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Marx, Engels, and Marxisms

Series Editors Marcello Musto, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada Terrell Carver, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK The Marx renaissance is underway on a global scale. Wherever the critique of re-emerges, there is an intellectual and political demand for new, critical engagements with . The peer-reviewed series Marx, Engels and Marxisms (edited by Marcello Musto & Terrell Carver, with Babak Amini, Francesca Antonini, Paula Rauhala & Kohei Saito as Assis- tant Editors) publishes monographs, edited volumes, critical editions, reprints of old texts, as well as translations of books already published in other languages. Our volumes come from a wide range of political perspectives, subject matters, academic disciplines and geographical areas, producing an eclectic and informative collection that appeals to a diverse and international audience. Our main areas of focus include: the oeuvre of Marx and Engels, Marxist authors and traditions of the 19th and 20th centuries, labour and social movements, Marxist analyses of contemporary issues, and reception of Marxism in the world.

More information about this series at http://www.palgrave.com/gp/series/14812 Elisa Marcobelli Internationalism Toward Diplomatic Crisis

The and French, German and Italian Socialists Elisa Marcobelli University of Rouen-Normandie Rouen, France

ISSN 2524-7123 ISSN 2524-7131 (electronic) Marx, Engels, and Marxisms ISBN 978-3-030-74083-2 ISBN 978-3-030-74084-9 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-74084-9

© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2021 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and informa- tion in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Cover credit: © Corn Leenheer, Group portrait, Amsterdam congress august 1904 [Second International collection], International Institute of Social History (Amsterdam)

This Palgrave Macmillan imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Switzerland AG The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland Series Editor’s Foreword

Titles Published

1. Terrell Carver & Daniel Blank, A Political History of the Editions of Marx and Engels’s “German Ideology” Manuscripts, 2014. 2. Terrell Carver & Daniel Blank, Marx and Engels’s “German Ideol- ogy” Manuscripts: Presentation and Analysis of the “Feuerbach chapter,” 2014. 3. Alfonso Maurizio Iacono, The History and Theory of Fetishism, 2015. 4. Paresh Chattopadhyay, Marx’s Associated : A Critique of Marxism, 2016. 5. Domenico Losurdo, Class Struggle: A Political and Philosophical History, 2016. 6. Frederick Harry Pitts, Critiquing Capitalism Today: New Ways to Read Marx, 2017. 7. Ranabir Samaddar, and the Postcolonial Age, 2017. 8. George Comninel, Alienation and Emancipation in the Work of Karl Marx, 2018. 9. Jean-Numa Ducange & Razmig Keucheyan (Eds.), The End of the Democratic State: Nicos Poulantzas, a Marxism for the 21st Century, 2018. 10. Robert X. Ware, Marx on Emancipation and Socialist Goals: Retrieving Marx for the Future, 2018.

v vi SERIES EDITOR’S FOREWORD

11. Xavier LaFrance & Charles Post (Eds.), Case Studies in the Origins of Capitalism, 2018. 12. John Gregson, Marxism, Ethics, and Politics: The Work of Alasdair MacIntyre, 2018. 13. Vladimir Puzone & Luis Felipe Miguel (Eds.), The Brazilian Left in the 21st Century: Conflict and Conciliation in Peripheral Capitalism, 2019. 14. James Muldoon & Gaard Kets (Eds.), The German and Political Theory, 2019. 15. Michael Brie, Rediscovering Lenin: Dialectics of Revolution and Metaphysics of Domination, 2019. 16. August H. Nimtz, Marxism versus Liberalism: Comparative Real- Time Political Analysis, 2019. 17. Gustavo Moura de Cavalcanti Mello and Mauricio de Souza Saba- dini (Eds.), Financial Speculation and Fictitious Profits: A Marxist Analysis, 2019. 18. Shaibal Gupta, Marcello Musto & Babak Amini (Eds), Karl Marx’s Life, Ideas, and Influences: A Critical Examination on the Bicente- nary, 2019. 19. Igor Shoikhedbrod, Revisiting Marx’s Critique of Liberalism: Rethinking Justice, Legality, and Rights, 2019. 20. Juan Pablo Rodríguez, Resisting Neoliberal Capitalism in Chile: The Possibility of Social Critique, 2019. 21. Kaan Kangal, and the Dialectics of Nature, 2020. 22. Victor Wallis, Socialist Practice: Histories and Theories, 2020. 23. Alfonso Maurizio Iacono, The Bourgeois and the Savage: A Marxian Critique of the Image of the Isolated Individual in Defoe, Turgot and Smith, 2020. 24. Terrell Carver, Engels before Marx, 2020. 25. Jean-Numa Ducange, Jules Guesde: The Birth of and Marxism in France, 2020. 26. Antonio Oliva, Ivan Novara & Angel Oliva (Eds.), Marx and Contemporary : The Philosophy of Real Abstraction. 27. Francesco Biagi, ’s Critical Theory of Space. 28. Stefano Petrucciani, The Ideas of Karl Marx: A Critical Introduc- tion. 29. Terrell Carver, The Life and Thought of Friedrich Engels, 30thAnniversary Edition SERIES EDITOR’S FOREWORD vii

