DOCSLIB.ORG

Los Angeles Sustainable Water Project: Ballona Creek Watershed (Full Report)

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Los Angeles Sustainable Water Project: Ballona Creek Watershed (Full Report) UCLA Recent Work Title Los Angeles Sustainable Water Project: Ballona Creek Watershed (Full Report) Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/8s37c04z Authors Gold, Mark Hogue, Terri Pincetl, Stephanie et al. Publication Date 2015-11-01 License https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ 4.0 Peer reviewed eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California LOS ANGELES SUSTAINABLE WATER PROJECT: BALLONA CREEK WATERSHED This report is a product of the UCLA Institute of the Environment and Sustainability, UCLA Sus- tainable LA Grand Challenge, and Colorado School of Mines. AUTHORS Mark Gold, Terri Hogue, Stephanie Pincetl, Katie November 2015 Mika, Katie Radavich ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This research was supported by the City of Los UCLA Grand Challenges, Sustainable LA Angeles Bureau of Sanitation (LASAN). Many 2248 Murphy Hall thanks to LASAN for providing ideas and direc- Los Angeles, CA 90005-1405 tion, facilitating meetings and data requests, as well as sharing the many previous and current research efforts that provided us with invaluable UCLA Institute of the Environment and information on which to build. Further, LASAN Sustainability provided edits which helped to deepen and im- La Kretz Hall, Suite 300 prove this report. Any findings, opinions, or con- Box 951496 clusions are those of the authors and do not neces- Los Angeles, CA 90095-1496 sarily reflect those of LASAN. Colorado School of Mines 1500 Illinois Street We would like to acknowledge Drew Beck for the Golden, CO 80401 initial development of the Ballona Creek Water- shed model and Ryan Edgley for help and assis- tance on this project. We would further like to acknowledge the many organizations which facili- tated this research through providing data, con- versations, and insights into the integrated water management world in the Los Angeles region: LADWP, LACDPW, LARWQCB, LACFCD, WRD, WBMWD, MWD, SCCWRP, the Mayor’s Office of Sustainability, and many others. 1 | LA Sustainable Water Project: Ballona Creek Watershed Contents Contents .................................................................................................................................... 1 Abstract ..................................................................................................................................... 3 Executive Summary .................................................................................................................. 5 Background ............................................................................................................................. 12 I. Introduction .................................................................................................................... 12 A. Regulatory, Legal, and Policy Background ................................................................ 14 a. Regional .................................................................................................................. 14 b. City of Los Angeles ................................................................................................ 15 B. Ballona Creek Watershed Study Area ........................................................................ 18 a. Ballona Study Area and Geography ....................................................................... 18 b. Hydrology of the Ballona Creek Watershed ........................................................... 19 c. Ballona Creek Watershed Policies, Plans, and Regulations ................................... 22 C. Hyperion Service Area and Groundwater Basins ....................................................... 25 II. Dry Weather Urban Runoff and Stormwater Runoff ..................................................... 28 A. Introduction ................................................................................................................ 28 B. Water Quality Regulations ......................................................................................... 28 a. Metals TMDL Background ..................................................................................... 28 b. Overview of Additional TMDLs ............................................................................ 30 C. Stormwater Metals TMDL modeling ......................................................................... 32 a. Modeling Selection and Comparison ...................................................................... 32 b. SUSTAIN Model Setup, Calibration, Validation ................................................... 33 c. BMP Technologies in SUSTAIN............................................................................ 37 d. BMP Scenarios for TMDL Compliance ................................................................. 39 e. Cost Background ..................................................................................................... 46 f. Modeling Results .................................................................................................... 47 D. Additional Routes to Compliance............................................................................... 60 a. Water Effect Ratio Analysis ................................................................................... 60 b. Zinc Compliance Investigation ............................................................................... 62 c. Street Sweeping ...................................................................................................... 64 d. In-Channel BMPs.................................................................................................... 66 E. Water management implications ................................................................................ 67 III. Groundwater ............................................................................................................... 70 2 | UCLA IoES, UCLA GC, C S M N o v e m b e r 2015 A. Introduction ................................................................................................................ 70 B. Groundwater Basins Underlying Ballona Creek Watershed ...................................... 70 a. West Coast Basin .................................................................................................... 70 b. Central Basin ........................................................................................................... 