Hinduism and Buddhism, Vol I. Charles Eliot Hinduism and Buddhism, Vol I. Table of Contents Hinduism and Buddhism, Vol I.........................................................................................................................1 Charles Eliot............................................................................................................................................1 PREFACE................................................................................................................................................2 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS. The following are the principal abbreviations used:..............................3 INTRODUCTION................................................................................................................................................3 BOOK II. EARLY INDIAN RELIGION. A GENERAL VIEW.......................................................................47 CHAPTER I. RELIGIONS OP INDIA AND EASTERN ASIA..........................................................47 CHAPTER II. HISTORICAL................................................................................................................52 CHAPTER III. GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF INDIAN RELIGION.....................................60 CHAPTER IV. VEDIC DEITIES AND SACRIFICES........................................................................68 CHAPTER V. ASCETICISM AND KNOWLEDGE...........................................................................78 CHAPTER VI. RELIGIOUS LIFE IN PRE−BUDDHIST INDIA.......................................................84 CHAPTER VII. THE JAINS[251]........................................................................................................92 BOOK III. PALI BUDDHISM.........................................................................................................................100 CHAPTER VIII. LIFE OF THE BUDDHA........................................................................................101 CHAPTER IX. THE BUDDHA COMPARED WITH OTHER RELIGIOUS TEACHERS.............122 CHAPTER X. THE TEACHING OF THE BUDDHA.......................................................................126 CHAPTER XI. MONKS AND LAYMEN..........................................................................................149 CHAPTER XII. ASOKA.....................................................................................................................156 CHAPTER XIII. THE CANON..........................................................................................................165 CHAPTER XIV. MEDITATION........................................................................................................177 CHAPTER XV. MYTHOLOGY IN HINDUISM AND BUDDHISM...............................................187 i Hinduism and Buddhism, Vol I. Charles Eliot This page formatted 2005 Blackmask Online. http://www.blackmask.com • PREFACE. • LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS. The following are the principal abbreviations used: • INTRODUCTION • BOOK II. EARLY INDIAN RELIGION. A GENERAL VIEW • CHAPTER I. RELIGIONS OP INDIA AND EASTERN ASIA • CHAPTER II. HISTORICAL • CHAPTER III. GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF INDIAN RELIGION • CHAPTER IV. VEDIC DEITIES AND SACRIFICES • CHAPTER V. ASCETICISM AND KNOWLEDGE • CHAPTER VI. RELIGIOUS LIFE IN PRE−BUDDHIST INDIA • CHAPTER VII. THE JAINS[251] • BOOK III. PALI BUDDHISM • CHAPTER VIII. LIFE OF THE BUDDHA • CHAPTER IX. THE BUDDHA COMPARED WITH OTHER RELIGIOUS TEACHERS • CHAPTER X. THE TEACHING OF THE BUDDHA • CHAPTER XI. MONKS AND LAYMEN • CHAPTER XII. ASOKA • CHAPTER XIII. THE CANON • CHAPTER XIV. MEDITATION • CHAPTER XV. MYTHOLOGY IN HINDUISM AND BUDDHISM Hinduism and Buddhism, Vol I. (of 3) An Historical Sketch Produced by Jonathan Ingram, Shawn Wheeler and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team. HINDUISM AND BUDDHISM AN HISTORICAL SKETCH BY SIR CHARLES ELIOT In three volumes VOLUME I ROUTLEDGE &KEGAN PAUL LTD Broadway House, 68−74 Carter Lane, London, E.C.4. First published 1921 Reprinted 1954 Reprinted 1957 Reprinted 1962 PRINTED IN GREAT BRITAIN BY Hinduism and Buddhism, Vol I. 1 Hinduism and Buddhism, Vol I. LUND HUMPHRIES LONDON {~BULLET~} BRADFORD PREFACE. The present work was begun in 1907 and was practically complete when the war broke out, but many circumstances such as the difficulty of returning home, unavoidable delays in printing and correcting proofs, and political duties have deferred its publication until now. In the interval many important books dealing with Hinduism and Buddhism have appeared, but having been resident in the Far East (with one brief exception) since 1912 I have found it exceedingly difficult to keep in touch with recent literature. Much of it has reached