30. Giuseppe Vacca, Alternative Modernities: ’s Twen- tieth Century. 31. Kevin B. Anderson, Kieran Durkin & Heather Brown (Eds.), Raya Dunayevskaya’s Intersectional Marxism: Race, Gender, and the Dialectics of Liberation. 32. Marco Di Maggio, The Rise and Fall of Communist Parties in France and Italy. 33. Ryuji Sasaki, A New Introduction to Karl Marx: New Materialism, Critique of Political Economy, and the Concept of Metabolism. 34. Kohei Saito (Ed.), Reexamining Engels’s Legacy in the 21st Century. 35. Paresh Chattopadhyay, Socialism in Marx’s Capital: Towards a De- alienated World. 36. Marcello Musto, Karl Marx’s Writings on Alienation. 37. Michael Brie & Jörn Schütrumpf, : A Revolu- tionary Marxist at the Limits of Marxism.

Titles Forthcoming

Miguel Vedda, Siegfried Kracauer, or, The Allegories of Improvisations Gianfranco Ragona & Monica Quirico, Frontier Socialism: Self-organisation and Anti-capitalism Vesa Oittinen, Marx’s Russian Moment Kolja Lindner, Marx, Marxism and the Question of Eurocentrism Jean-Numa Ducange & Elisa Marcobelli (Eds.), Selected Writings of Jean Jaures: On Socialism, Pacifism and Marxism Adriana Petra, Intellectuals and Communist Culture: Itineraries, Problems and Debates in Post-war Argentina George C. Comninel, The Feudal Foundations of Modern Europe James Steinhoff, Critiquing the New Autonomy of Immaterial Labour: A Marxist Study of Work in the Artificial Intelligence Industry Spencer A. Leonard, Marx, the Question, and the Crisis of Cosmopolitanism Joe Collins, Applying Marx’s Capital to the 21st century Levy del Aguila Marchena, , Political Power and Personal Freedom in Marx Jeong Seongjin, Korean Capitalism in the 21st Century: Marxist Analysis and Alternatives Marcello Mustè, Marxism and Philosophy of Praxis: An Italian Perspective from Labriola to Gramsci Satoshi Matsui, Normative Theories of Liberalism and Socialism: Marxist Analysis of Values Shannon Brincat, Dialectical Dialogues in Contemporary World Politics: A Meeting of Traditions in Global Comparative Philosophy viii SERIES EDITOR’S FOREWORD

Stefano Petrucciani, Theodor W. Adorno’s Philosophy, Society, and Aesthetics Francesca Antonini, Reassessing Marx’s Eighteenth Brumaire: Dictatorship, State, and Revolution Thomas Kemple, Capital after Classical Sociology: The Faustian Lives of Social Theory Tsuyoshi Yuki, Socialism, Markets and the Critique of Money: The Theory of “Labour Note” V Geetha, Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar and the Question of Socialism in India Xavier Vigna, A Political History of Factories in France: The Workers’ Insubordi- nation of 1968 Attila Melegh, Anti-Migrant Populism in Eastern Europe and Hungary: A Marxist Analysis Marie-Cecile Bouju, A Political History of the Publishing Houses of the French Gustavo Moura de Cavalcanti Mello & Henrique Pereira Braga (Eds.), Wealth and Poverty in Contemporary Brazilian Capitalism Peter McMylor, Graeme Kirkpatrick & Simin Fadaee (Eds.), Marxism, Religion, and Emancipatory Politics Mauro Buccheri, Radical Humanism for the Left: The Quest for Meaning in Late Capitalism Rémy Herrera, Confronting Mainstream Economics to Overcome Capitalism Tamás Krausz, Eszter Bartha (Eds.), Socialist Experiences in Eastern Europe: A Hungarian Perspective Martin Cortés, Marxism, Time and Politics: On the Autonomy of the Political João Antonio de Paula, Huga da Gama Cerqueira, Eduardo da Motta e Albuquer & Leonardo de Deus, Marxian Economics for the 21st Century: Revaluating Marx’s Critique of Political Economy Zhi Li, The Concept of the Individual in the Thought of Karl Marx Lelio Demichelis, Marx, Alienation and Techno-capitalism Dong-Min Rieu, A Mathematical Approach to Marxian Value Theory: Time, Money, and Labor Productivity Salvatore Prinzi, Representation, Expression, and Institution: The Philosophy of Merleau-Ponty and Castoriadis Agon Hamza, Slavoj Žižek and the Reconstruction of Marxism Kei Ehara (Ed.), Japanese Discourse on the Marxian Theory of Finance Éric Aunoble, French Views on the Elisa Marcobelli, Internationalism Toward Diplomatic Crisis: The Second Interna- tional and French, German and Italian Socialists Paolo Favilli, Historiography and Marxism: Innovations in Mid-Century Italy Terrell Carver, Smail Rapic (Eds.), Friedrich Engels for the 21st Century: Perspectives and Problems Juan Dal Maso, Hegemony and Class: Three Essays on Trotsky, Gramsci and Marxism SERIES EDITOR’S FOREWORD ix