73 c. Santa Monica Basin ................................................................................................ 74 d. Hollywood Basin .................................................................................................... 76 C. Possible approaches to increase local groundwater production ................................. 77 a. Increasing Storage & Extraction in West & Central Basins ................................... 78 b. Remediating Legacy Saltwater Plume in West Basin............................................. 84 c. Exploring Opportunities in Santa Monica and Hollywood Basins ......................... 84 IV. Wastewater and Recycled Water ................................................................................ 90 A. Introduction ................................................................................................................ 90 B. Recycled Water Policies and Regulations .................................................................. 92 C. Current conditions ...................................................................................................... 94 D. Possibilities ............................................................................................................... 104 a. Increasing Advanced Water Treatment ................................................................ 104 b. Satellite Treatment Plants ..................................................................................... 112 c. Expanding Non-Potable Reuse. ............................................................................ 113 d. Increasing Volume of Runoff Flows to HTP for Treatment and Reuse. .............. 119 e. Direct Potable Reuse. ............................................................................................ 121 V. Conservation and On-Site Reuse as Local Water Supply ............................................ 122 A. Introduction .............................................................................................................. 122 B. Conservation ............................................................................................................. 122 C. On-site Capture and Reuse (Distributed Systems) ................................................... 125 D. Local Water Supply Conditions and Goals .............................................................. 129 VI. Overall Conclusions ................................................................................................. 135 VII. Appendix A: Monthly HTP Effluent concentrations. ............................................... 138 3 | LA Sustainable Water Project: Ballona Creek Watershed Abstract Implementing integrated water management systems (IWM) that incorporate all components of the urban water cycle, including imported water, local groundwater, captured stormwater, greywater, and treated wastewater is crucial to creating a sustainable water supply for the city of Los Angeles (City). Rapid and effective implementation of IWM is made even more necessary given the current drought conditions in California; this report explores opportunities and chal- lenges to implementing
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Drainage in Los Angeles
    •Ballona Creek Watershed• Drainage in Los Angeles Alice Wang The University of Texas at Austin Environmental and Water Resources Engineering GIS CE 394K | Fall 2016 | Dr. Maidment Drainage in Los Angeles: Ballona Creek Watershed Table of Contents LIST OF FIGURES 3 LIST OF TABLES 3 LIST OF EQUATIONS 4 INTRODUCTION 5 PROJECT SCOPE 5 OBJECTIVES 5 WATERSHED BACKGROUND 5 WATERSHED OVERVIEW 5 URBANIZATION IMPACTS 6 METHODOLOGY 9 RESULTS AND ANALYSIS 9 NATIONAL WATER MODEL FORECAST 17 CONCLUSION 22 FUTURE WORK 22 REFERENCES 24 2 Drainage in Los Angeles: Ballona Creek Watershed List of Figures Figure 1. Ballona Creek Watershed Street Map View from LADPW ............................................................ 6 Figure 2. Pre-Development and Post-Development of Ballona Creek watershed (Braa et al., 2001) ......... 7 Figure 3. Conceptual water balance applicable to pre and post development of a given watershed ........ 7 Figure 4. Ballona Creek Channel from Aerial View ...................................................................................... 8 Figure 5. Land use distribution in Ballona Creeek watershed .................................................................... 10 Figure 6. ArcGis Pro Ballona Creek Watershed map of landcover ............................................................. 11 Figure 7. ArcGis Pro Ballona Creek Watershed Map of Landcover and NHDPlusV2 .................................. 12 Figure 8. Ballona Creek Watershed map with channelized tributaries from CA Waterboards ................. 12 Figure 9. ArcGIS
    [Show full text]
  • Hydrology and Water Quality Modeling of the Santa Monica Bay Watershed
    JULY 2009 19. Hydrology and Water Quality Modeling of the Santa Monica Bay Watershed Jingfen Sheng John P. Wilson Acknowledgements: Financial support for this work was provided by the San Gabriel and Lower Los Angeles Rivers and Mountains Conservancy, as part of the “Green Visions Plan for 21st Century Southern California” Project. The authors thank Jennifer Wolch for her comments and edits on this paper. The authors would also like to thank Eric Stein, Drew Ackerman, Ken Hoffman, Wing Tam, and Betty Dong for their timely advice and encouragement. Prepared for: San Gabriel and Lower Los Angeles Rivers and Mountains Conservancy 100 N. Old San Gabriel Canyon Road Azusa, CA 91702. Preferred Citation: Sheng, J., and Wilson, J.P., 2009. The Green Visions Plan for 21st Century Southern California: 18, Hydrology and Water Quality Modeling for the Santa Monica Bay Watershed. University of Southern California GIS Research Laboratory, Los Angeles, California. This report was printed on recycled paper. The mission of the Green Visions Plan for 21st Century Southern California is to offer a guide to habitat conservation, watershed health and recreational open space for the Los Angeles metropolitan region. The Plan will also provide decision support tools to nurture a living green matrix for southern California. Our goals are to protect and restore natural areas, restore natural hydrological function, promote equitable access to open space, and maximize support via multiple-use facilities. The Plan is a joint venture between the University of Southern California and the San Gabriel and lower Los Angeles Rivers and Mountains Conservancy, Santa Monica Mountains Conservancy, Coastal Conservancy, and Baldwin Hills Conservancy.
