November 1969

A WATER REVIEW QUARTERLY

------Water News The story of a dam in the West is the story of a people-towns spring up and productive living is brought to an arid area of the Nation. A dam which provides critical water supplies to an industrious people in a semi-arid area of Utah has recently been named: Arthur V. Watkins Dam, which until last October was called Willard Dam. Renamed in honor of Utah's former U.S. Senator Arthur V. Watkins, this 14.5-mile structure makes a fresh water lake out of the Willard Bay arm of the Great Salt Lake. Senator Watkins' distinguished public career for many years included water program leadership both in his home State and in Washington, D.C. He is now living in retirement in Utah. . The newly named dam also was recipient of an ~ other distinction this year. On the 20th year since Con­ gress authorized it for construction, the dam-as part of the Weber Basin water project-passed from Federal to private operation. The project had been both built and operated by the Bureau of Reclamation, and now the re­ sponsibility of its operation and maintenance is handled by the Weber Basin Conservancy District. Among the water features transferred-costing' $38 million to build-are additional dams, water transport alld drain works for flood control, enhancing fish popula­ tion and 'growing crops. Related facilities constructed by the district will provide 50,000 acre-feet of water annually for people's homes and industries. Picnic areas, culinary water systems, docks and other facilities for recreational use have been constructed in the area by Job Corps youth of Reclamation's Weber Basin Civilian Conservation Center.-RE Grand Destiny for­ Coulee Dam

EXUDING BEAUTY, PLAN IS SPURRED BY EXPERTS

by OTTIS PETERSON Assistant to the Commissioner

FAR-reaching landmark plan to upgrade the rivers, the Columbia, the awesome 4,173-foot-Iong A man-made environment at Grand Coulee Grand Coulee Dam has been a popular public Dam and Powerplant in Washington State has attraction since it was first undertaken in 1933. been presented to Federal, State, county, and com­ Construction is now underway on a third power­ munity leaders by the Bureau of Reclamation. plant, which will ultimately extend over 1,000 feet Not yet a finished blueprint, the plan was under­ downstream from the right abutment of the dam. taken 2 years ago by the firm of Kenneth W. Excavation for the new powerplant and forebay Brooks, AlA, of Spokane, Wash., under contract dam is a bigger job than excavation for the origi­ with the Bureau of Reclamation. nal structure. It represents a major effort by the Bureau of Reclamation to point up the needed and potential U.S. Canada Co-op improvements for the total environment of the The third powerplant was made possible by dam and surrounding area-to meld the natural practical upstream storage on the river and its beauty of the area and its unique geologic his­ tributaries in the United States and Canada. Pres­ tory-to make a showplace of man's ingenuity and ently authorized are an additional 3,600,000 kilo­ skill and the wonders of nature. watts of capacity, which will be supplied by six The proposed plan goes far beyond anything great turbogenerators, each possessing 600,000 which could be undertaken exclusively by the kilowatts of capacity- the largest in the ,,,orld. A Bureau of Reclamation, and will require participa­ second bank of six similar turbines and genera­ tion by many agencies and communities if it is to tors will be possible at a later date, when au­ succeed. Such groups have membership in a Grand thorized by Congress, giving a total project and Coulee Dam Advisory Council, which hopefully, installed ultimate capacity of 9.4 million kilowatts. will function in a leadership manner in reviewing This will make the project once again one of and coordinating such aspects of the· program as the largest hydropower installations in the world. are agreed upon and may be undertaken. It is expected to be an even greatei' magnet for Harnessing the flow of one of the world's great tourists and sightseers from all parts of the world, 1 I I j One of the interesting valley views. and the environmenta.l plan is designed to place New York City. A minitrain is envisioned to carry the manmade wonder in a suitable setting. passengers around exterior areas. The Brooks environmental study could, when A distinctive aerial cable car is proposed to implemented, make a visit to the Grand Coulee carry visitors on a breathtaking ride from an area one to be long remembered. Contemplated as arrival center downstream from the dam on the the major Bureau of Reclamation contribution to left bank to an exhibit center and museum on the the effort is a doubletour circuit of the gigantic scenic hillside high above the river. The hilltop dam and powerplant, one of riding and one of provides an expansive view upstream of Franklin walking, including visits to the inner recesses of D. Roosevelt Lake, downstream toward Chief the new powerplant. Joseph Dam, and westwardly to Banks Lake and This would be provided by an extraordinary the spectacular Coulee, carved out when an ice dam outside inclined elevator from the crest of the turned the river south many thousands of years forebay dam down to the third powerhouse, which ago. The bluff also offers an unexcelled view of was conceived by the world-renowned architec­ Grand Coulee Dam, including the third power­ tural firm of Marcel Breuer and Associates of house.

2 Hilltop Museum Recommendations for industry and community To make the most of .the hilltop, it is possible development including areas reserved for "21st that a museum will be established there incorporat­ Century" industry; development of an electric ing three phases: the geology of the area; the early pow~r resear~h center, which is already under dis­ cussIon; pOSSIbly. an academic cellter; reserve the hi:>t0ry of Man, telling the story of the early town of Coulee Dam West as the first model town ' mIgrations across Bering Strait from which improve Coulee Dam East with emphasis upon many anthropologists believed the Indians came; ~ and the history of modern Man. gree~be1t and p~rk atmosphere; restore living and serVIce commum.ty. The Brooks report envisions sweeping lawns and The report suggests the Federal and State landscaping which would be utilized as a natural stage for sports events, pagentry, summer sym­ governments pool resources to build a modern phonies and other cultural events. sho~eline village of permanent housing, easily con­ An extensive lighting operation is proposed to vertIble to vacation use at Banks Lake. All of Banks Lake would be u.tilized as a "unique experi- dramatize the flow of energy from the great . . generators. ence " 111 recreatIOn, camping, and relaxation. The One of the challenges is to improve and develop lake has 100 miles of remote canyon shoreline and t~e communit:r environs beyond the jurisdic­ white sand beaches. The west bank would be avail­ tlOn or authOrIty of the Bureau of Reclamation. able only by boat with campsites planned in such

Scenery lovers would enjoy studying the area from this hill.

3 Buffalo & MtGinnis lakes L . • Iocked lor Indian guida fishing n

COLVILLE INDIAN PRIORITIES RESERVATION

A Early Completion B Near Future C Future

-A New 18 hole golf course

.-'I---A, •• & lake~._~ keeper's f irrjgatedtract~ ~>r

Hunting· upland game .. birds, ducks and geese, unharvested grain field

VICINITY INCHES !! ",.----;!-_+_---"' .. MAP IIoIIW IWIl[ SCALE

a way as to be hidden and inaccessile by road. A unique community high school is proposed. It would also be available for use as a convention center in summer. Existing high schools would be converted to elementary use. The Bureau of Reclamation expects to cooper­ ate and participate with the planning and develop­ ment within the limits of the Federal jurisdiction, confined primarily to the physical structure of the dam and contiguous areas. The community challenge is to join in improving the approaches, the business areas, and the visitor accommodations in keeping with the naJtural beauty of the area. # # #

Right. Nature's creations are plain, but artistic. 4

I u Applfed know-how would meet huge water demands

Coming Needs: 700% More City Water

PHENOMENAL 700-percent increase in technology, and meaningful efforts of the Nation A water supplies will be needed in the next would result in meeting the demand. The Bureau 50 years for the municipal and industrial growth of Reclamation could more than quintuple the of the West, and there are programs underway and municipal and industrial water supplies included being formulated to fill such a demand. in its projects from 543.2 billion gallons in 1967 This water outlook was noted before the Wth serving 13.7 million people~to 2.8 trillion gallons Annual Rocky Mountain Mineral Law Institute supplying the needs of 43.2 million people by the at Vail, Colo., last July in a Bureau of Reclama­ year 2020. . tion paper entitled: "Acquisition of Water from This means supplying municipal and industrial Federal Reclamation Projects for Industrial and water for the needs of 26 percent of the populatioll Commun~ty Development." of the West. That capability would depend upon This projected information-which is based on the Bureau getting funding to complete all of its figures from the Bureau of Census, the National projects now under construction and authorized, Water Resources Council, and the Bureau of and all projects on which studies are now Reclamation-indicates that the· West will grow underway. much faster than the rest of the N a.tion. Between Reclamation's water storage facilities are sup­ 1965 and the year 2020, the population of that part plying water in terms of the multipurpose con­ of the country will climb about 200 percent, as cept, with the largest amounts of water being for compared to 150 percent for the Nation as a whole, production of food supplies for people throughout and 125 percent for the Eastern States. the Nation. Other purposes include supplies for While critical water demands of the 17 Western people in cities, industrial uses, the generation of States' burgeoning communities will increase 230 hydropower, as well as protection of the environ­ percent, the water requirements for manufactur­ ment through flood control, sediment retention, ing will increase 350 percent, and water required fish and wildlife enhancement, and recreation uses. for steam-electric power generation will sky-rocket to around 2,200 percent. Much of the wa.ter needed, particularly that for steam-electric power gener­ ation, can be provided by use over and over again of available supplies and does not necessarily mean an increase in new supplies of these percentages. 700 Percent In West . The combined increases in municipal, industrial and steam-electric needs during the next 50 years will be about 700 percent in the West, 300 percent in the Eastern States, and 400 percent average for the Nation. Large though these projected requirements are, there is much evidence that efficient use of the best Urban Population Growth, 1965-1975. 5 sible re-use, three other large potential oppor­ tunities to contribute to meeting the West's mu­ nicipal and industrial water demands of the future. These are the conception and development of new water projects, particularly in remote or relatively undeveloped areas ... a potential shift in present water use on some existing projects where higher­ use purposes have evolved ... and the tapping of new sources not previously exploited, such as weather modification (drawing water from the clouds) and desalting of inland and sea water. Potential users of water from Reclamation proj­ ects are: those people who live and work in com­ munities whose present water supply is inade­ quate; similar groups who will need quantities to meet future demands; and industries desiring an assured water supply prior to becoming financially committed to a new business venture. A number of W" estern towns and cities rely in some degree upon Reclamation's municipal and in­ dustrial water supplies. Examples are: Phoenix and Yuma, Ariz.; Las Vegas and Reno, Nev.; Los Angeles, San Diego, Sacramento, and Fresno, Calif.; Fort Collins and Greeley, Colo.; Salt Lake City, Ogden, and Provo, Utah; Rapid City, S. • Even water for taking clean showers and other sanitary uses are Dak.; Wichita, Kans.; Norman and Arbuckle, some of the MUSTS in planning water supplies for the future. Okla.; and .Brownfield, Lubbock, and Amarillo, Tex. Costs of multipurpose Reclamation projects allo­ Among other topics covered in the paper are de­ cated to municipal and industrial purposes are tails of contract arrangements between Reclama­ fully reimbursable with interest from the users. tion and the water user including preconstructioll negotiations, interest rates, and reimbursa:bility. Reclamation Potential Copies of the 43-page paper are available at the The Bureau of Reclamation has, in addition to Bureau of Reclamation, Department of the In­ greater emphasis on more economical use and pos- terior, Washington, D.C. 20240 # # #

A water settling area, softening and filtration plant are often needed in cities. This is the Weymouth plant in LaVerne, Calif.

6 At Crane Prairie Reservoir

OSPREYS

get lake-view home

by GORDON J. FORSYTH, Washington D.C.

HE osprey, a large fish-eating hawk which is One of the main objectives of the protection Trapidly becoming scarce, has picked an ideal plan is to preserve existing tree trunks in the lake home for itsel£-a reservoir in northwest Oregon. and replace toppled ones with artificial nest poles. Ospreys look like white breasted eagles. They Discharging firearms, for any reason, will be pro­ prefer nesting in isolated tree tops or on poles 20 hibited in the area during the nesting season from to 50 feet high, and they favor a lake, river or bay April 1 to ~eptember 30. as their front yard. Their habitat at Reclamation's In addition to fishing, both Crane Prairie and Crane Prairie Reservoir suits them fine because nearby Wickiup Reservoirs provide boating, the dam has, for a long time, backed up waters camping, picnicking, and swimming. into an area of lodgepole pine trees. Principal purposes of Crane Prairie Dam and As part of Deschutes National Forest, the area Lake are for water storage on two Reclamation is planned to be the Nation's first maliagement irrigation projects. These are Deschutes project area to preserve breeding grounds for osprey. on which irrigated crops valued at $236.8 million The pine trees in the water died over the years, have been produced since first reports were made and their stark trunks remained standing high in 1940; and the Arnold project which produced above the water. Then they became 2-story houses a totlLl of $2.4 million in irrigated crops since first with ospreys occupying the top floor. Meanwhile reports in 1951. # # # in the basement, not aware that some of them would be solving the ospreys' meal problems, fish found shelter and food among the underwater snags. Looking down on the trout or whitefish he wants for lunch, the sharp-eyed osprey plunges feet­ first into the water to clutch his prize. Man in Yard Man also found out about the good fish popula­ tion and the reservoir is popular for that sport. It is fairly common to see people in this "ghost forest" fishing from motorboats, while a hundred feet away an osprey remains on its nest. Last summer there were 44 active nests in the area, all built this year. The nests were new be­ cause last winter's heavy snows toppled the struc­ tures used previously.