Patrizia Dogliani, A Political History of the International Union of Socialist Youth Alexandros Chrysis, The Marx of Communism: Setting Limits in the Realm of Communism Stephen Maher, Corporate Capitalism and the Integral State: General Electric and a Century of American Power Paul Raekstad, Karl Marx’s Realist Critique of Capitalism: Freedom, Alienation, and Socialism Alexis Cukier, Democratic Work: Radical and the Future of Labour Christoph Henning, Theories of Alienation: From Rousseau to the Present Daniel Egan, Capitalism, War, and Revolution: A Marxist Analysis Genevieve Ritchie, Sara Carpenter & Shahrzad Mojab (Eds.), Marxism and Migration Emanuela Conversano, Capital from Afar: Anthropology and Critique of Political Economy in the Late Marx Marcello Musto, Rethinking Alternatives with Marx Vincenzo Mele, City and Modernity in George Simmel and : Fragments of Metropolis David Norman Smith, Self-Emancipation: Marx’s Unfinished Theory of the Working Class Ronaldo Munck, Rethinking Development: Marxist Perspectives Acknowledgments

This book is the English translation of the publication of my PhD thesis, defended at EHESS Paris and FU Berlin in December 2015. I would like to thank once again and always sincerely my thesis directors, Christophe Prochasson (EHESS) and Oliver Janz (FU) for guiding me along the research path and allowing me to complete it. I would like to thank the Institut Historique Allemand in Paris and its director, who provided me with the material conditions to carry out the research, and Arndt Weinrich of the First World War research group, an enlightened guide. I heartily thank Jean-Numa Ducange for allowing my doctoral dissertation to become first a book, then even translated into English. I also thank him for welcoming me into the international socialism research group EuroSoc, for allowing me to continue researching comfortably even after my Ph.D. was over and for being always full of ideas, energetic and opti- mistic. Thanks to Marcello Musto, the editor of this series, for agreeing to publish this book, and to the always kind Rebecca Roberts for her important and patient help. It goes without saying, an everlasting thank you goes to my family in Italy and to my beloved and comfortable small Italian protective network in Paris.

xi Contents

1 Introduction 1 General Introduction 1 Development of the Research 12 Socialism in the Three Countries 19 France 19 Germany 29 Italy 39 Time Frame of the Research 51 Historiographic Framework 54 Sources 62 2 Creating a Sense of Community: The II International Between 1889 and 1900 67 The II International, Its Practices, Its Opposition to War 67 Paris 1889 75 Brussels 1891 80 Zurich 1893 85 London 1896 87 The First Challenge: The Fachoda Crisis (1898) 91 A“WarofNerves” 91 International Reactions 93 The French Attitude 96 In Germany and Italy 97

xiii xiv CONTENTS

3 “Doppelkrise” and Shy Reactions 101 The Russo-Japanese War 101 A Conflict Not So Far Away 101 International Socialism and the Conflict: Amsterdam 1904 103 French and German Socialists and the Russian-Japanese War 110 The Reaction of the Italian Socialists 117 The First Morocco Crisis 119 The Tangier Crisis 119 A Slow and Cautious International Response 122 Socialists Confronting the Morocco Crisis 129 In France 130 Reaction to Reaction: Wait-and-See Attitude of the German Social-Democrats 135 French and Italians Facing the German Attitude 141 After the Crisis 144 An Internationalist Practice: International Inquiry 146 4 Two-Speed Reactions 155 Stuttgart 1907: The Discussion on the War 155 International Tensions in 1908: An ISB Resolution Between Stuttgart and Copenhagen 161 Copenhagen 1910: General Strike as a Means of Struggle 163 The Second Morocco Crisis and the First International Reactions 168 The “Jump of the Panther” 170 At the International Level 172 Relations Between Parties: Unity 177 The Jena Congress 182 French Commentaries About Jena 187 Italian Comments to the Jena Congress 189 The Limits of This Unit: French Uncertainties 190 The Limits of This Unit: The Attitude of the PSI 194 The Italo-Turkish War 197 Context and Meaning 197 PSI’s Relations with the International 200 The Italian Socialists Facing the Italian-Turkish War 208 In France and Germany: The Reactions 219 CONTENTS xv

5 Commitment Against War 229 The Debates on Military Reforms and Socialist 229 Military Reforms in the Three Countries 230 Socialist Imperialism 239 Italy and Militarism in France and Germany 244 The Balkan Wars 247 The Conflicts 247 ISB’s Response 249 The Basel Congress of 1912 257 French, German, and Italian Socialists and the Situation in the Balkans 263 6 Internationalism in Crisis? 267 Before the War 267 An “improbable War” for the Socialists? 268 Socialism Around August 1914 271 At International Level 277 The Outbreak of the War 279 In Italy 279 In France 284 In Germany 286 New Ministers Sembat and Guesde: German and Italian Reactions 288 The Italian Neutrality 290 Seeking to Convince the Italian Socialists 290 Mussolini and the War 296 Italy Enters the War 301 7 Conclusion 311

Index 317