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Tokat İlinde Bazı Yabancı Otlar Üzerinde Beslenen Yaprak Böcekleri (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae)

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Tokat İlinde Bazı Yabancı Otlar Üzerinde Beslenen Yaprak Böcekleri (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae) GOÜ. Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, 2004, 21 (2), 7-14 Tokat İlinde Bazı Yabancı Otlar Üzerinde Beslenen Yaprak Böcekleri (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae) Halit Çam Turgut Atay Gaziosmanpaşa Üniversitesi, Ziraat Fakültesi, Bitki Koruma Bölümü, 60240, Tokat Özet: Bu çalışmada, Tokat ilinde yabancı otlar üzerinde beslenerek önemli derecede zarar veren yaprak böceklerinin (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae) tespiti amaçlanmıştır. Bu amaçla yapılan çalışmada Chrysomelidae familyasına bağlı altfamilyalardan, Chrysomelinae‟ den 4, Clytrinae‟ den 1, Criocerinae‟ den 1, Alticinae‟ den 2 ve Cassidinae‟ den 1 olmak üzere toplam 9 tür tespit edilmiştir. Bu türlerden Entomoscelis adonidis (Pall.) „ın Sinapis arvensis L., Gastrophysa polygoni (L.)‟ nin Polygonum convolvulus L. ve Rumex sp., Chrysolina herbacea (Duft.)‟ nin Mentha spicata L., Phaedon cochleariae (F.)‟ nin Nasturtium officinale L., Clytra novempunctata Oliv.‟ nın P. convolvulus L., Crioceris duodecimpunctata (L.)‟ nın Bryonia alba L., Chaetocnema tibialis (Ill.)‟ in Chenopodium album L., Altica oleracea (L.)‟ nın Sangiosorba minor Scop. ve Geranium dissectum L., Cassida nebulosa L.‟ nın C. album üzerinde beslenerek zarar verdikleri tespit edilmiştir. Anahtar Kelimeler : Chrysomelidae, yaprak böcekleri, yabancı otlar, Tokat, Türkiye The Leaf-Beetles (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae) Feed On Some Weeds In Tokat Province Abstract: This study was carried out to determine the leaf-beetles (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae) which causes extensive damage on weeds in the vicinity of Tokat, Turkey. Total 9 taxa including 4 species of Chrysomelinae, 1 species of Clytrinae, 1 species of Criocerinae, 2 species of Alticinae and 1 species of Cassidinae were found to be destructive on different weed species. These species were; Entomoscelis adonidis (Pall.) on Sinapis arvensis L., Gastrophysa polygoni (L.) on Polygonum convolvulus L. and Rumex sp., Chrysolina herbacea (Duft.) on Mentha spicata L., Phaedon cochleariae (F.) on Nasturtium officinale L., Clytra novempunctata Oliv. on P. convolvulus L., Crioceris duodecimpunctata (L.) on Bryonia alba L., Chaetocnema tibialis (Ill.) on Chenopodium album L., Altica oleracea (L.) on Sangiosorba minor Scop. and Geranium dissectum L., Cassida nebulosa L. on C. album. Key words : Chrysomelidae, leaf–beetles, weeds, Tokat, Turkey 1. Giriş biyolojik kontrolü, faydalı bitki türlerine zarar Kültür bitkilerinde üretimi etkileyen en vermeden, üzerinde bulunduğu konukçu önemli faktörlerden birisi de yabancı otlardır. bitkilere doğrudan veya dolaylı olarak zarar Yabancı otlar kültür bitkileriyle aynı ortamda veren yada zayıflatan doğal düşmanların yaşayarak onlarla su, besin ve ışık yönünden kullanılması ile gerçekleştirilmektedir (Zengin, rekabete girerler ve ürünün gerek kalitesini 1997). gerekse kantitesini olumsuz yönde etkileyerek Yabancı otlarla biyolojik mücadele dünyada her yıl 150 milyar dolar