7 Astronaut Armstrong gathered samples of moon soli and took this photograph of Aldrin and the flag. (NASA photol

8 Moon Samples Analyzed at Grand Coulee Dam

by W. J. CHASTAIN, Special Services Officer, Grand Coulee, Wash.

HE first moon samples ever brought to earth The precious moon dust and rock was brought Tby man-easily the most widely heralded back to earth by astronauts Armstrong, Aldrin, geologic event in history-will soon, fittingly, be and Collins returning from mankind's first moon­ taken to the world's largest mass concrete labora­ walk last July. tory for sensitive radiation tests. A significant portion of the lunar material was This concrete laboratory is deep inside Recla­ scheduled, when this article was written, to be mation's huge Grand Coulee Dam in north-central transported to Grand Coulee Dam for the un­ Washington State. common scientific tests. As late as 2 years ago, while practically every­ one was still associating "men on the moon" with science fiction, Grand Coulee Dam was chosen for the special lunar analyzing. The dam was selected by Battelle Northwest Laboratory, a Division of

This lucite (plasticl container is where the moon samples will be inserted for testing. Liquid mercury shielding is poured into the lucite cylinder, and the end plug holds it in place during the test.

359-093 0 - 69-2 9 Battelle Memorial Institute which has the respon­ An elevator extends down to the level of the sibility of analyzing the lunar material for radio­ laboratory, and a motorized forklift is used to active content. transport heavy materials through a long gallery Studies had shown that the natural cosmic-rays to the lab areas. are largely filtered out by placing the detector Battelle Northwest made arrangements about instruments at moderate depths underground en­ 2 years ago with the Power Field Division of the abling scientists to get more accurate readings on Bureau of Reclamation to test equipment in the material being tested than would be the case on dam's inner reaches. Arrangements also were made the surface of the ground. Based on this knowl­ so that testing would not interfere with normal edge, Battelle required a laboratory which pro­ oper3!tions of the dam and powerplant. vided massive cosmic-ray shielding. The lab also Radiation measuring equipment called gamma would need constant temperature, reliable power spectrometry is used for the lunar analyses. A source, and the best possible access. Packard analyzer instrument takes the readings Grand Coulee Dam met these qualifications. Be­ from a radiation deteCtor measuring instrument. cause the laboratory is 360 feet below the crest of Four detector systems can be read' simulitaneously the dam, a great amount of solid concrete shielding in the analyzer's memory banks. is above the laboratory. Solid concrete also pro­ The equipment does not require constant atten­ vides more than 200 feet of horizontal shielding tion. The analyzer stores the information received downstream and 40 feet upstream, with additional from the counters. A technician can come once or shielding effected by the upstream reservoir. twice each week and transfer this stored informa­ Temperature of the lab varies only slightly in tion to punch tape which is delivered to a com­ summer or winter. puter in Richland, Wash., 160 miles away. At that location the computer quickly shows the amount Plenty of Power of radioactivity which exists in the lunar samples. As a means of protection from radiation, Bat­ Power requirements for the moon analysis are telle decided to build a mercury shield large readily available, inasmuch as the dam's two enough to surround a pair of detectors up to 14 powerplants have 18 generators with the capacity inches in diameter with 4 inches of mercury. The to produce 17 billion kilowatt-hours per year. main shield consists of two coaxiallucite cylinders

10 49 inches long which hold 50 gallons of mercury. were preparing for the first moon sample 2 years Becau,se mercury vapors are deadly, they are ago or more, are now preparing for other samples vented through an acid scrubber. from perhaps even other planets. Also 9 more land­ ings on the moon have been authorized. Lunar Sandwich This means that equipment must be developed Also in the shield is a pair of ll-inch by 6-inch and tested to meet the new challenges. But what­ detectors. The lunar sample to be tested is sand­ ever materials may be brought from outer space, wiched. between the two detectors. Around the the moon coming up over Grand Coulee Dam will walls, scientists also added 60 tons of shielding have new significance for a long time to come. in the form of lead bricks, each 4 inches thick and ### each weighing 28 pounds. Among the Battelle Northwest scientists in­ volved in the program are Dr. James H. Kaye, Instruments on this electronic analyzer provide important data. R. E. Connally, H. G. Rieck, Jim Deardorff, John Fager and others concerned with equipment, the reading, and the interpretation of the data col­ lected. Because of the deep locrution of the laboratory in the dam, security is not a major problem. Guards from Reclamation's Power Field Division control the main access, and few personnel would have reason to be in the area of the- test proceedings. During the time the moon samples are present, Battelle will take more extensive security precau- tions with all persons. _ Radiation tests of the moon samples have been made by NASA at Houston, and in their Ames Laboratory in California. Battelle, under a con­ tract with the N rutional Aeronautics and Space Administration, has made the only other radiation tests at Grand Coulee Dam and Richland, Wash. The equipment used is being provided under the research programs sponsored by the Atomic Energy Commission.

Other Utility Such galleries as that in which the lab is located serve a variety of purposes in regard to the dam in. water control aspects-inspection, drainage, grouting, hoist 'operation, drum gate operation, for communication cables, and for power cables. Gal­ leries extending from end to end of the dam near the upstream face a,re located at each 50-foot eleva­ tion. One of these galleries is now in use for carry­ ing the 230-kilovolt cable from the right power­ plant to the new consolidated power switchyard. Also for effective and economical use, galleries will be used to layout the high voltage cable across the dam from the third powerplant to a switchyard above the present consolidated switch­ yard. These 525-kilovolt cables will be the highest voltage cable system in operation in the world. Although the first moon samples will be in the radiation laboratory for testing only a short time, the continuing value of the site is through its re­ maining potential uses in developing and testing even more sophisticated equipment. Scientists who

11 J These before-and-after photographs show typical effectiveness 0 f Reclamation's R&B program on the Milk River Project, Mont.

$54 million invested during lirst 20 years Rehabilitation Power on Artery Problems

FOCUS on "cleanup and rehabilitate" has capital improvements, rather than one which A been increasing around the country during merely maintains the irrigation system through the last few years. ordinary maintenance and repair. This year, however, the Bureau of Reclamation An irrigation system which needs complete re­ marks the 20th anniversary of such a program habilitation is, of course, an economic threat to in the W· est- the Rehabilitation and Betterment the community it was designed to serve. Often, the Program which was passed by Congress in 1949. community's economy is centered around the vital The R&B program had a postwar start. How­ irrigation project. If the system is in poor condi­ ever, more than $54 million has been invested in tion, the results could mean partial or complete the effort. crop losses, reduced incomes, and other far-reach­ The program enables water users to receive low­ ing decadence. cost Government funds to make improvements in their needful water delivery systems which are Old Systems Worst old, or have been wasting water because of deteri­ Hardest hit by deterioration at present are irri­ oration. It authorizes interest-free funds for doing gation systems which were built more than 40 the work on existing facilities of Federal Recla­ years ago. There had been little capability to re­ mation projects. habilitate those systems, until recent years, because The term "rehabilitation" refers to restoring the during the 1930's money was scarce, during World water facilities to their original capacity or con­ War II there was a manpower shortage, and for a dition. Going a step further, "betterment" refers few postwar years a scarcity of many materials to rebuilding the projects to a first-class physical was a problem. condition and bettering them with modern engi­ Some "artery hardening" equivalents which usu­ neering and irrigation practices. ally occur are: canals full of silt and weeds, ero­ Essentially the program is for adding to the sion channels, broken concrete sections, high silt 12 This canal bank betterment is on the Lower Yellowstone Proj. Mont.

level in pools or reservoirs, gates outmoded, and becoming increasingly important at other projects structures undercut or washed out. Frequently in the 1Vest. Suburban areas are expanding rapidly such water delivery systems are being relined or into the boundaries of projects, and demands are placed in pipe to save water and reduce costs. increasing that waterways be placed in pipes and There are three ways the improvement efforts covered rather than left open. 1Vhen open, the may be accomplished by Public Law 335 : arteries create a safety hazard in populated areas One way is by contracts awarded and admin­ and often interfere with road widening plans. istered by the Bureau of Reclamation. By early 1955, 28 miles of concrete pipeline had The most often used way is through work per­ been laid and future installations were planned formance contracts in which the water users' on the Arizona project. organization is responsible for the work. More than 4,400 obsolete wood gates which re­ Third, is a seldom used way in which employees quired excessive maintenance were replaced with of the Bureau of Reclamation do the work. In this rubber-sealed metal gates at all turnout structures. case, usually the water users' organizations are too This work also was effective in eliminating leakage small to take on the responsibility of the work. at these structures, and much weed growth in the One of the first water districts to avail itself of area. Needed repairs were completed on storage the new R&B program was one of Reclamation's dams including Roosevelt Dam, key structure of earliest constructed projects. This was the Salt the system. River Valley Water Users' Association in Arizona, What were the benefits from the initial phase of which began operation in 1903 and undertook R&B the Salt River program? in 1950. A 4-percent decrease in water losses, 40,000 acre­ Asked for $6 Million feet, were recorded for the 1950 through 1953 period. With water valued at $5 per acre-foot at Assisted by Reclamation, the organization de­ the time, this was a savings of $200,000 per year. veloped a 6-year program, and applied for a $6 million loan to cover it. That represented the first Faring Better , phase of an estimated $30 million program to Maintenance costs were reduced 211z percent. modernize the 242,000-acre project. . OtheJ; - benefits were improved operations and Bureau specialists teamed up with water users' officials on a program which would ensure maxi­ service for the 7,000 farmers and the 28,000 urban mum returns for the association's facilities. This accounts on the project. included lining and related work on 140 miles of The R&B contracts with the Bureau provided canals, over 800 miles of laterals, and over 300 for 'advancement of funds on a quarterly basis, miles of drain ditches. More than 150 of the and a new contract was signed each fiscal year project's 251 pumps required overhaul because of of the progmm. Salt River association forces lowered groundwater table. Also, water loss rec­ did the engineering 'and construction work with ords and past seepage test results were studied. inspection and approval by the Bureau. Salt River had another problem, one which is By June 30, 1950-8 months after enactment- 13 12 irrigation projects were in the Bureau's for productive farm land. In a typical instance Rehabilitation and Betterment Program with there were 2.4 acres per mile of pipeline backfill. loans totaling nearly $3 million. Also Weeds At one farm on the Tucumcari project in New Mexico, 40 acres of land had been lost when seep­ Also, aquatic weeds are kept under control. They age from an adjacent lateral made cultivation im­ account for losses through transpiration of an possible. Test wells parallel to the waterway estimated 15 million acre-feet of water annually showed a high-water level. Through an R&B in western irrigation systems. the Arch Hurley Conservancy District launched a R&B programs frequently benefit irrigation fea­ 5-year program to line a 6,500-foot reach of the tures other than those on the surface of the land. lateral with 26,600 square yards of plastic For example, part of the 60-year-old, 5.8-mile membrane. Gunnison water tunnel in Colorado is being re­ Following installation, the test wells were lined flit a cost of $989,870. This work is scheduled found dry. The 40 acres were restored to cultiva­ for completion in 1970. The tunnel is the vital link tion while water losses from seepage were sharply between the Gunnison River diversion facilities reduced, or eliminated in some places. and the valley where, together with supplies from Linings at critical reaches of other water con­ the Uncompahgre River, water assures the con­ veyance systems throughout the West, made pos­ tinued successful operation of the 76,OOO-acre sible by R&B loans, have not only eliminated the Uncompahgre Project. dual problems of water loss and water logging of Benefits which have accrued to about 30 older lands but also excessive weed growth. Reclamation projects include their improved oper­ ation, water conservation, more land utilization, One in California and maintenance cost reduction. Another example of typical R&B benefits was Returns on the $54 million investment is worth­ on the Odand Unit Water Users' Associakion while, and it seems there is a cure for one type of district in northern California. Here much of the "hardening of arteries." # # # 1920 hand-placed lateral lining had deteriorated beyond repair. Water losses were high. Odand district drew plans for relining about 70 miles of the 140-mile system and by 1967, had expended more than $690,000 of R&B funds in their effort. Three benefits seen early in this effort included reductions in cleaning costs and size of main­ tenance crews. Also the Orland Unit has been able to save enough water to add one-half an acre-foot more water for a higher yield in crops. Extensive R&B work is paying dividends for water users in two districts on the Bureau's North Platte projeot, another vetera:n of the early 1900's. The Goshen Irrigation District in eastern Wy­ oming recently Gompletely placement of about 120 miles of precast concrete pipe in its 315-mile The above reproduction of a postage stamp was issued as part of the 1969 commemoration of John Wesley Powell's important ac­ lateral system. complishments including establishing the first factual basis for The Gering and Fort Laramie Irrigation Dis­ reclamation of water and land in the Western United States, and trict has a similar program for installation of pipe completing the daring exploration of the Green and Colorado Rivers. in 109 miles of its 302-mile lateral system. Officials of the latter district estimate that R&B would salvage 10,700 acre-feet of water out of the total 17,700 acre-foot loss. This represents a saving of more than $20,000 a year; The district also expects savings of about $170 a mile in maintenance and operation costs. Conversion of laterals and other conveyances to underground pipeline systems benefit the land­ owner in yet another way. The backfilled area which is leveled over the pipe becomes available