    [Show full text]
  • Watershed Summaries
    Appendix A: Watershed Summaries Preface California’s watersheds supply water for drinking, recreation, industry, and farming and at the same time provide critical habitat for a wide variety of animal species. Conceptually, a watershed is any sloping surface that sheds water, such as a creek, lake, slough or estuary. In southern California, rapid population growth in watersheds has led to increased conflict between human users of natural resources, dramatic loss of native diversity, and a general decline in the health of ecosystems. California ranks second in the country in the number of listed endangered and threatened aquatic species. This Appendix is a “working” database that can be supplemented in the future. It provides a brief overview of information on the major hydrological units of the South Coast, and draws from the following primary sources: • The California Rivers Assessment (CARA) database (http://www.ice.ucdavis.edu/newcara) provides information on large-scale watershed and river basin statistics; • Information on the creeks and watersheds for the ESU of the endangered southern steelhead trout from the National Marine Fisheries Service (http://swr.ucsd.edu/hcd/SoCalDistrib.htm); • Watershed Plans from the Regional Water Quality Control Boards (RWQCB) that provide summaries of existing hydrological units for each subregion of the south coast (http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/rwqcbs/index.html); • General information on the ecology of the rivers and watersheds of the south coast described in California’s Rivers and Streams: Working
    [Show full text]
  • 3.7 Hydrology and Water Quality
    3.7 – HYDROLOGY AND WATER QUALITY 3.7 HYDROLOGY AND WATER QUALITY This section describes the existing setting of the project site and vicinity, identifies associated regulatory requirements, and evaluates potential impacts related to construction and operation of the proposed project. Documents reviewed and incorporated as part of this analysis include the Civil Engineering Initial Study Data (KPFF Consulting Engineers, August 2016, Appendix G), the Sewer Capacity Study (KPFF Consulting Engineers, June 2016, Appendix G), the Geotechnical Engineering Investigation – Proposed Robertson Lane Hotel and Retail Structures, and Subterranean Parking Structure Extension below West Hollywood Park (Geotechnologies Inc, Appendix E). 3.7.1 Environmental Setting Surface Hydrology The City of West Hollywood discharges stormwater via regional underground storm drains into the upper reach of Ballona Creek, a subwatershed of Santa Monica Bay. The Ballona Creek Watershed is approximately 128 square miles in size and is bounded by the Santa Monica Mountains to the north and the Baldwin Hills to the south. The Santa Monica Bay monitoring site for West Hollywood and the other Ballona Creek cities discharging into Santa Monica Bay is at Dockweiler Beach, a site located over 10 miles downstream from the City of West Hollywood. Of the Ballona Creek watershed tributary to this site, 81% is under the jurisdiction of the City of Los Angeles. The other 19% of the watershed area is within the jurisdiction of the cities of Beverly Hills, Culver City, Inglewood, Santa Monica, and West Hollywood; the County of Los Angeles; and Caltrans (City of West Hollywood 2010). Existing stormwater runoff from the project site is conveyed via sheet flow and curb drains to the adjacent streets.