civarında ürün yaygın olarak ABD, Avustralya, Kanada ve kaybına neden olurlar (Döken ve ark., 2000). İngiltere‟ de uygulanmakta ve bu ülkelerde Herbisitler yabancı ot kontrolünde en etkili yabancı orijinli 86 yabancı ot türüne karşı 192, çözüm yolu olarak düşünülse de bu her zaman yerli türlere karşı da 33 organizmanın salımı istenilen sonucu vermeyebilir. Herbisit yapılmıştır (Rosenthal et al., 1984). kullanımının çevreyi kirletmesi, insan sağlığını Yabancı otlarla biyolojik mücadele, ilk olumsuz etkilemesi, mevcut herbisitlere karşı olarak bir kaktüs türü olan Opuntia vulgaris yabancı otların dayanıklılık kazanması ve Mill.‟ e karşı 1860‟ lı yıllarda Dactylopius girdileri yükseltmesi gibi nedenlerden dolayı ceylonicus Green (Hem.: Dactylopiidae)‟ un yabancı otlarla biyolojik mücadele son yıllarda salınmasıyla başlamıştır. Diğer bir kaktüs türü gittikçe önem kazanmaktadır. Biyolojik olarak olan O. stricta Haw‟ nın kontrolü ise A.B.D.‟ n yabancı ot kontrolünde amaç, yabancı ot den Avustralya‟ ya getirilen Cactoblastis yoğunluğunu ekonomik zarar eşiğinin altında cactorum Berg (Lep.: Pyralidae) ile tutmaktır. Pratikte istenilmeyen otların sağlanmıştır (Rosenthal et al., 1984). Tokat İlinde Bazı Yabancı Otlar Üzerinde Beslenen Yaprak Böcekleri (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae) Yabancı otların biyolojik mücadelesinde (Atatürk Üniversitesi, Ziraat Fakültesi, Bitki kullanılan böcek kökenli etmenler içerisinde Koruma Bölümü - Erzurum) ve yazarlar Coleoptera takımının önemli bir yeri vardır. Bu tarafından yapılmıştır. Çalışma konuyla ilgili takımdan da Chrysomelidae familyası etmen literatür bilgileriyle de desteklenmiştir. sayısı açısından önde gelmektedir. Konukçu açısından da son derece zengin olan 3. Araştırma Sonuçları ve Tartışma Chrysomelidler Brassicaceae, Chenopodiaceae, Yapılan çalışmalar sonucunda Cruciferae, Fagaceae, Polygonaceae, Chrysomelidae familyasına bağlı alt Ranunculaceae ve Salicaceae gibi familyaların familyalardan Alticinae‟ den 2, Cassidinae‟ den türleri üzerinde hayat dönemlerini geçirmekte 1, Chrysomelinae‟ den 4, Clytrinae‟ den 1 ve ve onları değişik oranlarda Criocerinae‟ den 1 olmak üzere toplam 9 türün zararlandırmaktadırlar. Bu familyadan 26 tür, değişik yabancı otlarda beslenerek bu bitkileri 70 ülkede, 101 adet yabancı ot türüne karşı önemli derecede zararlandırdıkları tespit denenmiş ve 48 türün bu böcek türleriyle edilmiştir. kontrolü sağlanmıştır (Kısmalı ve Madanlar, 1990). Chrysomelidae türlerinin konukçularıyla Altfamilya : Chrysomelinae ilgili olarak ülkemizde de çeşitli araştırmalar yapılmış ve tespit edilen konukçuları Çizelge 1‟ Entomoscelis adonidis (Pallas, 1771) de verilmiştir. Dünyada; Batı Rusya, Çin, Sibirya, Ülkemizde yabancı otlarla biyolojik Ukrayna, Kazakistan, Moğolistan, Orta Asya, mücadele çalışmaları oldukça sınırlı sayıda ve Orta ve Güney Avrupa, Iran, Suriye ve yapılan çalışmalar da sadece böcek kökenli Pakistan‟ da bulunmuştur (Gruev, 1992). doğal düşmanların tespiti düzeyinde olup Türkiye‟de ise; Afyon, Ankara, Erzurum, önemli bazıları; Lodos (1971), Alptekin (1974), Eskişehir, İzmir, Kayseri, Konya, Nevşehir, Giray ve Nemli (1983), Cerman (1985), Önder Sivas ve Yozgat‟ ta rastlanmıştır (Gül- ve Karsavuran (1986), Karaat ve ark. (1986), Zümreoğlu, 1972; Tuatay ve ark., 1972; Kasap, Gürsoy (1989), Kısmalı ve Madanlar (1990), 1988a; Aslan ve Özbek, 1999b). Uygun