, Germany. He last served as Chief of Staff to former US Deputy Secretary of Defense Robert Work, who oversaw the annual development of Group, has been supporting a number of the US’s more than US$600Bn defence air forces around the world in the mainte- budget, and as Deputy Chief of Staff to will be used to power four-wheel-drive nance and technical operation of advanced then US Secretary of Defense Ash Carter. Jelcz 442.32 all-terrain trucks employed by fighter aircraft, and has been operating a Hedger also served under current US Sec- the Polish Armed Forces. The first of these pilot training capability for advanced fight- retary of Defense James Mattis to assist engines are due to ship during 2017. MTU er training in South Africa and customer with the transition of the new Trump Ad- has already supplied 900 Series 106 en- countries.The demand for these services is ministration team at the Pentagon. Prior gines for Jelcz vehicles currently in service increasing due to the global shortage of to this tenure, Hedger was nominated by with the Polish army. These six-cylinder en- well-trained military transport and combat President Obama to serve as Assistant Sec- gines develop 240 kW (326 HP), are imper- pilots. These aircraft are compatible with retary of Defense for Legislative Affairs and vious to electro-magnetic interference and the existing fleet of MIRAGE F1 aircraft that confirmed into that role by the US Senate in can run on aviation fuel.

November 2017 · European Security & Defence 103 Firms & Faces  INDUSTRY & MARKETS

Rostec Supplies Civic Optical poses. The expo was opened by a speech technologies by leading companies such as Devices to Poland from the Israeli Deputy Defence Minister, IMI Systems, HP, Plasan, Surefire, Schmidt & (ck) Shvabe Holding, a subsidiary of Rostec Eli Ben Dahan; and visitors included both Bender, Steiner, ECA Group, Avon Protec- State Corporation, has exported collimator procurement and end users from the public tion and Beth-El Industries. Overall, ISDEF and optical sights, including night sights, to and private sectors. Attendees had the op- 2017 exceeded the expectations of the Poland. This has been the tenth delivery of portunity to learn about the latest develop- event organizers, exhibitors and visitors sights to Polish partners this year. Shvabe ments in defence technology and watch alike. EUROPEAN SECURITY & DEFENCE Holding has supplied a batch of collimator live demonstrations showcasing a variety magazine from Mittler Report Verlag in and optical sights, including night sights, as of products. In addition to the emphasis Germany reinforced the record media ex- well as sight brackets and lenses, to Warsaw on interoperability and business develop- posure, and diplomatic engagement and for hunting and shooting sports. The com- ment, ISDEF 2017 also dedicated signifi- attendance were outstanding. ISDEF 2017 pany also produces complex optoelectronic cant resources to promoting and sharing set a high bar for future defence exhibitions and thermal imaging products, and other professional knowledge among manu- in Israel; and the organisers are confident optoelectronic devices for civilian purposes. facturers, distributors and end users. This that they will exceed all expectations at IS- was enhanced in a conference that took DEF‘s next event, which takes place in Tel Saab to Upgrade Norwegian Air place alongside the exhibition and featured Aviv from 4th to 6th of June, 2019. Surveillance Radars world-renowned lecturers from the IDC, (ck) Saab has signed a contract with the INSS, Tel Aviv University and more. The IAI and Hankuk Carbon Enter Joint NATO Support and Procurement Agency conference took place in addition to the Company Agreement (NSPA) in Luxembourg for upgrading three workshops and discussed global concerns (ck) Israel Aerospace Industries (IAI) and SINDRE I air surveillance radars in Norway. from immigration to homegrown terrorism Hankuk Carbon from Korea have signed Deliveries will take place between 2017 and the impact on HLS and the financial an agreement to establish a joint venture and 2020, with work undertaken by Saab issues. ISDEF 2017 was also the main event company in South Korea, to be named Ko- Technologies Norway, in Halden, Norway celebrating 25 years of diplomatic relations rea Aviation Technologies (KAT). KAT will and Saab Defense and Security USA, in between Israel and India. This manifested focus on development and manufacturing Syracuse, New York, USA. Saab’s upgrade itself in the presence of official Indian del- of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) with will include replacing obsolete hardware as egations at the diplomatic level, including vertical takeoff and landing (VTOL) capabil- well as upgrading software. as an Indian national pavilion of 400m2. In ity that will target the Korean military and addition to the Indian pavilion, ISDEF also civilian market. KAT is expected to devel- ISDEF 2017 POST SHOW REVIEW featured national pavilions on an unprece- op and manufacture the next generation (sb) The 8th edition of ISDEF took place on dented scale, including the Czech Republic, VTOL UAV- with an approximate maximum June 6-8, 2017, and successfully cemented China and a US pavilion with 30 exhibitors. take-off weight (MTOW) of 300 – 450 kg the shows reputation as the largest de- This year‘s expo proved that quality and and in the future may develop and manu- fence and security event in Israel. As in quantity need not come at the expense facture other VTOL UAVs for both military previous years, the focus of the exhibition of each other. With more than 14,000 at- and civilian applications. It will support the was on interoperability and the diverse use tendees and almost 300 exhibitors, ISDEF operational needs of its customers while of products by end users for various pur- 2017 also featured advanced products and advancing Korean technologies.