14 The study noting the economic and social im- . pact of these 3 reservoirs was recently completed for the Bureau of Reclamation by the University of Denver's Denver Research Institute. Built by Reclamation during the 1940's, the Colorado-Big Thompson project facilities transport water from the Colorado River across the Continental Divide and delivers it for extensive irrigation and munici­ pal and industrial uses in northeastern Colorado. From exhaustive studies and interviews, DRI economists estimated the 1968 impact of recrea­ tionist-visitors at Shadow Mountain-Granby at $3,396,000 and Horsetooth Reservoir at $1,486,000. $532,000 in Boats Included in these figures are boat sale~ estimated to be $532,000 at Shadow Mountain-Granby and $1,260,000 at Horsetooth Reservoir. Almost three­ fourths of the total investment in boats and boat­ ing equipment was represented by purchases out­ side the impact areas adjacent to the reservoirs. Shadow Mountain Lake-high in the Rockies. Magnitude of the economic growth taking place near Horsetooth Reservoir is indicated by the fact High values at three that estimated 1967 property tax revenue from Reclamation lakes the area adjacent to the reservoir was $175,000 while the cumulative tax loss during the period from 1946 to 1968 from reservoir rights-of-way Recreation Windfall removed from tax rolls' amounted to only $54,000. The study reports a sizeable increase in net land values, investment in recreation facilities, and in Scenic Colorado other improvements of $4.84 million within vhe impact area at Shadow Mountain-Granby. The by H. E. MEW, JR. and comparable figure for increased investments of this J. GORDON MILLIKEN type at Horsetooth Reservoir is $3.29 million.

NCE a man-made lake is completed for rec­ O reation nowadays, it is amazing how great HorsetoothReservoir-had $1,486,000 in recreation spending. an impact it can have on an area. People flock to the reservoir, and recreation spending takes on significance. In recreation spending, three reservoirs of Reclamation's Colorado-Big Thompson water re­ sources project generated a cash flow of nearly $5 million last year. Those lakes are Granby and Shadow Mountain located about 2 miles from each other in a spec­ tacular mountain area of Colorado, and Horse­ tooth Lake in a barren foothills area in another part ofthe project. The two mountain lakes-Granby and Shadow Mountain-are west of the Continental Divide at more than 8,300 feet elevation. The foothills lake on the eastern side-Horsetooth-is at 5,400 feet. A water tunnel through the Rocky Mountains connects the water storage facilities on the west slope to those on the east slope. Because warmer weather and lower elevation LOCATION MAP (5,400 feet) prevail at Horsetooth, the water is relatively warm and allows swimming 4 or 5 months of the year. At Shadow Mountain and Granby however, the water is colder and swimming is desirable only for about two months during the year. Because part of the highway, Trail Ridge Road at over 10,000 feet, is closed during winter (roughly from late October to May) only a few recreationists, pri­ marily ice fishermen, visit these two lakes during this period. For a population whose unity and driving force years ago was to bring an irrigation project into being for ,their dry but fertile lands, the water based recreation bonus has turned out to be an unexpected and pleasing windfall for northern Colorado. # # #

(Author Mr. Mew is Researoh Engineer and Dr. Milliken is Researoh Eoonomi8t in the Denver Re­ searoh Institute of the University of Denver. Sum­ marized in this article, their 'B06 page teohnioal report is entitled: "E(J.()nomio and Sooial Impaot of Reoreation at Reclamation Reservoirs," and it DRI interviewers found that Coloradans com­ is available at $6 eaoh from the University of Den­ prise 46 percent of the summer recreation popula­ ver, Denver, Oolo. 80'1310.) tion at mountainous Shadow Mountain-Granby, and 95 percent of the visitors to Horsetooth. Of the Shadow Mountain-Granby recreationists, 58 Lake Granby-excellent for recreation. percent reported family incomes of more than $10,000 per year, while 43 percent of ithe Horse­ tooth visitors indicated salaries in that range. . People From Denver The 220-mile, 1-day trip to and from Shadow Mountain-Granby is a favorite for people from the Denver Metropolitan area. They boat, fish, swim, horseback ride, or sightsee. The highway takes them through Rocky Mountain National Park, includes Estes Park and Grand Lake, crosses the Continental Divide twice, and offers views of snow-capped peaks and water along 7 miles of res­ ervoir shoreline. They can camp near the lake or stay in a motel near the shore. Horsetooth Reservoir is about 70 miles north of Denver and 5 miles from Fort Collins. While this area offers different scenic views than the other area in the mountains, no major highways pass by it, and few out-of-state tourists utilize its facilities. The area around this body of water has become an important relaxation area for residents of rap­ idly growing Fort Collins. The reservoir is acces­ sible year-around and during most months, many people of retirement age spend part of the day fishing and sightseeing. .

16 Made irrrigation Nebraska's foremost issue in 7897

WILLIAM E. SMYTHE: Irrigation Crusader

by MARTIN E. CARLSON

work in Nebraska where he began his promotion 1 of irrigation. Journalist, author, and irrigation expert, Smythe was born at Worcester, Mass., on Decem­ ber24, 1861. He came to the West in 1888 and settled at Kearney, Nebr., where he published a daily newspaper, the Kearney Enterpri8e, until 1890 when he accepted a position as editorial assistant on the Omaha Bee. A series of "{ articles on the subject of irrigation which he wrote for the Bee in January and February, 1891, attracted widespread attention and led to the organization ofa popular movement to 'obtain irrigation laws and to interest farmers and capitalists in ditch building. Smythe stated that within three months he had succeeded in making irrigation the fore­ most issue in Nebraska. No Public Support Although several irrigation canals had been built in the State during 1880's, especially in the North Platte Valley, irrigation had not yet gained general public recognition and support. Neither .was there popular literature to bring the matter

Many crops' under irrigation in -Nebraska look as productive as this.

