Dissertation Jörn Leonhardt

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Dissertation Jörn Leonhardt TECHNISCHE UNIVERSITÄT MÜNCHEN Lehrstuhl für genomorientierte Bioinformatik Comparative Omics Analysis in Mice and Men for Diabetes Research Jörn Leonhardt Vollständiger Abdruck der von der Fakultät Wissenschaftszentrum Weihenstephan für Ernährung, Landnutzung und Umwelt der Technischen Universität München zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades eines Doktors der Naturwissenschaften genehmigten Dissertation. Vorsitzender: Prof. Dr. Martin Hrabě de Angelis Prüfer der Dissertation: 1. Prof. Dr. Hans-Werner Mewes 2. apl. Prof. Dr. Johannes Beckers Die Dissertation wurde am 21.12.2016 bei der Technischen Universität München eingereicht und durch die Fakultät Wissenschaftszentrum Weihenstephan für Ernährung, Landnutzung und Umwelt am 05.04.2017 angenommen. iii Abstract Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) is one of the most prevalent metabolic diseases world wide with its clinical complications imposing major human and financial bur- den on societies. The etiology of T2DM is rather complex, involving interactions between various genetic and environmental factors. The underlying pathogenic mechanisms are not fully understood. Until today, there is no cure for T2DM. Functional studies aiming at the investigation of the disease’s underlying causes are primarily done in animal models, in particular in mouse models. While the clinical phenotypes of such models are usually well characterized, it is often not known how well they actually mimic the disease’s physiology on the molecular level. This gap of knowledge clearly complicates the replication of results among differ- ent models as well as the transfer of findings from animal models to human set- tings. The objective of this thesis was to assess the comparability of findings in mouse mod- els for diabetes research on the basis of results from large scale screening methods (›omics‹). To this end, I address the within-species comparison of gene-expression changes in liver in response to Non-Alcoholic Fatty-Liver Disease (NAFLD) – a con- dition often found in people with T2DM – within four different mouse models of diet induced NAFLD in the first part of my thesis. Using whole genome mRNA profil- ing in 72 murine liver samples, the changes of 22,030 genes across the four models were compared. Although heterogenous genetically, the models display consider- able overlap among their genetic responses to the NAFLD phenotypes. I discuss how such universal adaptions to NAFLD progression in all four models might be relevant for the disease progression in human. In the second part of my work, I investigated the cross-species translatability of metabolic changes as observed in the genetic db/db mouse model of obesity linked T2DM to humans. To this end, targeted and untargeted metabolomics were applied to 666 human serum and 40 murine plasma samples, measuring 319 metabolites that are present in the blood of both species. Comparing the metabolic changes linked to T2DM in humans with those observed in the db/db mouse model, we found consistent changes both in the carbohydrate and the amino acid metabolism. In contrast, the changes of lipids were mainly uncorrelated. Potential reasons for these similarities and dissimilarities iv are discussed in the context of the db/db mouse model, providing the basis for a reliable transfer of metabolomics data from the db/db mouse model to the human system. Both studies demonstrate the value of system-wide characterizations of animal mod- els on the molecular level employing omics technologies. In particular, using molecu- lar traits, i.e. changes in gene-expression or metabolite levels in response to disease phenotypes, instead of their clinical phenotypes alone, these models can be described in much more detail. Taken together, the comparison of molecular alterations across models or between models and humans provides valuable information about com- mon and distinct molecular features. This is crucial for the interpretation of findings from different studies that use the same models and, more importantly, for the trans- fer of findings obtained in models to humans. Moreover, knowing which molecular features of human diseases can be adequately mimicked by a model and which can not is a potential reference point both for the systematic improvement of current models, and for the design of new and maybe better ones. Zusammenfassung Als eine der häufigsten metabolischen Erkrankungen weltweit stellt Typ 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) mit seinen klinischen Komplikationen eine immensen sozialen und finanziellen Belastung für die heutige Gesellschaft dar. Die Etiologie von T2DM ist komplex und umfasst das Zusammenspiel zahlreicher genetischer und Umwelt- faktoren. Die der Erkrankung zu Grunde liegende Mechanismen