Preview ESD 8/2017 · December 2017 • Technology Focus: Optics and Optronics • Protection Systems for Military Land Vehicles • Mortar Ammunition • Reconnaissance in the Army • Naval Guns and Mounts • Conventional Submarines • Romanian Procurement Programmes • Naval Industry in Germany • Modular Facilities for Medical Treatment • Military Engineering: Bridging and Recovery • European Offshore Patrol Vessel Designs • Current and Projected US Army Programmes • Swiss Defence Industrial Base • Country Focus: Hungary

Mittler Report Verlag GmbH Baunscheidtstr. 11 · 53113 Bonn, Germany 104 European Security & Defence · NovemberPhone: 2017 +49 228 35008 70 · [email protected] www.mittler-report.de · www.euro-sd.com Vi S S tanit US 21-24 D at p m ari n ilip nOV S o. , Fran O ember 2017m l 2017 C 6 140 FULLY CZ BREN 2 e

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MULTI-CALIBRE CONCEPT EXTREME RELIABILITY AND DURABILITY UNDER ALL CONDITIONS HIGH ACCURACY AND SERVICE LIFE LOW WEIGHT AND COMPACT DIMENSIONS FOR FAST AND COMFORTABLE HANDLING AMBIDEXTROUS CONTROLS FOR OUTSTANDING ERGONOMICS C4I SHORT STROKE PISTON SYSTEM SOFTWARE

FROM HEADQUARTERS TO THE TACTICAL EDGE

length OF WeapOn WiDth OF With StOCK height WeapOn With Weight Caliber magazine Frame barrel FOlDeD/UnFOlDeD, WithOUt StOCK WithOUt CapaCity length (mm) retraCteD magazine FOlDeD/ magazine (g) www.systematic.com/sitaware -eXtenDeD (mm) (mm) UnFOlDeD (mm) CZ BREN 2 8“ 5.56x45 mm NATO 30 ALUMINIUM 207 505/684-733 ± 10 202 ± 5 80/104 ± 5 2891 ± 50

CZ BREN 2 11“ 5.56x45 mm NATO 30 ALUMINIUM 280 577/762-807 ± 10 202 ± 5 80/104 ± 5 2986 ± 50

CZ BREN 2 14“ 5.56x45 mm NATO 30 ALUMINIUM 357 657/840-884 ± 10 202 ± 5 80/104 ± 5 3103 ± 50

CZ BREN 2 9“ 7.62x39 mm 30 ALUMINIUM 227 525/706-753 ± 10 202 ± 5 80/104 ± 5 2847 ± 50

CZ BREN 2 11“ 7.62x39 mm 30 ALUMINIUM 280 573/755-802 ± 10 202 ± 5 80/104 ± 5 2896 ± 50

CZ BREN 2 14“ 7.62x39 mm 30 ALUMINIUM 357 650/833-880 ± 10 202 ± 5 80/104 ± 5 3009 ± 50

Stated dimensions may be different in particular design and configuration.

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