William E. Smythe 1861-1922. RRIGATION began in the arid regions of the I United States apart from any type of orga­ nized promotion. But in 1880 the first stages of the irrigation movement appeared as a result of John Wesley Powell's reports of his government surveys in which he urged legislation to encourage the practice. A unique feature of the irrigation movement is that among the most zealous advocates of irriga­ tion were Easterners who for various reasons be­ come interested in its promotion. William E. Smythe was an outstanding leader of this group. This paper covers only the years from' 1890 through 1895, placing major emphasis upon his 17 to the attention of the masses. Such was the situa­ wark for liberty in the form of a great class of tion when the Great Plains experienced the drouth small landed proprietors was created. This could of 1890, " ... a calamity so deep and widespread be done only by the reclamation of the arid do­ that it staggered even the optimism of the West." main and the division of the semiarid lands into As a consequence, Smythe said, "The psychologi­ small farms. Maintaining that irrigation as a cal moment had come for the rise of a new cause national policy meant "a new birth of freedom," which should take hold of the popular heart and Smythe said: go on, by a process of gradual unfoldment until "Tell the people of Nebraska that we are going it became perhaps the greatest constructive move­ to make homes for millions of men; that in these ment of its time."- homes irrigation shall guarantee industrial inde­ During the summer of 1889, Smythe had traveled pendence and the small-farm unit a reasonable in New Mexico and California, where he saw degree of human equality ... the densely popu­ irrigation being practiced. When the drouth str:uck lated agricultuml districts of the new Nebraska Nebraska a year later, the thought occurred to will have all the advantages of town life 'and few him that irrigation would be a good thing for the of its evils, all the charm of country life without Nebraska plains, where "men were shooting their its present loneliness. Nebraska's best days are horses and abandoning their farms" within sight before her. The historian will record them as the of fine streams. When the editor of the Omaha Bee irrigation era." (Nebraska State Journal, Sept. 3, directed him to write editorials asking for money, 1894) . food, and seed for the drouth sufferers, Smythe obtained permission to supplement these articles He Promoted with a series of papers dealing with irrigation. He In his enthusi'asm, Smythe gave little consid­ later stated that writing these articles changed eration to the economic factors involved in creat­ his life completely. ing these new farms and the difficult problems to be overcome. This paper, however, presents his Taken the Cross work as a promoter of irrigation, rather than his In commenting on this assignment in his book shortcomings as an economist. The Conquest of Arid America, he said: " ... I Smythe believed that although reclamation and had taken the cross of a new crusade. To my mind, the settlement of the arid domain must always re­ irrigation seemed the biggest thing in the world. main the problem of the West, there was one point It was not merely a matter of ditches and acres, where the question came in direct contact with but a philosophy, a religion, and a programme of national thought and demanded settlement by practical statemanship rolled into one ... I was national legislation. The West was to be conquered deeply impressed with the magnitude of the work in the interest of all the people, and thus it became that had fallen to my hand and knew that I must a question of national interest to determine upon cut loose from all other interests and endeavor to what terms these arid lands should pass from the rouse the nation to a realizing sense of its duty government. It was his opinion that the arid lands and opportunity." must eventually pass to the States because the To Smythe irrigation was not only the best streams were ,already the property of the States, method of farming, but perhaps even more im­ and it was an absurd condition that gave owner­ portant, it would lead to the rise of new institu­ ship of the water to one authority and that of the tions and social and economic reforms. When he land to another. Both should be under one com­ started out upon his irrigation work in Nebraska, prehensive policy. he thought of the ditch "only as an insurance Smythe believed that a feasible plan was to policy upon crops." Later, however, he thought of have the governors of the various States appoint irrigation a~ "the great basic fact in a new and commissions, charged with the duty of making wonderful civilization"-the salvation of our insti­ comprehensive studies of the whole question. The tutions, the mighty potentiality which was to con­ reports of these commissions should be assimilated fer upon "millions of men the blessing of a free by a representative irrigation congress and then home." In arid America, there would evolve the be blended into one harmonious measure which best and highest conditions of living that humanity could be urged upon the Nation by the unanimous had ever known. voice of the West. Smythe believed that irrigation would compel Such a measure should provide a method by the adoption of the small-farm unit. As the re­ which lands could be reclaimed by private enter­ sult of the absorption of great areas by syndicates prise, under propel' safeguards and regulations, and corporations, Smythe feared the nation was and also provide a method by which public owner­ treading on dangerous ground unless a new bul- ship of canals, reservoirs,and other works could be 18 stated that many canyons could be dammed up as storage basins for a vast amount of water which then ran almost entirely to waste. Federal In planning for irrigation in Nebraska, it was important to know how much or how little help was to be expected from the Federal Government. It was Smythe's opinion that all the government could do was to mark out general lines on which the plan could be made to succeed, and then private enterprise and capital must do the rest. The great difficulty had been to convince capi­ talists that money could be invested safely in these undertakings. If an expert government engineer reported that a certain amount of money could construct a ditch, water a certain number of acres, Wornoul wagons were not needed when Irrigation brought better times. and pay a certain percent as dividends on the money invested, private means could be secured realized when the people so preferred. It should to promote the work. be made sure that genuine settlers should acquire Congress had appropriated funds for making the lands without paying unfair tribute to Eastern preliminary surveys for testing the underflow and capital that made their reclamation possible. the extent of the water supply. In addition, the settlers in western Nebraska asked only that the All Ram.ifications national government transfer the arid public lands In his series of articles in the Omaha Bee in to the control of the States, and enact legislation 1891, it was his purpose to consider the subject to prevent the monopoly of water rights by cor­ in all its ramifications-the existing need; the porations. Smythe believed that the States rather benefits irrigation promised; the progress that had than the general goverment, should assume the already been made; the sources of water supply; major responsibility for the reclamation of arid the various methods of distribution; the aid lands. needed from State and national governments; the He later changed his position and favored cost of constructing systems; how they were to be a program of reclamation by the Federal paid for, and the expense to the consumer. Government. His intention was to furnish first a complete "The way to the success of the irrigation move­ exposition of the eubject, then to arouse and center ment in Nebraska lies through the statute book," the attention of the State upon the matter of irri­ Smythe declared. A revision of the scanty laws gation and finally, by these means to interest capi­ in existence and th~ addition of a comprehensive tal and carry the grand undertaking to success. scheme of legislation were necessary. Until 1889, The question of the water supply for the arid Nebraska had no laws bearing on the subject of regions was not then a matter of anxiety to the irrigation. The legislature of that year passed friends of the irrigation movement, though a few a law which dealt only with water rights and the questioned the adequacy of the water resources. right-of-way for ditches. It was defective in some In support of his belief that the water supply was respects and as a whole inadequate for a system­ ample to meet the State's need for irrigation, atic effort to develop irrigation in western Smythe cited the testimony of P rofessor Lewis E. Nebraska. Hicks of the geological department at the Univer­ sity of Nebraska. Got a Convention For 5 years, Hicks had been sampling the water An irrigation convention at McCook, which was and ascertaining its extent in western Nebraska called as a result of Smythe's promotion efforts, and had just investigated the soil and water supply constituted the formal inauguration of a campaign of the southwestern section under the auspices of to promote a system of irrigation in Ne'braska. It the Federal Government. He had carefully exam­ showed that the western part of the State strongly ined the Republican River and stated that the desired a State engineer, the division of the State surface water was usually sufficient to irrigate into water districts, and the preparation of a com­ 100,000 a~res, while the underflow could furnish plete system of maps, showing the water sheds and water for at least 1 million a.cres. Professor Hicks the streams. 19 After resigning his position with the Bee in 1891, Smythe left Nebraska and continued on a national scale his crusade for the reclamation of the West and also the colonization of the sparsely settled arid and semiarid regions. He expressed his views on these subjects in the columns of the Irrigation Age, which he founded and edited from 1891 to 1896. He started the magazine in Denver but. later removed its office to Salt Lake City, where he devoted his efforts exclusively to the cause of irrigation. Smythe's own account of his activities and his fight for a national program of reclamation is found iIi his book, The Oonque8t of Arid America. In evaluating his work, Walter Prescott Webb in Extra delicious pumpkin pies result from irrigated Nebraska crops. The Great Plain8 says: "No one can read his book without realizing that he went at his task with the Smythe said that when these laws had been fervor of an evangelist and with that exaggerated secured, the movement must then undertake to emphasis of its importance which seems essential interest capital in these enterprises. It was decided in all propaganda.... He played upon emotion, at the McCook meeting to holding a similar con­ imagination, pecuniary desire, and patriotism, and vention at Sidney followed by a great mass meet­ to him irrigation became the one means by which ing at Lincoln to endorse a bill to be drafted for arid America could be conquered." presentation to the legislature. At the State irrigation convention in Lincoln, Unfortunately, the irrigation code which had in February, 1891, Smythe was made chairman of been approved at the State irrigation convention a committee to arrange for the first National Irri­ at Lincoln in 1891 was not adopted by the legis­ gation Congress, which met in Salt Lake City, lature until 1895. When Smythe was on his way September 15, 1891. Smythe founded this organi­ to attend the Third Irrigation Congress at Denver, zation for the purpose of bringing together the he stopped at Omaha on August 30, 1894, and was various groups and elements that were interested interviewed by a representative of the Lincoln in irrigation in order to work out a program which State Journal. would have sufficient support to be adopted. In speaking about the prospects of further de­ velopment of irrigation in Nebraska, he pointed Resolution Adopted out that what had already been done in the valleys The first Irrigation Congress was called in the of the major rivers would mark the limitations interests of the movement to secure the cession of of large undertakings in the State. But when all arid land to the States and territories. Resolutions the land that the large projects could water was asking that this be done were adopted unani­ utilized, the State would then enter upon what, in mously. his judgment, would be the distinctive phase of the As secretary of the Irrigation Congress for the Nebraska irrigation industry. This would be years 1891 and 1893 and as its president from 1893 the development of small individual plants to 1895, Smythe lectured extensively on the subject using pumps, windmills, and other mechanical of irrigation. He addressed public meetings in appliances. various large cities, including Chicago, New York, Washington, and Boston, and interested eminent Smythe Predicted men throughout the country in the settlement and Probably four-fifths of the land irrigated in development of arid lands. the State 10 years later would be watered in this Smythe was undoubtedly the most influential manner, Smythe predicted. He asserted that the advocate of irrigation in Nebraska during this owner of a small plant, adequate to his needs, period. In general, the views expressed by the was enviably independent-independent of the press and other supporters of irrigation reflected drouth, the butcher and grocer, of hired help, and those of Smythe. The subject received widespread last and best, independent of the water company. coverage by the daily newspapers and -also by the "Show me a man," said Smythe, "who irrigates local papers in the areas where irrigation was 20 or 40 acres of your rich Nebraska soil by means practiced. The space given to its discussion reached of his· own plant and I will show you a man who a peak during the years 1894 and 1895 and then knows no master but God." gradually declined to the end of the decade. 20 l The second session of the Irrigation Congress its executive committee was given to E. R. Moses held in Los Angeles in October, 1893, represented of Kansas. That same year he also lost the editor­ the best thought and experience bearing on the ship and then control of his magazine, the Irriga­ irrigation problem. Probably the most important tion Age. No further articles by Smythe, or men­ outcome of the meeting resulted from a speech by tion of him appeared in the periodical. The heyday John Wesley Powell in which he stated that even of his career as irrigation crusader was over. by full development of the water resources, there Wallace Stegner in his book, Beyond the Hun­ would not be enough to irrigate more than a small dredth Meridian, says this in tribute to Smythe: portion of the arid land. "His persistent publicizing of irrigation problems, Because of his unpopular views, Powell was read and his organization of arid-belt- farmers into a out of the irrigation movement and Smythe be­ politically coherent group, made him the single came its most prominent leader. When a perma­ most influential figure, with the exception of Major nent member-at-large was elected, Smythe -was Powell, in the early years of reclamation." chosen as the one who was "more preeminently At the end of his career as a leader of the irriga­ connected with irrigation than any other man in tion movement Smythe could say with considerable the country." truth that he had carried the "cross of a new cru­ One of the problems in the expansion of irriga­ sade," he had helped rouse the Nation to "a real­ tion was that of attracting farmers to settle in the izing sense of its duty and opportunity," and in arid regions. Having studied the Utah and Greeley this task he had found a work to which he gave settlements, Smythe determined to use the colony system to bring settlers from the East. He devoted his "heart and soul with all a young man's so much time and energy to colonization in 1894 enthusiasm." # # # and 1895 that it cost him the leadership in the general irrigation movement. (TV e are gratefUl. to Martin E. Oarl8on, profes- 80r of 80cial 8cience at Kearney State Oollege, He Opened the Fourth Kearney, Nebr., for use of thi8 article. It was pre- Although he delivered the opening address at 8ented by Dr. Martin a8 a paper at the TV e8tern the Fourth Irrigation Congress at Albuquerque Hi8tory A88ociation meeting in 1966, and has been in 1895, he took little further part in the proceed­ printed in the Journal of the West with ea:cellent ings, and his perennial position as chairman of 80urce footnote8.)

Water for Another Family Turn the handwheel and water will flow on and Mattawa, Chambers of Commerce, the South their new farm-the 6 ArDean Bird youngsters Columbia Irrigation District, the lovely Miss know that. And if these children wish, while grow­ Washington State, officials of the State and a rail­ ing up, they can help take care of animals and road. Representatives of news media from distant raise many good crops. locations were present. Regional Director H. T. First irrigation ceremonies, like the one attended Nelson of the Bureau of Reclamation, Boise, by Mr. and Mrs. Bird and their children, plus Idaho, was one of the speakers. # # # about 100 others last July 30, have been held fre­ Young members of the Bird family to live on the new proiect farm quently in years past on Reclamation's Columbia are from left, Laurel, Blake, Allen, Blair, Keith, and Paula. Basin project in Washington. The celebrations still generate excitement in highlighting the future potential for new farmers, businesses and com­ munities. Following the new opening of fertile land for water, which includes more than 50,000 acres on the Wahluke Slope, Block 25, irrigated farms will spring up in the years ahead-same as farms and communities did on half-a-million acres in other parts of the project since it went into operation 21 years ago. Placing significance in the event were par­ ticipating officials of the nearby towns of Pasco 21 IT! Can you guess the length and' weight of this Mackinaw trout caught through ice at Jackson Lake, Wyo.? - a. 37" long, 23 pounds h. 23" long, 37 pounds

III Of the 36.9 million acres of land irrigated in the United States (1964), what percentage of i,t is in the 17 Western States? a.90% h.82% c.60%

III What is the importance of leaving certain tree stumps in new reservoirs?

8J What European royalty has visited Glen Can­ yon Dam and Lake Powell ?

[II This is the new Morrow Point Dam in Colo­ _ rado. Is power generated here; if so, where is the powerhouse?

ANSWERS: ('HUM UOaUUO lq.llP aql U! S! lUUld.IaMOd punO.I.\l.Iapun SH 'sax-'g ~ (pUUI.\lU{[) uapMous ;):0 l.lU{[ puu la.Iu.\l.IUJi\I ssaouPd-''P ~ SP.IN puu qsy ;):0 SpuPI u!upao .Io;): lllf!quq IU.IUlUU su aA.IaS Saa.Il ;):0 spud-'S ~ %06 'U-'(; ~ spunod S(; '.\luol "LS 'U-'I

22 Class on family; how 'they enjoy itl

Unique Course for Collbran Corps

by ORA C. DREHER, VISTA Civilian Conservation Center Collbran, Colo.

HAT goes on here? one wonders ashe views Mrs. Dreher, author of this article, working in classroom activity. bulletin boards in the hallway: "The Kind Wof Girl We Wish to Date," is printed on a display. in his own apartment, he wrote back that he Pictures of attractive girls of many races em­ wanted his family living teacher thanked for the bellish the bulletin board and increase interest in practical help he had received. the subject. How they enjoy the units, "Making the Grade "Am I Coming Up to Her?" is in a flare of gay as Dad" and "The Modern Father Helps with lettering. Near such slogans are Job Corpsmen Child Care." "Teenage Marriage" opens their eyes. quotations describing the girl in their minds. One corpsman said, "We get to see things ina way Slogans and illustrations on another display also we never thought of before." stimulate thought by the young men. They are in "I don't want my sister to get married until the hall of the Education Department of the Coll­ she is old enough and mature enough, and I will bran Civilian Conservation Center. There is in­ wait until I have -a good job and a good savings creasing interest in : "The Kind of Home We Wish account. Too, I want to marry a girl who has To Establish," "Ideals for a Future Home," "Am good sense about money, likes children, and knows I Working Hard Enough?" how to help makela home." The Corpsmen teacher says she knows the young men have high ideals. They just need education 18 Months'Duration and good jobs. This unique course in health and family living This family living teaching also includes studies has been in progress at the Collbran Job Corps on the 10 commandments to prevent alcoholism. of the past 18 months. It was initiated 'and is car­ The study on drug abuse included the film: ried out by a VISTA who has taught family "Narcotics-Pit of Despair." living to high school -and college girls, adults, land The Collbran Corpsmen are deeply moved as underprivileged Negro boys and girls. they learn and are making firm resolves for their It isa continuous challenge to the teacher to future lives. make the activities practical by bringing them to Meanwhile, principal work program for the the level of the corpsmen, their needs, their educa­ young men at the Bureau of Reclamation's Coll­ tional development, and their interests. bran Center during the past few months has been The purpose oUhe course is to help the corpsmen construction of campgrounds, recreation facilities grow in understanding and maturity so that they and roads in the area of Vega Reservoir on Re­ will become good husbands land fathers and con­ clamation's Collbran irrigation project in west tributing members of the community in which they central Colorado. establish their homes. With flexibility as the key, some of the variety Foolish? of teaching techniques used are: (1) Role play­ But back to the classroom. The thinking of one ing-spontaneous reactions to one another in corpsman, regarding the family living lessons, was problem situations, some of which are suggested that making out budgets, keeping accounts,and by corpsmen from their life experiences; (2) learning how to iron and press trousers were Assigned original skits; (3) Demonstmtions and foolish lessons. But when he got out on a job and practice; (4) Friendly, helpful accepting atmos-