    [Show full text]
  • Three New Entrance Parks to the Ballona Creek Bikepath
    Newsletter Issue Number 28 April 2010 Ballona Creek Renaissance... dedicated to renewing Ballona THREE NEW ENTRANCE PARKS Creek and its watershed for a TO THE BALLONA CREEK BIKEPATH healthier, more sustainable environment and community. Building on the success of a 2005 project, at- (We are also known as BCR) tractive new gates and entrance parks were www.ballonacreek.org installed in September at three locations along the Ballona Creek bikepath: McConnell Ave- Mail us at: nue, Inglewood Blvd and Sepulveda Blvd. Ballona Creek Renaissance The Mountains Recreation and Conservation PO Box 843 Authority (MRCA), a state agency, created the Culver City, CA 90232 projects to enhance the experience of cyclists, walkers and joggers along the bikepath by Or Contact us: replacing the chain link fencing and asphalt Jim Lamm, President with natural-looking areas and rest stops. 310-839-6896 [email protected] The three areas were designed in the same Officers and Directors style as the entrance park at Centinela Ave- Jim Lamm, President nue (see our June 2005 newsletter, available Scott Malsin, Vice President on our website). Each has a metal gate with Bobbi Gold, Secretary/Treasurer design elements suggesting the creek, ocean Lucy Blake-Elahi waves, birds and bikepath. Inside the gates Cathi Lamm are appropriate native plants, low rock walls, Irene Reingold Amy Rosenstein benches and drinking fountains. (The McCon- Gerald Sallus nell entrance does not have a fountain but is Sandrine Cassidy Schmitt only half a mile from the Centinela entrance, Mim Shapiro which does.) June Walden Artist Lucy Blake-Elahi, pictured above, who is also a founding member of BCR, Advisory Council designed the Sepulveda Blvd gate, shown below.
    [Show full text]
  • Ballona Creek LMU Feasibility Study
    Ballona Creek Trail and Bikeway Environmental and Recreational Enhancement Study Report to the Legislature (as required by SB 259, Chapter 3, Section 32556) 1 Table of Contents Contributors ……………………………………………………………………. 3 Executive Summary ……………………………………………………………. 4 Introduction ……………………………………………………………….……. 15 Ballona Creek Social Impact Assessment …………………………………. 18 Opportunities for Restoration ..………………………………………….…… 38 Water Quality ………………………………………………..………………… 62 Use of the Baldwin Hills Corridor as an Outdoor Classroom and Educational Resource …………....….……………. 82 Appendices Appendix A ………………………………………………………….… 88 Appendix B ………………………………………………………….… 89 Appendix C ……………………………………………………………. 90 Appendix D …………………………………………………………..… 91 Appendix E ……………………………………………………….…… 95 Appendix F ……………………………………………………….…… 96 Appendix G ……………………………………………………………. 126 2 Contributors To Report BALDWIN HILLS CONSERVANCY Mr. David McNeill, Executive Director Mr. Jeffrey Harlan, Planning Associate LOYOLA MARYMOUNT UNIVERSITY Director of Study Dr. James Landry, Chair and Professor of Natural Science Social Science / Urban Studies Team Faculty: Dr. Peter Hoffman, Director and Assoc. Professor of Geography and Urban Studies Dr. James Faught, Professor of Sociology Students: Jaclyn Cardozo, Daniella Deutscher, Caitlin McClain, Jesse Maddex Biology Team Faculty: Dr. Pippa Drennan, Assoc. Professor of Biology Student: Jessica Ochoa Environmental Science Team Faculty: Dr. John Dorsey, Asst. Professor of Natural Science Student: Edan Lindaman Film Team Faculty: Prof. Glenn
    [Show full text]
  • Ballona Creek Brochure
    ballona creek trail & bike path BALLONA CREEK higuera street ballona creek to parks gateway connection trail bike path baldwin hills BALLONA CREEK was once a meandering perennial stream that met gateways duquesne avenue scenic overlook gateway the Pacific Ocean in a broad expanse of tidal lagoons, salt marshes, and greenways culver city 405fwy wetlands. Today, the mostly concrete-lined channel drains a largely urbanized 0 600’ 1/4mile park watershed of approximately 130 square miles roughly bounded by the Santa city of culver city kenneth hahn Centinela Avenue Gateway Monica Mountains to the north, the 110 Freeway to the east, the Baldwin state recreation overland avenue area gateway Hills to the south, and the Pacific Ocean to the west. The Santa Monica city of los angeles culver boulevard Mountains Conservancy and Mountains Recreation and Conservation k baldwin hills e e Authority (MRCA) are working together with a broad consortium of federal, r c sepulveda boulevard a State, and local agencies, cities, and the County of Los Angeles, community- n gateway o l based organizations, and nonprofits to restore the ecological health of the l purdue avenue a b gateway creek, increase habitat, improve and expand open space, optimize water washington boulevard resources in Ballona Creek watershed, and promote connectivity from the slauson avenue gateway Inglewood Boulevard Gateway mar vista Santa Monica Mountains, to the Baldwin Hills, Ballona Wetlands, and the lincoln boulevard greenway inglewood boulevard project Santa Monica Bay. gateway centinela avenue 90 gateway THE EIGHT-MILE BALLONA CREEK TRAIL AND BIKE PATH was milton street originally developed on the maintenance road within the public right-of- project mcConnell avenue way on the north bank of Ballona Creek in the 1970’s.
