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Water Quality and Trend Analysis of Colorado-Big Thompson System

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Water Quality and Trend Analysis of Colorado-Big Thompson System Water Quality and Trend Analysis of Colorado–Big Thompson System Reservoirs and Related Conveyances, 1969 Through 2000 By Michael R. Stevens Prepared in cooperation with the NORTHERN COLORADO WATER CONSERVANCY DISTRICT, BUREAU OF RECLAMATION, and the CITY OF FORT COLLINS Water-Resources Investigations Report 03–4044 U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey U.S. Department of the Interior Gale A. Norton, Secretary U.S. Geological Survey Charles G. Groat, Director U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia: 2003 For sale by U.S. Geological Survey, Information Services Box 25286, Denver Federal Center Denver, CO 80225 For more information about the USGS and its products: Telephone: 1-888-ASK-USGS World Wide Web: http://www.usgs.gov/ Any use of trade, product, or firm names in this publication is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. iii Contents Abstract.......................................................................................................................................................... 1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................................... 2 Purpose and Scope ............................................................................................................................. 2 Previous Studies and Acknowledgments........................................................................................ 3 Description of Study Area .................................................................................................................. 4 Hydrology ....................................................................................................................................................... 6 Water Quality................................................................................................................................................. 8 Chemical Characteristics ................................................................................................................... 9 Field Measurements and Major-Ion Concentrations.......................................................... 13 Nutrients..................................................................................................................................... 13 Trace Elements.......................................................................................................................... 17 Colorado Water-Quality Standards........................................................................................ 22 Limnology ............................................................................................................................................ 22 Reservoir Profile Characteristics........................................................................................... 22 Hypolimnetic Oxygen Dynamics............................................................................................. 23 Trophic Indicators and Nutrient Limitation........................................................................... 23 Trend Analysis............................................................................................................................................. 26 Time-Series Data ............................................................................................................................... 26 Statistical Testing............................................................................................................................... 28 Summary and Conclusions........................................................................................................................ 31 References Cited ........................................................................................................................................ 33 Hydrologic and Water-Quality Data......................................................................................................... 35 Figures 1. Map showing location of study area and sampling sites ..................................................... 3 2. Schematic diagram of CBT Project facilities.......................................................................... 4 3. Graph showing percentage of Colorado–Big Thompson water supplied for municipal use ............................................................................................................................... 5 4–6. Maps showing: 4. Land uses in watershed upstream from Lake Granby.................................................... 6 5. Land uses in watershed upstream from the mouth of Big Thompson Canyon .......... 7 6. Land uses in watershed draining directly to Horsetooth Reservoir ............................ 8 7–11. Graphs showing: 7. Maximum, mean, and minimum daily streamflows for the period of record (1953 to 2000) at Colorado River below Baker Gulch (09010500) .................................. 9 8. Time-series plots of operation of selected Colorado–Big Thompson conveyances ....................................................................................................................... 10 9. Time-series plots of operation of selected Colorado–Big Thompson reservoirs............................................................................................................................. 11 10. Monthly average discharge characteristics of selected Colorado– Big Thompson conveyances ............................................................................................ 12 11. Monthly average reservoir contents of selected Colorado–Big Thompson reservoirs............................................................................................................................. 12 iv 12. Boxplots of selected water-quality constituents ................................................................. 14 13. Piper diagram showing major-ion composition of samples at selected sites................. 17 14–17. Graphs showing: 14. May and October field-measurement profiles at Lake Granby (dam)....................... 18 15. May and October field-measurement profiles at Shadow Mountain Lake .............. 19 16. May and October field-measurement profiles at Carter Lake .................................... 20 17. May and October field-measurement profiles at Horsetooth Reservoir (Soldier Canyon Dam) ........................................................................................................ 21 18. Time-series plots of annual areal hypolimnetic oxygen deficit in reservoirs.................. 24 19. Annual trophic status index (TSI) computations for Secchi depth, total phosphorus, and chlorophyll-a by the Carlson (1977) method........................................... 25 20. Nonmonotonic distribution and seasonal Kendall test results for pre-1983 and post-1983 of ammonia plus organic nitrogen (total) at Adams Tunnel east portal ................................................................................................................................... 27 21. Monotonic distribution and seasonal Kendall test results for all samples of dissolved iron at Adams Tunnel east portal...................................................................... 27 22. Time-series plots of reservoir reciprocal hydraulic residence time in terms of the proportion of water entering or leaving the water body.......................................... 31 23–37. Graphs showing temporal variations in periodic measurements and concentrations at: 23. Lake Granby near spillway, sampled near the surface....................................................... 38 24. Lake Granby near spillway, sampled near the bottom ........................................................ 44 25. Lake Granby near Rainbow Bay, sampled near the surface.............................................. 49 26. Lake Granby near Rainbow Bay, sampled near the bottom ............................................... 55 27. Granby Pump Canal................................................................................................................... 60 28. Shadow Mountain Lake, sampled at the surface................................................................. 65 29. Shadow Mountain Lake, sampled near the bottom............................................................. 71 30. Adams Tunnel, east portal, near Estes Park ......................................................................... 76 31. Olympus Tunnel.......................................................................................................................... 81 32. Carter Lake, sampled near the surface.................................................................................. 86 33. Carter Lake, sampled near the bottom................................................................................... 92 34. Horsetooth Reservoir, near Soldier Canyon Dam, sampled near the surface................. 97 35. Horsetooth Reservoir, near Soldier Canyon Dam, sampled near the bottom................ 103 36. Horsetooth Reservoir, near Spring Canyon Dam, sampled near the surface................ 108 37. Horsetooth Reservoir, near Spring Canyon Dam, sampled near the bottom................. 114 Tables 1. Water-quality sampling sites ..................................................................................................... 2 2. Seasonal periods and period of record tested by seasonal Kendall test ........................ 29 3. Summary
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