23 phere in c1assroom; (5) Films; (6) Check lists and questionnaires to get information about knowl­ edge, experiences, and interests. Attitudes No matter whether the unit is related to health or to happy family living, good role play can be devised, ,and it also not only brings out attitudes but helps corpsmen in self-expression. One of many roles is entitled, "How Will Father's Bonus Be Invested~" Instructions to each player 'are given privately so they react to one another. To :father: You have just received a $l50 bonus, and you feel that you should give the family the opportunity to have a part in deciding how the money will be spent; but you have your The young men here are discussing the educational bulletin board. mind made up. You will buy the "beaut" second want your father's bonus 'to be used as a down hand car you have seen. payment on a color TV. Instructions to mother: You plead for new At the 'awards assembly in September, certifi­ screens. Every screen in the house flaps in the cates were to be presented to the corpsmen who breeze. You can't keep out flies and serve sanitary have completed this course. How a teacher would meals without screens. like to look into ,the future and view these corps­ Instructions to teenage brother and sister: You men's home life! # # #

Highlighted in the center of the exhibit rotunda NEWS BRIEFS is an accurate and detailed relief model of Lake Powell and surrounding terrain. Model maker Bob The spectacular Glen Canyon Visitor Center, on Miller of Westminster, Colo., spent 2 years work­ the high canyon rim overlooking Glen Canyon ing on the model. The model gives visitors some Dam, Colorado River, and Lake Powell was idea of the magnitude of the lake, the variety of opened to the public last April. landforms, and the range of brilliant colors to be Located adjacent to U.S. 89 and Glen Canyon seen. It recreates the impression made upon geolo­ Bridge, the Visitor Center serves to orient the gist Clarence Dutton in 1880, who called the Glen visiting public to interesting sights and recrea­ Canyon country "a superlative desert." ... tion in the area. The name of the water tunnel the Bureau of

Spectacular viewing is in store from the new visitor center.

24 Reclamation is boring through the Continental The trench in which the cable was buried is a Divide on the Fryingpan-Arkansas project, Colo., small one, just 18 inches deep. The piezometer was changed last August from "Divide Tunnel" to measures the water pour pressure in the founda­ "Charles H. Boustead Tunnel." tion under the dam. Earth vibrations are measured The underground waterway will convey water by the seismograph. . . . . from Colorado River tributaries on the western The Snake River New8 newspaper at Reclama­ slope of the Rocky Mountains through the Divide tion's Marsing Job Corps Center was presented for use in the water-short Arkansas River Basin the first place award in the National 1969 Corps­ on the eastern slope. man Newspaper Contest at ceremonies in Wash­ Renaming is in recognition of Mr. Boustead's ington D.C. last July. Mrs. Helen Branson, Edi­ long and dedicated service on behalf of the multi­ torial Adviser, also received a special award for pIe-purpose Reclamation project both as president outstanding adviser efforts on the Snake River of the Water Development Association, which News-. pioneered the effort to obtain authorization for the With the competition including all urban and project, and as general manager of the district. conservation Job Corps Centers in the Nation, the The 5.4-mile-Iong tunnel is scheduled for com­ third highest award in the contest went to another pletion in 1974. . . . Reclamation Center newspaper, the Oolumbiarn Five contracts totaling nearly $6 million for 4 Echo of the Columbia Basin Center in years of advance research and field experimenta­ Washington. tion in support of Reclamation's "Project Sky­ On hand to receive the first place award were water," were awarded last July. Mrs. Branson and Delbert Wright who is Corps­ The contractors and contract amounts are: man Editor-in-Chief. Both are physically handi­ South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, capped. Other Job Corps staff and officials, and Rapid City-$2,280,000; University of Wyoming, Congressmen also were present at the a ward Laramie-$2,000,000; New Mexico State Univer­ ceremonies. # # # sity, Las Cruces-$635,000; Montana State Uni­ versity, Bozeman-$595,000; and Colorado State University, Fort Collins-$107,815. The Montana contract extends through June 30, 1972, and the other four through June 30, 1973 .... Reclamation is designing a first-of-its-kind deck truss bridge 2,428 feet long, supported by slender concrete piers 403 feet high, to carry vehicular traffic over the new lake that will be formed behind Auburn Dam on the American River in northern California. The graceful structure is the highest bridge of its type ever designed by the Bureau, and ranks as one of the Nation's longer deck truss spans. Deck of the new bridge will be some 700 feet above the present river level. This bridge will replace a Placer County bridge which now spans the North Fork of the American River near the town of Auburn.... Undergrounding of 4,500 feet of electric cable from the base of Reclamation's San Luis Dam to the administration building was completed last August by Ferrero Electric of Los Banos, Calif. The cable, which furnished power supply to piezometer terminal wells and seismograph sta­ tions near the dam, replaces overhead wires and poles. The job, which took about 11;2 weeks, was bid for $8,590. BOOKSHELF for water users

Research Re'port Evaporation Reduction Film Latest in the Bureau's series of Water Resources A new 16 mm. technical motion picture, "Water Technical Publications, the illustrated research Conservation Through Evaporation Reduction," report No. 16, entitled: "Structural Model Tests of has been added to the Bureau of Reclamation's Arch Dams-Glen Canyon and Morrow Point film library. Dams," describes specific uses of structural dam The film summarizes the methods employed in models and their materials, construction, loading, suppression of evaporation from the surface of and testing. . reservoirs, materials used, means of applying the materials, and evaluation of results obtained. Aim Irrigation Improvement of the film is to instruct technical 'students, engi­ neering groups, agencies concerned with reservoir A technical booklet of interest to irrigationists operations, and other interested organizations in is entitled: "Irrigation System Evaluation and techniql1es for reducing the loss of water sup­ Improvement." It is by John L. Merriam, Profes­ plies from reservoirs through evaporation to the sor, Agricultural Engineering, California Stilite atmosphere. Polytechnic College. The 27-minute sound, full-color film is available This 68-page publioation is available from Blake for loan on request to the Office of Chief Engineer, Printing and Publishing, 1415 Monterey St., San Bureau of Reclamation, Denver Federal Center, Luis Obispo, Calif. 93401, for 75 cents. Denver, Colo. 80225.

Convenient Order Form for Reclamation Era

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26 585 billion gallons served in 1968

CITY WATER

SETS RECORDS

There are modern high-powered engines which heat up and the Three Reclamation projects reported their first "radiator" of this one sorely needed a drink. The water-cooled racer gets a fliling from the city water supply, Sacramento,. Calif. M&I deliveries during 1968. Some 8.1 million gallons for 3,800 residents of VER 585 billion gallons of water for more Beloit, Kans., were provided by the Glen Elder O than 14 million city people and industry in Unit of the Missouri River Basin Project. The Western United States were served during 1968 city pumps water from the Solomon River about by Bureau of Reclamation projects. 12 miles below Glen Elder Dam. Construction of According to Assistant Secretary of the Interior the dam was necessary to stabilize the flow of the for Water and Power James R. Smith, urban de­ river, thus providing Beloit with a dependable, liveries increased 6.1 percent over the 1967 fig­ year-round water supply. urer-establishing a new record for water de­ Other projects making first reports-Spokane liveries of this type from Reclamation projects­ Valley Project, Washington, and the Glen Canyon and have increased some 140 percent in the past Unit, Arizona-delivered about 754 million gal­ decade. lons to some 1,500 people. Said Smith, "Growth in the West has always In addition to the regular Reclamation projects, depended heavily on water development. At first the Eastern Municipal Water District, Cali i., a the primary need was for irrigation water. Now Small Reclamation Loan Project, delivered 409 we are feeling the demand for city water. It's million gallons to 7,340 people. really a sign of the success of previous water proj­ Sharp increases in M&I service occurred during ects which provided the 'basis for Western 1968 on 2 projects, both in only their second year development. " of service. The 'Canadian River Project delivered Population growth has been rapid in the West nearly 9.6 billion gallons of water to about 410,000 and 15 of today's 25 fastest growing population people in 11 northwest Texas cities, 13 times as centers are 'in the Western-Reclamation-States. much water to 27 percent more people than in 1967. In addition to municipal andindustri&l deliv­ In Oklahoma, the Arbuckle Project serving resi­ eries, Reclamation projects delivered some 33 bil­ dents of Davis, Sulphur and Wynrrwood, brought lion gallons of water for other nonagricultural 600 million gallons of water to 5,100 people-four purposes. times as much water to 13 times as many people On the average, Reclamation M&I deliveries ac­ as in 1967. counted for about 60 percent of the needs of the The report containing Redamation's water-use people served~about 115 gallons per-day-per­ figures for 1968 became available this fall from the person. Washington, D.C., headquarters. # # # 27 INDEX TO RECLAMATION ERA