    [Show full text]
  • Los Angeles Regional Dredged Material Management Plan Feasibility Study
    U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Los Angeles District LOS ANGELES REGIONAL DREDGED MATERIAL MANAGEMENT PLAN FEASIBILITY STUDY BASELINE CONDITIONS (F3) REPORT U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Los Angeles District 915 Wilshire Boulevard Los Angeles, California 90017 August 2004 Table of Contents 1 INTRODUCTION................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Study Authority............................................................................................ 1 1.2 Local Sponsorship ...................................................................................... 1 1.3 Study Purpose ............................................................................................ 1 1.4 Study Scope................................................................................................ 2 1.5 Study Process............................................................................................. 2 1.6 Public Involvement and Coordination ......................................................... 3 1.6.1 Consulting Agencies...................................................................... 4 1.6.2 Contaminated Sediments Task Force ........................................... 4 1.6.3 Public Meetings ............................................................................. 6 1.7 Prior Studies, Reports, and Existing Federal Projects ................................ 6 1.7.1 Prior Studies by USACE................................................................ 6 1.7.1.1 Santa Monica
    [Show full text]
  • Nitrogen Deposition on Coastal Watersheds in the Los Angeles Region
    Nitrogen deposition on coastal water- sheds in the Los Angeles region Rong Lu1, Kenneth C. Schiff and Keith D. Stolzenbach1 ABSTRACT - Many waterbodies throughout the nitric oxide (NO). Atmospheric photochemical reac- Los Angeles region are eutrophied by nutrients such tions subsequently convert originally emitted NO as nitrogen. While the loads of nitrogen from some into a family of nitrogen-containing pollutants, sources (i.e., water reclamation plants) are well mon- including nitrogen dioxide (NO2), nitric acid itored, the load of total nitrogen from atmospheric dry (HNO3), peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN), and aerosol deposition is almost completely uncharacterized. nitrates (PM NO ). Eventually, these pollutants are The goal of this study was to estimate nitrogen dep- 3 osition to coastal watersheds in the Los Angeles removed by dry and wet deposition. Dry deposition Basin. An atmospheric transport and transformation appears to contribute more pollutants than wet depo- model was used within the airshed for dry deposition sition in the Los Angeles Basin, largely because flux of total nitrogen to the Ballona Creek, there are so few storm events in the region (Lu et al. Dominguez Channel, Los Angeles River, Malibu 2003). Creek, San Gabriel River, Lower Santa Ana River In southern California, tremendous effort has (below Prado Dam), Upper Santa Ana River (above been expended on monitoring air quality for human Prado Dam), and Santa Clara River watersheds. health concerns (i.e., inhalation of fine particulates The estimated mean annual flux of total nitrogen and gaseous compounds), but virtually no effort has from dry deposition varied from 21 to 71 g N/ha/day been expended on monitoring deposition of con- among watersheds.