sind nach wie vor nicht vollständig verstanden und bis heute gibt es kein Heilmittel für T2DM. Funktionale Studien mit dem Ziel, die Krankheit und ihre Ursachen zu erforschen werden hauptsächlich in Tiermodellen, primär in Mausmodellen, unternommen. Während die klinischen Phänotypen dieser Modelle in der Regel sehr gut beschrieben sind, herrscht häufig Unklarheit darüber, wie gut diese Modelle die Krankheit- sphysiologie auf molekularer Ebene widerspiegeln. Diese Wissenslücke erschwert die Einordnung der in solchen Modellen erworbenden Erkenntnisse und lässt verläss- liche Aussagen über die Bedeutung der Ergebnisse für den Menschen häufig nicht zu. Ziel dieser Dissertation war es die Vergleichbarkeit und Übertragbarkeit von wis- senschaftlichen Ergebnissen aus Mausmodellen in der Diabetesforschung anhand von Messdaten aus Hochdurchsatzmethoden (›omics‹) auf molekularer Ebene zu untersuchen. Dazu betrachte ich im ersten Teil meiner Arbeit Änderungen der Gen- expression in der Leber als Antwort auf das Krankheitsbild der Nicht-alkoholische Fettleber (NAFLD) – einer häufigen Komplikation in Menschen mit T2DM – in vier verschiedenen Maumodellen. Anhand genomweiter mRNA Expressionsdaten aus 72 Lebergewebeproben konnten Änderungen in der Expression von 22,030 Genen zwis- chen allen vier Mausmodellen verglichen werden. Trotz ihrer genetischen Unter- schiede zeigen alle vier Mausmodellen ähnliche Genexpressionsmuster als Antwort auf den NAFLD Phänotypen. Im zweiten Teil meiner Arbeit untersuche ich die Veränderungen im Blutmetabol- ismus in Menschen mit T2DM und Tieren des db/db Mausmodells mit dem Ziel, die Übertragbarkeit von Ergebnissen aus dem Modell in den Menschen zu analysieren. Hierfür wurden Metabolomics Messungen in 666 menschlichen Serumproben und vi 40 murinen Plasmaproben unternommen, wodurch 319 Metaboliten identifiziert werden konnten die im Blut beider Spezies zu finden sind. Der Vergleich der re- lativen Änderungen der Metabolitenkonzentrationen zwischen Menschen mit T2DM und Tieren des db/db Mausmodells offenbart ähnliche Muster in Kohlenhydrat und Aminosäurestoffwechsel, und größere Differenzen im Lipidstoffwechsel. Erkenntnisse über die stoffwechselspezifischen Ähnlichkeiten und Unterschiede zwischen Modell und Mensch schaffen eine Basis für einen verlässlicheren Ergebnistransfer von Meta- bolomics Messungen. Beide Studien verdeutlichen das Potential systemweiter Charakterisierungen der Krankheitsphysiologie von Tiermodellen auf molekularer Ebene, in diesem Fall mit Hilfe von omics Messmethoden. Molekularer Merkmale wie zum Beispiel spezifische Änderungen der Genexpression oder relative Änderungen von Metabolitenkonzen- trationen beschreiben Modelle deutlich detaillierter als ihre phänotypischen Merk- male. Der Vergleich solcher Mermale zwischen Modellen oder zwischen Modell und Mensch liefern wertvolle Hinweise über modell- oder spezies-spezifische Gemein- samkeiten und Unterschiede in der Krankheitsphysiologie. Erkenntnisse darüber, welche Aspekte der Krankheitsphysiologie tatsächlich von einem Modell simuliert werden und welche nicht, ermöglichen neben einer verlässlichen Interpretation von Ergebnissen die gezielte Verbesserung existierender und die Schaffung neuer Tier- modelle. Danksagung Meine Arbeit entstand im Rahmen des Deutschen Zentrums für Diabetesforschung (DZD) und dem Helmholtz Diabetes Center (HDC) unter der Betreuung von Hans- Werner Mewes und Gabi Kastenmüller. Zuerst möchte ich mich bei meinem Doktorvater Hans-Werner Mewes bedanken, der mir die Möglichkeit zu dieser Arbeit über ein spannendes und relevantes Thema in einem einzigartigen und interdisziplinären Forschungsumfeld gegeben hat. Besonderer Dank gebührt Gabi. Sie war entscheidend in der Planung, Umset- zung und Ausarbeitung meiner Arbeit beteiligt. Vor allem aber ihre stete Un- terstützung und Zuversicht waren über die Jahre von unschätzbarem Wert für mich. An dieser Stelle möchte ich außerdem Johannes Beckers für das zweite Gutachten meiner Arbeit danken. Ebenso geht mein Dank an die vielen langjährigen Kooperationspartner, vor al- lem aber Susanne, Melanie, Barbara, Martin und Peter. Ohne ihren Einsatz und ihre Hilfsbereitschaft wären wesentliche Aspekte meiner Arbeit nicht umsetzbar gewesen. Weiterhin möchte ich meinen Kollegen am IBIS und ICB für die freundschaft- liche Zusammenarbeit und schöne gemeinsame Zeit danken. Mein Dank gilt dabei im Besonderen meinen Zimmerkollegen Daniel, Matthias und Johannes. Unsere zahlreichen Diskussionen und ihre vielen klugen Ratschläge waren ein wertvoller Beitrag zu meiner Arbeit. Ich danke außerdem meinen Eltern und meinen Schwestern für ihre Unterstützung und ihr Vertrauen in mich. Schließlich möchte ich noch meine kleine Familie, Claudia und Thea erwähnen, die den langen Weg mit mir gegangen sind und während dieser Zeit immer für mich da waren. Dafür bin ich
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