Volumes 53, 54, 55 1967-69

A Date Page Date Page Britt, Tim, author of Birds By The Acre . .•..•.....•.•. Feb. 1968 13 Broad·Scale Program, A, by Harlan Wood. Water for May 1967 A Better Mint Still. Farming on Columbia Basin May 1969 20 32 Peace article. Project. Brown, Bing, author of Prop Minute Men and Dams Get Aug. 1968 A Tour at Shasta Dam, by Naomi L. Hunt ...•...... Nov. 1968 73 90 Water On Hand. Achievements at Marsing Center. Idaho Job Corps Nov. 1967 111 Bureau Reservoirs Avert Flood Losses...•...... •.. Feb. 1968 Newspaper Awards. 8 Adams, Dick, author of Self·Help on Afghan Canals ... Nov. 1967 100 Aerial Survey Speeds Job. Columbia Basin Project, May 1969 16 c Grand Coulee Dam. Afghanistan. Self·Help on Afghan Canals, by Dick Nov. 1967 100 California. Getting A Bit More Beauty, by Joyce HofL. Feb. 1967 9 Adams. Canadian River Project. Amarillo Uses Water Again. .. Aug. 1967 72 Agriculture. A Better Mint Still. Farming on Columbia . May 1969 20 And Again . .. And Again, by J. D. Terrell. Basin Project. Canals. Cleaning Off Algae ...... •.. Aug. 1968 77 Ainsworth, Keith H., coauthor of Automation Does Feb. 1967 Carlson, Martin E., author of W21l iam Smythe: Irriga· Nov. 1969 17 Something for Coachella Valley. tion Crusader. Irrigation in Nebraska. Aldrich, Harold E ., author of Payback Monies in Aug. 1969 9 Cassai, N ello, author of First Dam on the Wild North Nov. 1968 102 Missouri River Basin. Platte. Algae, Cleaning It Off Canals ...... Aug. 1968 77 Cassai, Nello, author of Dirtless Farming (Hydroponics) May 1968 28 Amarillo Uses Water Again . . . And Again . .. And Aug. 1967 72 In Colorado. Again, by J . D . Terrell. Cassai, Nello, author of The Sometimes Violent South Aug. 1967 62 Analyze Accidents. Six main points...... Nov. 1968 101 Platte. Rivers of the West series. Anderson, L. R., author of World of Work and Training Feb. 1967 20 Centennial To Honor J. W. Powell, by Gordon J. Feb. 1969 at Arbuckle. Forsyth, Editor. Appraisals Note Powell Gains. Goes to Washington as a Feb. 1969 Inside Central Valley Project, California. A Tour at Shasta Nov. 1968 90 Scientist, by William Culp Darrah; Personification of cover Dam, by Naom! L. Hunt. Ideal of Service, by Wallace Stegner; Owe Legacy of Central Valley Project, California. Goliath CVP Grows, Aug. 1968 55 Government Initiative, by Frank E. Smith. San Luis Dedicated. Aqueduct Cleanout Speeds Water Rate, by Daniel J. Aug. 1969 Central Valley Project, California. Water For Coalinga, Nov. 1968 86 Blackburn. 22 by Joyce Hoff. Arizona. Where Does The Water Go', by John J. Swingle. Aug. 1967 75 Chastain, Walter J., author of Moon Samples Analyzed Nov. 1969 8 Arkansas Students' Take Challenge in Idaho, by William Nov. 1968 107 At Grand Coulee Dam. Sanderson (Minidoka Project-teaching migrant City Water Sets Records ...... ••..••...... Nov. 1969 27 farm workers). Cloud Seeding To Increase Snowpack. Montana...... May 1967 51 Automation Does Something for Coachella Valley, by Feb. 1967 Coachella Project, California. Automation Does Some· Feb. 1967 1 Lowell O. Weeks and Keith H. Ainsworth. thing For Coachella Valley, by Lowell O. Weeks and Awards. R ecognition For Water Related Efforts ...... Feb. 1967 24 Keith H. Ainsworth. Colorado River. Big Impact At Glen Canyon Dam .....• Nov. 1967 81 B Colorado River. Fun Along the Colorado ••...... •.... May 1969 6 Colorado River Marshes. Wildlife Abounds in Stabilized May 1967 42 Barber, Richard F., Jr., author of Big $$ Impact in Aug. 1969 28 Marshes. Nebraska. Colorado River (lower). Yuma Then; Yuma Now, by Aug. 1967 67 Barkley, J . R., author of SO Years With The "Big· Tom" Nov. 1968 81 H. Faye Minnich. Showpiece. Colorado River Storage Project. Curecanti Unit. Fish Nov. 1968 96 Beautification. The Case of the Flower Field ...... Nov. 1967 108 Varieties at Blue Mesa , by William J. Wiltzius. Beautification. Will Try To Save Wildflowers at San May 1967 51 Colorado·Big Thompson Project. Recreational Wind· Nov. 1969 15 Luis. California. fall In Scenic Colorado, by H . E. Mew and J. Gordon Beautification. Getting A Bit More Beauty, by Joyce Feb. 1967 Milliken. Hoff. California. Colorado·Big Thompson Project. SO Years With The Nov. 1968 81 Better The Bulwark, by Floyd E. Dominy. Commis· Feb. 1968 Inside "Big· Tom" Showpiece, by J. R. Barkley. sioner's Statement. cover Columbia Basin Project. A Better Mint Still ...... May 1969 20 Big Blacks From Galloway, by Carol Prohaska (cattle Aug. 1968 59 Columbia Basin Project. Big Blacks From Galloway, Aug. 1968 59 on Columbia Basin Project). by Carol Prohaska. Bi{! $$ Impact in Nebraska, by Richard F. Barber, Jr... Aug. 1969 28 Columbia Basin Project. Dig This-A Cool Mink Pad. Feb. 1968 4 Big Impact At Glen Canyon Dam. An Arizona dam's Nov . .1967 81 Using cool water on a mink farm. economic impact. Colnmbia Basin Project. Farmer Builds Rock Picker ... Aug. 1968 76 Biggest Earth Moving Project. San Luis Canal, May 1968 53 Columbia Basin Project. Grand Coulee Dam. Aerial May 1969 16 CaUf. Survey Speeds Job. Birds By The Acre, by Tim Britt. Near Yellowtail Feb. 1968 13 Columbia Basin Project. Grand Coulee Dam. Grand Nov. 1969 Reservoir area in Wyoming. Destiny for Coulee Dam, by Ottis Peterson. Blackburn, Daniel J ., author of Aqueduct Cleanout Aug. 1969 22 Columbia Basin Project. Golden Spike Day ...... •... Nov. 1967 110 Speeds Water Rate. Columbia Basin Project. Growing Cherries, Prunes, May 1968 42 Boise Project Idaho. Keeping Directors Interested! by Nov. 1967 102 Peaches, Pears and Plums. Theodore Nelson. Columbia Basin Project. Moon Samples Analyzed At Nov. 1969 8 Boustead Tunnel name changed from Divide Tunnel. Nov. 1969 25 Grand Coulee Dam, by Walter J. Chastain. News Briefs. Columbia Basin Project. Water For Another Family ..• Nov. 1969 21 Boy Scouts. Dam Bnhances Boy Scout Canoe Races, by May 1967 39 Columbia Ba.

28 Date Page E Comeback On TheM/racleMile, by Larry Peterson _____ May 1967 44 Coming Needs: 700% More City Water. Future municipal Nov. 1969 Date Page and industrial water needs. East-West Electric Closure Successful. Yellowtail Dam. May 1967 52 Montana. Coming To Grips With Water For The $/8t Century, by May 1967 Hubert H . Humphrey, Vice President of the U.S. Economic Impact. Big Impact At Glen Canyon Dam ___ Nov. 1967 81 Emphasis On Pipe, by Gunnar N. Thorsky______Aug. 1968 Computer Operation. Fast Working Partner Hastens Feb. 1967 17 71 Engineering Campus For the World. Denver, Colo ______May 1967 New Era for Reclamation. 52 Computer Operation. Handling Water By Computer, by Aug. 1969 14 Environment. Grand Destiny for Coulee Dam, by Ottls Nov. 1969 Peterson. Rod J. McMullin, Salt River Project, Arizona. Evaporation Reduction Film ______Feb. 1968 Concrete Toughened By Infusing Plastic. Concrete- May 1969 22 8 Polymer Concrete-Polymer. Concrete Toughened By Infu8ing May 1969 22 F Plastic. Famous Trip Boosts Powell's Career, by Mary C. Rab- Feb. 1969 6 Conference on 1967 Water for Peace. World Water Prob- Feb. 1967 8 bitt. . lems For International Conference, by Harlan Wood. Farmer Builds Rock Picker. Columbia Basin Project- __ Aug. 1968 76 Conservation Award to John W. Simmons, Texas. _____ Nov. 1967 90 Fast Working Partner Hastens New Era For Reclama- Feb. 1967 17 Conservation Centers Keep Going, by Christopher Ivusic_ May 1968 46 tion. Computer Operation. Contribution to Water Quality For Fish. Callfornia. ______May 1967 50 First Dam On The Wild North Platte, by Nello Cassai. Nov. 1968 102 Control Agents For Submersed Weeds ______Nov. 1968 110 Pathfinder Dam, North Platte Project. Crew Wins At County Fair. Idabo ______Aug. 1968 76 Fish facility in California. TV Show Stars Fi8h ______Aug. 1968 60 Fish hatchery, Nimbus. Contribution To Water Qualitv May 1967 50 o For Fish. Fish m.achlne. Ideal Salmon Facility For California May 1967 Dam Enhances Boy Scout Canoe Races, by Ray De- May 1967 39 Canal. Tehama-Colusa. Kramer. Fish Varieties At Blue Mesa, by William J. Wiltzlus, Nov. 1968 96 Dams Save and Serve, by Floyd E. Dominy. Impact of Feb. 1968 Colorado River Storage Project, Curecantl Unit. dams. Fish and Wildlile. Importance of leaving tree stumps Nov. 1969 22 Daring Scientist John Wesley Powell Spurs Water Saga_ Aug. 1968 61 as fish habitat. Water Quiz. Darrah, William Culp, author of Goes To Washington Feb. 1969 Inside Fish and Wildlife. Length and weight of Mackinaw Nov. 1969 22 As a Scientist. cover trout, Jackson Lake, Wyoming (Minidoka Project). Davis, Mel, author of Underground Egg Factory ______Aug. 1967 70 Water Quiz. Dedication Can Be A Hair Raising Affair. Dedications Feb. 1967 19 Fishing. Predictions Come True. Trout fishing on Blg- May 1969 12 in 1966. horn River, Montana, at Yellowtail Dam. Dedications in 1966. A Dedication Can Be A Hair Rais- Feb. 1967 III Fisherman Looks At Reservoirs, by c"harles E. Most- ___ May 1968 37 ing Affair. For Dams Electrocardiographs Do Inside Job. Safety May 1968 32 DeKramer, Ray H., author of Dam Enhances Boy May 1967 39 devices built into dams. Scout Canoe Races. Foreign Activities. Training Experts of Other Nations, Nov. 1968 92 Deschutes Project. Crane Prairie Dam and Reservoir. Nov. 1969 7 by Christopher Ivusic. Ospreys Get Lake-View Home by Gordon J. Forsyth. Forsyth, Gordon J., author of Ospreys Get Lake-View Nov. 1969 Dig This-A Cool Mink Pad. Columbia Basin Project. Feb. 1968 4 Home. Crane Prairie Reservoir, Oregon. Water to cool mink pens. Forsyth, Gordon J ., author of Centennial To Honor Feb. 1969 J. W. Powell. Dippy Duck, cartoon emblem for canal safety. Stay Nov. 1967 84 Out-Stay Alive! Forward Together, by Walter J. Hickel, Secretary of the May 1969 Inside Interior. Statement. cover Dirtless Farming (Hydroponics) in Colorado, by Nello May 1968 28 Free Loader, Booklet on. Electric power invention ______Nov. 1967 111 Cassai. Fun Along the Colorado. Recreatlon ______May 1969 6 Divide Tunnel name changed to Boustead Tunnel. Nov. 1969 25 News Briefs. G Dominy, Floyd E., photo of, receiving award The Star Feb. 1967 24 of the Order of the Crown of Thailand, and other Garrison Diversion Project, North Dakota. Know How Feb. 1968 9 Reclamation service awards. To Switch To Irrigatio,!\. Dominy, Floyd E., author of A World Water Con- May 1967 Inside Getting A Bit More Beauty, by Joyce Holf ______Feb. 1967 frontation. Commissioner's Statement. cover Getting Ahead. Job Corps ______May 1969 18 Dominy, Floyd E., author of Better the Bulwark. Feb. 1968 Inside Glen Canyon Dam. Visiting royalty. Water Quiz- _____ Nov. 1969 22 Commissioner's Statement. cover Glen Canyon and Hoover Dams. Hum Of A People Feb. 1968 6 Dominy, Floyd E., author of Dams Save and Serlle _____ Feb. 1968 Breathing, by Richard L. Strout. Glen Canyon Visitor Center Opells. News Briefs. ______Nov. 1969 Dominy, Floyd E., author 01 No Ghettos. Commis- Nov. 1968 Inside Goes to Washington As A Scientist, by William Culp Feb. 1969 Inside sioner's Statement. . cover Darrah. cover Dominy, Floyd E., author of Promise For Limpopo. May 1968 25 Golden Spike Day. Columbia Basin Project- ______Nov. 1967 110 A water project in Mozambique, Africa. Goliath CVPGrows, San Luis Dedicated ______Aug. 1968 55 Dominy, Floyd E ., author of Skywater. Commis­ Aug. 1967 Inside Grand Coulee Dam. Moon Samples Analyzed At Grand Nov. 1969 8 sioner's Statement. cover Coulee Dam, byWalterJ. Chastalu. Dominy, Floyd E., author of Space Age and Water May 1969 2 Grand Coulee Dam. Plan Doubling Third Powerplant May 1967 52 Conservation. At Grand Coulee Dam. Dominy, Floyd E ., author of Tangible Headway. Com­ Aug. 1968 Inside Grand Destiny For Coulee Dam, by Ottis Petersoll ______Nov. 1969 missioner's Statement. cover Great Potential, by James R. Smith, Assistant Secre- Aug. 1969 Inside Dominy, Floyd E., author of Water For Peace. Com­ Feb. 1967 Inside tary-Water and Power Develop~ent. Statement. cover missioner's Statement. cover Green Clean and Fully Grown, by Melvin M. Peterson ___ Nov. 1967 89 Dominy, Floyd E., author of Wildlife. Commissioner's May 1968 Inside Growing Cherries, Prunes, Peaches , Pears and Plums. May 1968 42 Statement. cover Orchard on Columbia Basin Project. Dominy, Floyd E., author of World Awakening. Com­ Nov. 1967 Inside missioner's Statement. cover H Dreher, Ora C., author of Unique Course For Collbran Nov. 1969 23 Handling Water by Computer, by Rod J. McMullin. Salt Aug. 1969 14 Corps. Job Corps. River Project, Arizona. Drownings Reduce But More Safety Is Needed: Safety May 1968 45 Hickel, Walter J., author of Foward Touether . State- May 1969 Inside report. ment. cover 29