    [Show full text]
  • Ballona Creek Greenway Plan Greenway Plan
    BALLONA CREEK GREENWAY PLAN GREENWAY PLAN Introduction The Ballona Wetlands Mar Vista Culver City Mid-City Implementation Introduction The Ballona Creek Greenway Plan Greenway Plan. The Plan reflects Reach 4: Mid-City describes opportunities to reconnect stakeholder recommendations for The Ballona District residents with their creek, create a green access that would complement wetlands The under-utilized Mid-City reach of Ballona Creek corridor of trails and points of access, restoration. Ballona Creek can be redefined by Watershed enhance habitat, mitigate stormwater enhancing its creek-side character with Reach 2: Mar Vista runoff, redevelop land to improve distinctive native plants, landscape I-10 Adams Channel Reaching Out Ballona watershed functions, re-establish riparian treatments, and trails that connect and Creek Through Mar Vista, Ballona Creek’s Sepulveda areas, and increase the health and beautify neighboring residential and Channel presence can be enhanced by continuing SR-90 Centinela sustainability of the region. business districts. Creek the Greenway experience into the I-405 The Reach Plans summarize design neighborhoods opportunities in general terms, focusing bordering the on trail connections, gathering and entry creek. Urban points, stormwater mitigation, and street forestry, pedestrian Cochran design. enhancements, and Reach 4 Mid-City Gateway / Ballona Creek Park extensions of the The Ballona District Each Reach Plan features at least one Hauser Greenway landscape Community Crossings / Creek Crossings site-specific Early Action Plan, reflecting I-10 Fairfax are some of the Breaking Through / the ideas of stakeholders developed elements that can Ballona Regional Park during design charrettes. Following each reinforce connections. Adams Early Action Plan is a Vision Plan that I-405 Tributary Trails / Reach 3 Culver City Creative Confluences integrates a naturalized stream with the Reach 3: Culver City Creek Connections surrounding community.
    [Show full text]
  • Toxicity of Stormwater from Ballona and Malibu Creeks
    Toxicity of Stormwater from Ballona and Malibu Creeks Municipal wastewater discharges have been intensively By Steven Bay, Darrin Greenstein, Andrew Jirik, monitored since the early 1970s, providing a record of and Ann Zellers variations in effluent toxicity, chemical composition, and marine community responses. In contrast, little information ABSTRACT has been collected on the composition, toxicity, and ecologi- cal effects of runoff discharges to the marine environment. tormwater samples from Ballona Creek and Malibu An assessment of the environmental effects of contami- Creek were collected during four storms in January nants in storm drains is necessary to evaluate management Sand February, 1996, and tested to determine the options for source control or treatment of storm drain magnitude and characteristics of toxicity. Toxic effects discharges. In addition, knowledge of the characteristics of were measured using sea urchin fertilization and abalone the contaminants and their toxicity is needed to assist larval development tests. Every sample of Ballona Creek environmental managers in determining the best manage- stormwater collected during the four storm events was ment practices to reduce biological impacts. toxic to sea urchin sperm. Toxicity to red abalone larvae Urban runoff consists of two broad types of dis- was also detected, but this test had lower sensitivity. charges, dry weather flow and stormwater. Dry weather Malibu Creek samples were also often toxic, but the flow is a relatively consistent source of runoff discharge, magnitude of toxicity was usually lower than comparable resulting from daily residential activities (e.g., landscape samples from Ballona Creek. Phase I toxicity identifica- irrigation) and permitted discharges of effluents from tion evaluations (TIEs) were conducted on selected events such as groundwater pumping, swimming pool samples from the two creeks.
    [Show full text]
  • Historical Ecology of the Ballona Creek Watershed
    historical ecology of the BallonaBallona CreekCreek WatershedWatershed shawna dark eric d. stein danielle bram joel osuna joeseph monteferante travis longcore robin grossinger erin beller southern california coastal water research project •technical report #671 • 2011 southern california coastal water research project TABLE OF CONTENTS executive summary..................................................................................... iii . extent .and.typef .o .wetlandsn .i .the.ballona.watershed................. iii . data.products.............................................................................................. iv introduction.................................................................................................. 1 project objectives...................................................................................... 2 . data.products.available........................................................................... 2 . disclaimer.................................................................................................... 2 watershed background............................................................................ 4 methods............................................................................................................. 4 . data.collection.and.compilation........................................................... 6 metadata.catalog................................................................................ 9 data.processing...................................................................................
    [Show full text]