ve ark. (1994), Kedici ve ark. (1994), Kasap (1988a), bu türün Adonis Aslan ve Özbek (1995; 1999a; 2002), Civelek aestivalis L. (Ranunculaceae), Neslia apiculata ve Demirkan (1998) ve Aslan et al. (2003) Fisch. (Brassicaceae), Verbascum sp. tarafından yapılmıştır. (Scrophulariaceae), Lopidium califolium, Bu çalışmada, Tokat ilindeki kültür Alyssum lepidonotum (Cruciferae) ve bitkilerinde zararlı olan yabancı otlarda Sysimbrium sp. (Brassicaceae) üzerinde beslenen Chrysomelidae türlerinin tespiti bulduğunu ilk olarak kaydetmiştir. amaçlanmıştır. Tokat ilinde yapılan çalışmalarda bu türün erginlerine özellikle buğday, patates ve şeker 2. Materyal ve Yöntem pancarı kültürlerinde sorun olan Sinapis Çalışmanın ana materyalini Tokat ili ve arvensis L. (Brassicaceae) üzerinde, yoğun ilçelerinden ağırlıklı olarak 2003 yılının değişik olarak Mayıs, Haziran ve Temmuz aylarında tarihlerinde imkanlar ölçüsünde gidilerek rastlanmıştır. Erginlerin özellikle bitkinin toplanan Chrysomelidae familyası türleri ve yapraklarında beslendiği ve yer yer yaprakları bunların üzerinde beslendiği yabancı otlar tamamen yedikleri gözlemlenmiştir. oluşturmuştur. Ancak daha önceki yıllarda toplanarak G.O.P. Üniversitesi, Ziraat Gastrophysa polygoni (Linneus,1758) Fakültesi, Bitki Koruma Bölümünde muhafaza Dünyada; Avrupa, Iran, Kafkasya, Çin, edilen çeşitli habitatlardaki yabancı otlardan Kazakistan, Kore, Kuzey Afrika, Moğolistan, toplanan Chrysomelid türleri de çalışmaya dahil Kuzey Amerika, Orta Asya ve Sibirya‟da edilmiştir. bulunmuştur (Gruev, 1992). Türkiye‟de ise Chrysomelidae familyasının yabancı otlar Ankara, Edirne, Erzurum, İstanbul, Kars, üzerindeki beslenmeleri arazide ve laboratuarda Kayseri, Nevşehir, Samsun ‟da rastlanmıştır tel kafesler içinde izlenmiştir. Yabancı otların (Kasap, 1988a; Aslan ve Özbek, 1999b). teşhisleri bölümümüzdeki ilgili uzmanlarca, Asıl konukçusu Polygonum aviculare L., böceklerin teşhisleri ise Doç.Dr. İrfan ASLAN P. convolvulus L. ve Rumex sp. (Polygonaceae) 8 H.ÇAM, T.ATAY olan bu tür, İtalya‟ da Cynara scolymus L., de bulunduğu bildirilmiştir (Tuatay ve ark, Senecio aquaticus Hill. ve Silybum marianum 1972; Kasap; 1988a; Aslan ve Özbek; 1999b). L. (Asteraceae) üzerinde bulunduğu Kasap (1988a), bu türün bir su bitkisi olan belirtilmektedir. (Remaudiere, 1963 atfen Cardamine impatiens L. (Brassicaceae) Kısmalı ve Madanlar, 1990). Ayrıca Wilcox üzerinde yoğun olarak bulunduğunu (1954), da bu türün Polygonum aviculare bildirmektedir. üzerinde bulunduğu belirtilmektedir. Aslan ve Tokat ilinde ise bu tür özellikle sulama Özbek (1999a), türün P. convolvulus ve Rumex kanallarının tıkanmasına neden olan Nasturtium sp. üzerinde bulunduğunu ve özellikle officinale L. (Brassicaceae) üzerinden Mayıs- yaprakları delik deşik ettiğini bildirmişlerdir. Haziran aylarında toplanmış olup, ergin ve Kısmalı ve Madanlar (1990)‟ da bu türün ergin larvalarının bitki üzerinde yoğun olarak ve larvalarını P. aviculare üzerinden bulunduğu ve bu bitkinin yapraklarını tamamen toplandığını kaydetmektedirler. Ayrıca yedikleri gözlemlenmiştir. Campobasso et al. (1999), ise İtalya‟ da Rumex crispus L. üzerinde beslendiğini bildirmişlerdir. Altfamilya : Clytrinae Bu çalışmada G. polygoni erginleri Ayçiçeği ve Şekerpancarı kültürlerinde sorun Clytra novempunctata Oliver, 1808 olan P. convolvulus ve Rumex
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