L Date Page Date Page Hickel, Walter J., Heads Interior ______May 1969 1 Letter to the Editor. Young Illinois Subscriber Likes May 1967 53 History. William E. Smythe: Irrigation Crusader, by Nov. 1969 17 Grand Coulee Dam. Christopher Boue. Martin E. Carlson. Levine, Bert, coauthor of Reviving Production In San Nov. 1967 86 Hoff, Joyce, author of Getting A Bit More Beauty ______Feb. 1967 9 Juan County. New Mexico. Hoff, Joyco, author of Water For Coalinga ______Nov. 1968 86 Love, Louise, author of Powell's Dream Come True. Feb. 1969 18 Hoover and Gleu Canyon Dams. Hum of A People Feb. 1968 Mauy uses of "Old Red's" water at this time. Breathing, by Richard L. Strout. Hum of A People Breathing, by Richard L. Strout. Feb. 1968 6 M Impact of Hoover and Glen Canyon Dams. 25 Humphrey, Hon. Hubert H., author of Coming to Grips May 1967 McCleneghau, Bill J., author of They're Climbing The May 1967 46 With Water For The 21st Century. Ladder at Collbran. Job Corps. 90 Hunt, Naomi L., author of A Tour at Shasta Dam _____ Nov. 1968 ~cMullin, Rod J., author of Handling Water By Com- Aug. 1969 Hunt, Naomi L., author of Kirwin-Where Birds Came May 1968 44 puter. Salt River Project. To Stay. Madison, James, coauthor of Reviving Production In Nov. 1967 86 San Juan County. Major Features Completed. San Luis Unit, California __ Nov. 1967 92 Idaho. Crew Wins At County Fair ___ __: ______Aug. 1968 76 Management of Irrigation. Keeping Directors Interested! Nov. 1967 102 Idea Home For Balloon Tests. Use of airport near Glen May 1968 36 by Theodore Nelson. Boise Project. Canyon Dam. Map, Colorado River Storage Development. Poweil's Feb. 1969 12-13 Ideal Salmon Facility for California Canal. Tehama- May 1967 54 Dream-Results of Reclamation. Colusa. Marcotte, Joseph B. Jr., author of Sprinkler Irrigation Aug. 1969 18 India. A Proud Nation Prepares For The Better ______Feb. 1967 Comes to Klamath Basin. Intertie. East-West Electric Closure Successful. Yellow- May 1967 52 Martin, George, author of Project Hires Hard-Core. May 1969 14 tail, Montana. Disadvantaged get jobs w'th Salt River Project. Irrigated Lands Study By Iowa State University _____ Feb. 1968 24 Mew, H. E., coauthor of Recreational WindfaUln Scenic Nov. 1969 15 Irrigation. Know How To Switch To Irriuation ______Feb. 1968 9 Colorado. Colorado-Big Thompson. Irrigation. Not Back To Buffalo Steak? Rio Grande May 1969 10 Miller, Don, author of Where They Enjoy Fishing, Aug. 1969 Project. Hunting and Ltving. Platte County, Wyo. Irrigation. Percentage of irrigated land in 17 Western Nov. 1969 22 Milliken, J. Gordon, cQauthor of Recreational Windfall Nov. 1969 15 States. Water Quiz. In Scenic Colorado. Colorado-Big Thompson. Ivusic, Christopher W., author of7 Conservation Centers May 1968 46 Minidoka Project. Arkansas Students Take Challenge In Nov. 1968 107 Keep Going. Idaho, by William Sanderson. Ivusic, Christopher W., author of Training Experts of Nov. 1968 92 Minidoka Project. Length and Weight of Mackinaw Nov. 1969 22 Other Nations. trout. Water Quiz. Minnich, H. Faye, author of Yuma Then; Yuma Now __ Aug. 1967 67 Missouri River Basin. Payback Monies in Missouri River Aug. 1969 9 J Basin, by Harold E. Aldrich. Missouri River Basin. Predictions Come True. Yellow- May 1969 12 Job Corps. Achievements at Marsing Center. Idaho. Nov. 1967 111 tail. Newspaper Award. Mobile test unit. Water Quality Tested by New Mobile May 1967 50 Job Corps. Getting Ahead ______May 1969 18 Unit. California. 25 Job Corps. Snake River News newspaper wins top Nov. 1969 Model of Glen Canyon Dam for Page, Ariz ______Feb. 1968 22 national award. News Briefs. Montana. Yellowtail Dam. No Power Cables In SighL Aug. 1967 61 Job Corps. Recreation Sites Improved by Job Corps ______Nov. 1968 88 Moon Samples Analyzed At Grand Coulee Dam, by Nov. 1969 8 46 Job Corps. They're Climbing The Ladder At Collbran, May 1967 Walter J. Chastain. by Bill M. McCleneghan. Morrow Point Dam. Location of powerhouse. Water Nov. 1969 22 Job Corps. Toyon Offers Second Chance, by Anne Nov. 1967 104 Quiz. Voetsch. Moser, T. H., author of Regulation A Plus At Senator Feb. 1967 14 23 Job Corps. Unique Course For Collbran Corps, by Ora Nov. 1969 Wash Dam. C. Dreher. Most, Charles E., author of A Fisherman Looks At Res- May 1968 37 Job Corps. World of Work and Training At Arbuckle, Feb. 1967 20 ervoirs. . by L. R. Anderson. MuniCipal and Industrial Water. Coming Needs: 700% Nov. 1969 5 57 Johnson, Lyndon B., President, addresses first inter- Aug. 1967 More City Water. national Water For Peace Conference-Water-The Municipal & Industrial Water. City Water Sets Nov. 1969 27 Key To Sustaining Growth. Records Jorgensen, Jack C., author of River Basin Surveys May 1967 40 Underway. N

K Nagarjunasagar Dam, India. A Proud Nation Prepares Feb. 1967 For The Better. National Wildlife Week To Be March 17-£3 ______Feb. 1968 22 44 Kansas. Kirwin-Where Birds Came To Stay, by Naomi May 1968 Navajo Indian Irrigation Project. Reviving Production Nov. 1967 86 L . Hunt. In San Juan County, by Bert Levine and James 102 Keeping Directors Interested, by Theodore Nelson. Nov. 1967 Madison. Boise Project, Idaho. Nebraska. Big $$Impact In Nebraska, by Richard F. Aug. 1969 28 kirwin-Where Birds Came to Stay, by Naomi L. Hunt. May 1968 44 Barber, Jr. Kansas. Nebraska. William E. Smythe: Irrigation Crusader, by Nov. 1969 17 18 Klamath Basin Project. Sprinkler Irrigation Comes To Aug. 1969 Martin E. Carlson. Klamath Basin, by Joseph B. Marcotte, Jr. Nelson, Theodore, author of Keeping Directors Inter- Nov. 1967 102 Know How To Switch To Irrigation. Garrison Diver- Feb. 1968 9 estedl sion Project, North Dakota. New Mexico. Pecan Success In New Mexico ______Aug. 1968 66 New Mexico Experiment Station. Reviving Production Nov. 1967 86 L In San Juan County, by Bert Levine and James Madison. Langley, Maurice N., author of Trends To Sprinkler Aug. 1969 3 Nielsen, Aldon D ., author of Reclamation Spurs Eco­ Aug. 1969 12 Irrigation. nomic Opportunity. Benefits from water-use projects. Letter to the Editor. Kudos For Reclamation Job Corps Aug. 1967 77 No Ghettos, by Floyd E . Dominy. Commissioner's Nov. 1968 Inside Center. Mrs. J. F. Daugherty, Oklahoma. Statement. cover

30 Date Page Date Page No Power Cable8 In Sight. Yellowtail Dam, Montana __ Aug. 1967 61 Recreation. Fun Along The Colorado ______May 1969 6 North Dakota. Know How To Switch To Irrigation _____ Feb. 1968 Recreation Sites Improved by Job Corps ______:::::::: Nov. 1968 88 North Platte Project, Pathfinder Dam. Fir8t Dam On Nov. 1968 102 Recreation Windfall In Scenic Colorado, by H. E. Mew Nov. 1969 15 The Wild North Platte, by Nello Cassai. and J. Gordon Milliken. Colorado-Big Thompson. Not Back To Buffalo Steak? (Radio replaces cavalry May 1969 10 Reduction of powerplant operation costs__ Feb. 1968 23 signaling device on Rio Grande Project.) Regulation A Plus At Senator Wash Dam:-j;;-T-:li: Feb. 1967 14 Moser. Rehabilitation Power on Artery Problems. 20th Anniver Nov. 1969 12 o sary of Rehabilitation and Betterment Program. Reservoir. Importance of leaving tree stumps as fish Nov. 1969 On Purpose- A Better Way To Take Water. Safety 10th Feb. 1968 17 22 habitat. Water Quiz. Anniversary of Operation Westwide. Rio Grande Project. Not Back To Buffalo Steak~ ______May 1969 080 Tunnel Drilling Crew Sets New Record ______Feb. 1968 24 10 River Ba8in Surveys Underway, by Jack C. Jorgensen __ May 1967 Ospreys Get Lake-View Home, by Gordon J. Forsyth. Nov. 1969 7 40 Rivers In The Sky Film Availablc ______Nov. 1967 90 Crane Prairie Reservoir, Oregon. "Rivers In The Sky" FilmAward ______Feb. 1968 Out Of The Blue-Flying Fish, by W. L. (Bud) Rusho. May 1968 50 24 Planting fish at Lake Powell. Rivers of the West Series. The Sometime8 Violent South Aug. 1967 62 Platte. Owe Legacy of Government Initiative, by Frank E. Feb. 1969 Inside Royal City, Washington. Columbia Basin Project. Nov. 1967 Smith. cover 110 Golden Spike Day. p Rusho, W. L. (Bud), author of Out Of The Blue-Flying May 1968 50 Fish. Pair, Claude H ., author of Te8ts Show Sprinkler Value8_ Aug. 1969 24 Rusho, W. L. (Bud) author of Powell's Hard Look At Feb. 1969 11 Payback Monies in Mis80uri River Basin, by Harold E . Aug. 1969 Water Fact8. Aldrich. R'lSho, W. L. (Bud), author of Young Navaj08 In Town. Aug. 1968 68 Pecan Succes8 In New Mexico ______Aug. 1968 66 Industry at Page, Ariz. Pecora, William T., author of Water For Industry Prob- May 1967 34 lem Is Economic. 5 Personification of Ideal of Service, by Wallace Stegner ___ Feb. 1969 Inside Safety. Analyze Arcidents ______Nov. 1968 cover 101 Safety. On Purpose-A Better Way To Take Water. 10th Feb. 1968 Peterson, Larry, author of Comeback On The Miracle May 1967 44 17 anniversary of Operation Westwide. Mile. Safety devices built into dams. For Dams Electro- May 1968 Peterson, Melvin M., author of Green Clean and Fully Nov. 1967 89 32 cardiograph8 Do Inside Job. Grown. Utah. Safety in Canals. Stay Out-Stay Alive! California ______Nov. 1967 Peterson, Ottis, author of Grand Destiny for Coulee Dam_ Nov. 1969 84 Safety Report. Drownings Reduce But More Safety Is May 1968 Photogrammetry. Aerial Survey Speeds Job, Columbia May 1969 16 45 Needed. Basin Project, Grand Coulee Dam. Utilizing aerial photographs rather than ground survey calculations. Sageser, Dr. A. Bower, author of Windmills Spurred Nov. 1967 94 Irrigation. Plan Doublinu Third Powerplant At Grand Coulee Dam_ May 1967 52 Salt River Project. Handling Water By Computer, by Aug. 1969 Powell, John Wesley. Daring Scientist John We8ley Aug. 1968 61 14 Rod J. McMullin. Powell Spur8 Water Saga. Salt River Project. Project Hires Hard-Core, by George May 1969 Powell, John Wesley. Secretary Udall Notes Vision and Feb. 1967 12 14 Martin. Prophecy of a Great Conservationi8t. Salt River Project. Prop Minute Men and Dams Get Aug. 1968 Powell, Lake. Out Of The Blue-Flying Fi8h, by W. L. May 1968 50 73 Water On Hand, by Bing Brown. (Bud) Rusho. San Luis Canal. Bi9gest Earth-Movin? Project. CaliL __ May 1968 Powell's Career Highlights From 1869. Chronology of Feb. 1969 23 53 San Luis Unit. Major Feature8 Completed. CaliL ______Nov. 1967 events and dates. 92 Powell's Dream Come True, by Louise Love ___ . ______Feb. 1969 18 San Luis Unit. The Case of the Flouer Field ______Nov. 1967 108 Powell's Dream-Result8 of Reclamation (Map). Colorado Feb. 1969 12-13 Sanderson, William, author of Arkansas Student8 Take Nov. 1968 107 Challenge In Idaho. Minidoka Project. River Storage Development Map. Schachterle, Dean M., author of Stop Waterweed8 With Nov. 1968 Powell'8 Hard Look at Water Fact8, by W. L. (Bud) Feb. 1969 11 108 Chemicals. Rusho. Seedskadee Development Farm. Wyoming. Irrigating Aug. 1969 Power invention. Booklet on the Free Loader ______Nov. 1967 111 by "Shower Machine." Sprinkler Photograph. Predictions Come Trw!. Yellowtail Dam. Montana. May 1969 12 Self-Help On Afghan Canals, by Dick Adams ______Nov. 1967 Fishing. 100 Senator Wa8hDam, RegulationA. Plu8, by T. H . MoseL_ Feb. 1967 Prohaska, Carol, author of Big Blacks From Galloway Aug. 1968 59 14 Simmons, John W. received conservation award. Texas Nov. 1967 Project Hires Hard-Core, by George Martin. Salt River May 1969 14 90 Skywater, by Floyd E. Dominy. Commissioner's Aug. 1967 Project. Inside Statement. cover Project Skywater, five new contracts awarded. News Nov. 1969 25 Smith, Frank E., author of Owe Legacy of Government Briefs. Feb. 1969 Inside Initiative. Promise For Limpopo, by Floyd E. Dominy. Water May 1968 25 cover Smith, James R., Assistant Secretary-Water and project in Mozambique, Africa. Aug. 1969 Insid~ Power Development, author of Great Potential. State­ Prop Minute Man and Dams Get Water On Hand, by Aug. 1968 73 cover ment. Bing Brown. Salt River Project. Smythe, William E.: IrrigMion Cru8ader, by Martin E. Proud Nation Prepare8 For The Better, A ______Feb. 1967 Nov. 1969 17 Carlson. Sometimes Violent South Platte, The, by Nello Cassai. Aug. 1967 62 R Rivers of the West Series. South Dakota. Dam Enhance8 Boy Scout Canoe Races, May 1967 39 Rabbitt, Mary C., author of Famous Trip B008t8 Feb. 1969 6 by Ray H. DeKramer. Powell' 8 Career. Space Age and Water Conservation, by Floyd E. May 1969 2 Reclamation Building, New, Secretary Udall Dedicates . Aug. 1967 78 Dominy. Denver, Colorado. Sprinkler Irrigation. Irrigating by "Shower Machine" Aug. 1969 Reclamation Spurs Economic Opportunity, by Aldon D. Aug. 1969 12 Photograph. Seedskadee Deveiopment Farm, Nielsen. Benefits from water-use projects. Wyoming. Reclamation's first-of-its-kind deck truss bridge, near Nov. 1969 25 Sprinkler Irrigation. Te8ts Show Sprinkler Value8, by Aug. 1969 24 Auburn, Calif. New8 Briefs. Claude H. Pair. Eight major systems for irrigation. Recreation. Comeback On The Miracle Mile, by Larry May 1967 44 Sprinkler Irrigation Comes - To Klamath Basin, by Aug. 1969 18 Peterson. Joseph B. Marcotte, Jr.