me only in the last few months and I have often been compelled to notice new facts and views in footnotes only, though I should have wished to modify the text. Besides living for some time in the Far East, I have paid many visits to India, some of which were of considerable length, and have travelled in all the countries of which I treat except Tibet. I have however seen something of Lamaism near Darjeeling, in northern China and in Mongolia. But though I have in several places described the beliefs and practices prevalent at the present day, my object is to trace the history and development of religion in India and elsewhere with occasional remarks on its latest phases. I have not attempted to give a general account of contemporary religious thought in India or China and still less to forecast the possible result of present tendencies. In the following pages I have occasion to transcribe words belonging to many oriental languages in Latin characters. Unfortunately a uniform system of transcription, applicable to all tongues, seems not to be practical at present. It was attempted in the Sacred Books of the East, but that system has fallen into disuse and is liable to be misunderstood. It therefore seems best to use for each language the method of transcription adopted by standard works in English dealing with each, for French and German transcriptions, whatever their merits may be as representations of the original sounds, are often misleading to English readers, especially in Chinese. For Chinese I have adopted Wade's system as used in Giles's Dictionary, for Tibetan the system of Sarat Chandra Das, for Pali that of the Pali Text Society and for Sanskrit that of Monier−Williams's Sanskrit Dictionary, except that I write s instead of s. Indian languages however offer many difficulties: it is often hard to decide whether Sanskrit or vernacular forms are more suitable and in dealing with Buddhist subjects whether Sanskrit or Pali words should be used. I have found it convenient to vary the form of proper names according as my remarks are based on Sanskrit or on Pali literature, but this obliges me to write the same word differently in different places, e.g. sometimes Ajatasatru and sometimes Ajatasattu, just as in a book dealing with Greek and Latin mythology one might employ both Herakles and Hercules. Also many Indian names such as Ramayana, Krishna, nirvana have become Europeanized or at least are familiar to all Europeans interested in Indian literature. It seems pedantic to write them with their full and accurate complement of accents and dots and my general practice is to give such words in their accurate spelling (Ramayana, etc.) when they are first mentioned and also in the notes but usually to print them in their simpler and unaccented forms. I fear however that my practice in this matter is not entirely consistent since different parts of the book were written at different times. My best thanks are due to Mr R.F. Johnston (author of Chinese Buddhism), to Professor W.J. Hinton of the University of Hong Kong and to Mr H.I. Harding of H.M. Legation at Peking for reading the proofs and correcting many errors: to Sir E. Denison Ross and Professor L. Finot for valuable information: and especially to Professor and Mrs Rhys Davids for much advice, though they are in no way responsible for the views which I have expressed and perhaps do not agree with them. It is superfluous for me to pay a tribute to these eminent scholars whose works are well known to all who are interested in Indian religion, but no one who has studied the early history of Buddhism or the Pali language can refrain from acknowledging a debt of gratitude to those who have made such researches possible by founding and maintaining during nearly forty years the Pali Text Society and rendering many of the texts still more accessible to Europe by their explanations and PREFACE. 2 Hinduism and Buddhism, Vol I. translations. C. ELIOT. TOKYO, May, 1921. LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS. The following are the principal abbreviations used: Ep. Ind. Epigraphia India. E.R.E. Encyclopedia of Religion and Ethics (edited by Hastings). I.A. Indian Antiquary. J.A. Journal Asiatique. J.A.O.S. Journal of the American Oriental Society. J.R.A.S. Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society. P.T.S. Pali Text Society. S.B.E. Sacred Books of the East (Clarendon Press). INTRODUCTION 1. Influence of Indian Thought in Eastern Asia Probably the first thought which will occur to the reader who is acquainted with the matters treated in this work will be that the subject is too large. A history of Hinduism or Buddhism or even of both within the frontiers of India may be a profitable though arduous task, but to attempt a historical sketch of the two faiths in their whole duration and extension over Eastern Asia is to choose a scene unsuited