31 Date Page w Sprinkler Irrigation. Trends To Sprinkler Irrigation, by Aug. 1969 3 Date Page Maurice N. Langley. Washington. While Water Use Grew In Basin. Loa Jean Nov. 1967 Stay Out-Stay Alive! Canal safety. Californla ______Nov. 1967 84 in Bair. Growth of the Columbia Basin Project. Stegner, Wallace, author of Personification of Ideal of Feb. 1969 Inside Water For Another Family. Columbia Basin Project ___ Nov. 1969 Service. cover 21 Water For Coalinga, by Joyce Hoff. Central Valley Nov. 1968 Stop Waterweeds With Chemicals, by Dean M. Nov. 1968 108 86 Project. Schachterle Water For Industry Problem Is Economic, by William T. May 1967 Strout, Richard L., author of Hum Of A People Breath- Feb. 1968 6 34 Pecora. ing. Swift Dam, Montana, Dedicated ______Feb. 1968 23 Water For Peace article. A Broad-Scale Program, by May 1967 32 Harlan Wood. Swingle, John J., author of Where Does The Water Go? __ Aug. 1967 75 Water Surprises Thai Village ______May 1968 51 Water Quality Tested By New Mobile Unit. California ___ May 1967 50 T Water-The Key To Sustaining Growth, address by Aug. 1967 57 President Lyndon B. Johnson to first International Tangible Headway, by Floyd E. Dominy. Commis- Aug. 1968 Inside Water for Peace Conference. sloner's Statement. cover Weather Modification. Cloud Seeding To Increase May 1967 51 Terrell, J. D., author of Amarillo Uses Water Again. .. Aug. 1967 72 Snowpack. Montana. And Again . .. And Again. Weather Modification. Skywater, by Floyd E. Dominy. Aug. 1967 Inside Tests Show Sprinkler Values, by Claude H. Pair. 8 Aug. 1969 24 Commissioner's Statement. cover major systems of sprinkler irrigation. Weber Basin Project facilities transferred to water Nov. 1969 Inside Texas. Amarillo Uses Water Again . .. And Again. .. Aug. 1967 72 users. News Briefs. cover And Again. Canadian River Project. By J . D. Weeks, Lowell 0., coauthor of Automation Does Some- Feb. 1967 1 Terrell. thing For Coachella Valley. Thailand. Water Surprises Thai Village ______May 1968 51 Where Does The Water Go? by John J. Swingle ______Aug. 1967 75 The Case of the Flower Field, San Luis Unit, Cali!. ____ Nov. 1967 lOS Where They Enjoy Fishing, Hunting, and Living, by Aug. 1969 They're Climbing the Ladder at Collbran, by Bill J. May 1967 46 Don Miller. Platte County, Wyo. History. McCleneghan. Job Corps. While )fater Use Grew in Basin. Columbia Basin Nov. 1967 91 SO Years With The "Big· Tom" Showpiece, by J. R. Nov. 1968 81 Project. Barkley. Farming. Wildlife Abounds In Stabilied Marshes. Topock and May 1967 42 Thorsky, Gunnar N., author of Emphasis On Pipe ____ Aug. 1968 71 Suisun Marshes. Colorado River. Toyon Offers Second Chance, by Anne Voetsch. Job Nov. 1967 104 Wildlife, by Floyd E. Dominy. Commissioner's State· May 1968 Inside Corps. ment. cover Training Experts of Other Nations, by Christopher W. Nov. 1968 92 Wildlife. Ospreys Get Lake-View Home by Gordon J. Nov. 1969 7 Ivuslc. Forsyth. Deschutes Proj. . Tree Crusher Aids Phreatophyte Clearing ______Feb. 1968 24 Will Try To Save Wildflowers At San Luis ______May 1967 51 Trends To Sprinkler Irrigation, by Maurice N. Langley Aug. 1969 3 William E. Smythe: Irrigation Crusader, by Martin E. Nov. 1969 17 TV Show Stars Fish. California ______Aug. 1968 60 Carlson. History of Irrigation. Nebraska. Tunnel No. 2 on Navajo Indian Irrigation Project Nov. 1967 88 Wiltzius, William J., author of Fish Varieties At Blue Nov. 1968 96 Holed Through. Mesa. Windmills Spurred Irrigation, by Dr. A. Bower Sageser. Nov. 1967 94 With 'The Water Users. Carl Kuehn, Ralph Bricker, May 1967 53 u Earl Lloyd, J. W. Grimes, Charles H: Boustead, Dan S. Jones, Jr., G. W. Goodrich and John E. Ayers. Udall, Stewart L. (Secretary), speech on John Wesley Feb. 1967 12 Wood, Harlan, author of A Broad-Scale Program. May 1967 32 Powell. Secretary Udall Notes Vision and Prophecy Water For Peace Conference. of a Great Conservationist. Wood, Harlan, author of Worl.d Water Problems For Udall, Secretary, Dedicates New Reclamation Building. Aug. 1967 78 Feb. 1967 8 International Conference. Denver, Colo. World Awakening, by Floyd E. Dominy. Commis­ Underground Egg Factory, by Mel Davis ______. ____ Aug. 1967 70 Nov. 1967 Inside sioner's Statement. Underground Soil Sampler ______Feb. 1968 23 cover World Water Problems For International Conference, by Feb. 1967 8 Undergrounding electric cable at San Luis Dam, Calif. Nov. 1969 25 Harlan Wood. News Briefs. Wyoming. Birds By The Acre, by Tim Britt ______Feb. 1968 13 Underground transmission at Yellowtail Dam, Mon- Aug. 1967 61 Wyoming. Comeback On The Miracle Mile, by Larry May 1967 44 tana. No Power Cables In Sight. Peterson. Unique Course For Collbran Corps, by Ora C. Dreher. Nov. 1969 23 Wyoming. Where They Enjoy Fishing, Hunting and Aug. 1969 Job Corps. Living, by Don Miller. Platte County. Utah. Green Clean and Fully Grown, by Melvin M. Nov. 1967 89 Peterson. Utah. Underground Egg Factory, by Mel Davis ___ . ___ . Aug. 1967 70 y

v Yellowtail Dam. No Power Cables In Sioht. Montana __ Aug. 1967 61 Young Navajos In Town, by W. L. (Bud) Rusho. In- Aug. 1968 68 Voetsch, Anne, author of Toyon Offers Second Chance. Nov. 1967 104 dustryat Page, Ariz. Job Corps. Yuma Then; Yuma NOW, by H. Faye Minnich ______Aug. 1967 67

32 u.s. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1969 0-359-093 MAJOR RE,CENT CONTRACT AWARDS

Spec. Project Award Decriptlon of Work or Material Contractor's Name and Address Contract No. Date Amount -- DS-6662R ... Columbia Basin, Wash ...... Aug. 1 Furnishing and installing three 525·kv high· or British Insulated, Callender's $2,943,0 00 medium· pressure oil cable systems for Grand Cables, Ltd., Belvedere, Kent, Coulee third powerplant. England. DC-6756 .•.. Missouri River Basin, N. July 22 Construction of stage 02 additions to Forman United Power, Contractors and 405, SO Dak. substatiol).. Engineers, Inc., Seattle, Wash. DS-6759 ..... Missouri River Basin, Colo. Aug. 6 One mobile autotransformer and one mobile inter· Westlnghonse Electric Corp., lS6,50 rupter switch unit for Region 7. Denver, Colo. DC-6760 .... Central Utah, Utah ...... July 16 Relocation of 2.2 miles of Strawberry River road .... Whiting and Haymond Construc· 334, 00 tion Co., Springville, Utah. DC-6765 .... Pacific Northwest·Pacific Aug. 14 Furnishing and installing counterpoise grounding Seek, Inc., Roseberg, Ore ...... 142,50 0 Southwest Intertie, Calif. for Malin·Round Mountain 50D-kv transmission line No. 1. DC-6766 .... Teton Basin, Idaho ...... Aug. 11 Pilot gronting for T eton dam ...... McCabe Brothers, Inc., Idaho 107,68 S Falls, Idaho. 100C-1064 ... Columbia Basin, Wash ...... Aug. 7 Construction of 21 miles of buried pipe drains, .5 M & J, Inc., Moses Lake, Wash .... 413,62 S mile unlined open ditch drain, and .6 mne unlined wasteway for D77-7SB, -7SDD, -7SP1, -114-2 and - 30 drain systems, and W44A3 wasteway, Block 77. 100C-1071 ... Columbia Basin, Wash ...... Aug. 21 Supplemental concrete lining of 4 miles of W61 Equipco Contractors, Inc., 109,37 lateral and modification of structures, Block SO. Ephrata, Wash. 200C-776 .... Central Valley, CaliL ...... Sept. 26 Rehabilitation of four timber bridges for Friant· Thomas Construction Co., 111,29 6 Kern canal between Miles 24.S0 and 30.46. Fresno, Calif. 400C-420 .... Colorado River Storage, Aug. 11 Construction of 12 mnes and rehabilitation of 28 Nick H. Gray, Montrose, Colo .... 121,76 2 Colo. miles of access roads for Rifle· Hayden transmission Une.

As the Nation's principal conservation agency, the Department of the Inte,rior has basic responsibili­ ties for water, fish, wildlife, mineral, land, park, an d recreational resources. Indian and Territorial affairs are other major concern.s of America's "Department of Natural Resources." The Department works to assure the wisest ch oice in managing all our resources so each will make its full contribution to a better United States-now and in the future.

U.S. Department of the Inter.ior Bureau of Reclamation Chi e f App ra l s et' Code 420

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