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POSITIVE PSYCHOLOGY MODULE No.27: EMPATHY and ALTRUISM

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POSITIVE PSYCHOLOGY MODULE No.27: EMPATHY and ALTRUISM Web links http://portal.idc.ac.il/en/symposium/herzliyasymposium/documents/dcbatson.pdf http://static.squarespace.com/static/523f28fce4b0f99c83f055f2/t/52821931e4b096cf32d7d70 0/1384257841292/Emotion2008VanLange.pdf http://www.psychologytoday.com/basics/empathy https://www.boundless.com/psychology/social-psychology/positive-and-negative-social- behaviors/altruism-helping/ http://education-portal.com/academy/lesson/altruism-and-prosocial-behavior-definition- predictors.html#lesson http://ericboonesarchi.sourceforge.net/Archive/Empathy-Altruism%20Hypothesis.pdf Suggested Readings Batson, C.D. (2009). "These things called empathy: eight related but distinct phenomena". In J. Decety & W. Ickes (Eds.). The Social Neuroscience of Empathy (pp. 3–15). Cambridge: MIT press. Batson, C.D. Empathy Induced Altruistic Motivation, Draft of lecture/chapter for Inaugural Herzliya Symposium on “Prosocial Motives,Emotions, and Behavior,” March 24-27, 2008. Batson, C.D. van Lange, P. Ahmad, N. Lishner, D.A.(2003). “Altruism and Helping Behavior”. The SAGE Handbook of Social Psychology. New Delhi: SAGE Publications. Batson, C. (1997). Five Studies Testing Two New Egoistic Alternatives to the Empathy- Altruism Hypothesis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. Vol. 55. Batson, C. D. (1991). The altruism question: Toward a social- psychological answer. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum, Inc. Batson, C. D. (1997). Self-other merging and the empathy-altruismhy- pothesis: Reply to Neuberg et al. (1997). Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 73, 517–522. Batson, C. D. (1998). Altruism and prosocial behavior. In Gilbert, D. T., Fiske, S. T., & Lindzey, G. (Eds.), The handbook of social psychology (pp. 282–316). New York: McGraw- Hill. PSYCHOLOGY PAPER No.9: POSITIVE PSYCHOLOGY MODULE No.27: EMPATHY AND ALTRUISM Batson, C. D., & Ahmad, N. (2001). Empathy-induced altruism in a prisoner’s dilemma II: What if the target of empathy has defected? Batson, C. D., & Shaw, L. L. (1991). Evidence for altruism: Toward a pluralism of prosocial motives. Psychological Inquiry, 2, 107-122. Batson, C. D., Turk, C. L., Shaw, L. L., & Klein, T. R. (1995). Information function of empathic emotion: Learning that we value the other’s welfare. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 68, 300–313. Batson, C. D., Batson, J. G., Todd, R. M., Brummett, B. H., Shaw, L. L., & Aldeguer, C. M. (1995). Empathy and the collective good: Caring for one of the others in a social dilemma. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 68, 619 – 631. Batson, C. D., Duncun, B. D., Ackerman, P., Buckley, T., & Birch, K. (1981). Is empathic emotion a source of altruistic motivation? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 40, 290 –302. Batson, C. D., & Moran, T. (1999). Empathy-induced altruism in a pris- oner’s dilemma. European Journal of Social Psychology, 29, 909 –924. Batson, C. D. (1987). Prosocial motivation: Is it ever truly altruistic? In L. Berkowitz (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 20, pp. 65-122). New York: Academic Press. Batson, C. D. (in preparation). Altruism in humans. New York: Oxford University Press. Batson, C. D., & Ahmad, N. (2001). Empathy-induced altruism in a Prisoner’s Dilemma II: Batson, C. D., Ahmad, N., & Stocks, E. L. (2004). Benefits and liabilities of empathy- induced altruism. In A. G. Miller (Ed.), The social psychology of good and evil (pp.359- 385). New York: Guilford Press. Batson, C. D., Ahmad, N., Yin, J., Bedell, S. J., Johnson, J. W., Templin, C. M., & Whiteside, A. (1999). Two threats to the common good: Self-interested egoism and empathy- induced altruism. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 25, 3-16. Batson, C. D., Batson, J. G., Griffitt, C. A., Barrientos, S., Brandt, J. R., Sprengelmeyer, P., & Bayly, M. J. (1989). Negative-state relief and the empathy-altruism hypothesis. Baumgardner, S.R. Crothers M.K. (2010). Positive psychology. Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Prentice Hall. Becker, H. (1931) Some forms of sympathy: a phenomenological analysis. Journal of Abnormal & Social Psychology 26:58-68. Brothers, L. (1989). A biological perspective on empathy. American Journal of Psychiatry, 146, 10–19. Carr, A. (2004). Positive Psychology: The science of happiness and human strength.UK: Routledge. Cialdini, R. B. (199l). Altruism or egoism? That is (still) the question. Psychological Inquiry, 2, 124-126. Cialdini, R. B., Brown, S. L., Lewis, B. P., Luce, C., & Neuberg, S. L. (1997). Reinterpreting the empathy-altruism relationship: When one into one equals oneness. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. Cialdini, R. B. (1987). Empathy-Based Helping: Is it selflessly or selfishly motivated? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 1987. Coke, J. S., Batson, C. D., & McDavis, K. (1978). Empathic mediation of helping: A two- stage model. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 36, 752-766. Dovidio, J. F., Allen, J., & Schroeder, D. A. (1990). The specificity of empathy- induced helping: Evidence for altruism. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 59, 249 –260. PSYCHOLOGY PAPER No.9: POSITIVE PSYCHOLOGY MODULE No.27: EMPATHY AND ALTRUISM Eisenberg, N., & Strayer, J. (1987a). Critical issues in the study of empathy. In N. Eisenberg & J. Strayer (Eds.), Empathy and its development (pp. 3-Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. Eisenberg, N., & Strayer, J. (Eds.). (1987b). Empathy and its development, Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. Eslinger, P. J. (1998) Neurological and neuropsychological bases of empathy, European Neurology 39:193–99. Eslinger, P. J., Biddle, K. & Grattan, L. M. (1997) Cognitive and social development in children with prefrontal cortex lesions. In: Development of the prefrontal cortex: Evolution, neurobiology, and behavior, ed. N. A. Krasnegor, G. R. Lyon & P. S. Goldman-Rakic. Paul H. Brookes. Eslinger, P. J., Grattan, L. M., Damasio, H. & Damasio, A. R. (1992) Developmental consequences of childhood frontal damage. Archives of Neurology 49:764–69. Fultz, J., Bateon, C D., Fortenbach, V. A., McCarthy, P. M., & Varoey, L. L. (1986). Social evaluation and the empathy-altruism hypothesis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 50,761-76. Krebs, D. L. (1975). Empathy and altruism.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 32, 1134– 1146. Latane, B., & Darley, J. 1970. The unresponsive bystander: Why doesn't he help? New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts. Latane, B., & Darley, J. M. (1968). Group inhibition of bystander intervention in emergencies. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 10, 215-22l. Levenson, R. W. & Reuf, A. M. (1992) Empathy: A physiological substrate. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 63x:234-246. Neuberg, S. L., Cialdini, R. B., Brown, S. L., Luce, C., & Sagarin, B. J. (1997). Does empathy lead to anything more than superficial helping? Comment on Batson et al. (1997). Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 73, 510 –516. Oliner, S. P., & Oliner, P. M. (1988). The altruistic personality: Rescuers of Jews in Nazi Europe. New York: Free Press. Preston, S. D., & de Waal, F. B. M. (2002). Empathy: Its ultimate and proximate bases. Behavioral and B Strayer, J. (1987). Affective and cognitive perspectives on empathy. Snyder, C.R. Lopez, S. J. & Pedrotti,J. T. (2011). Positive Psychology: The Scientific and Practical Explorations of Human Strengths.New Delhi: SAGE Publications. Snyder, C. R., & Lopez, S. (Eds.). (2002). Handbook of positive psychology. New York: Oxford University Press. Stephan, W. G., & Finlay, K. (1999). The role of empathy in improving intergroup relations. Journal of Social Issues, 55, 729-743. Stotland, E. (1969) Exploratory investigations of empathy. In: Advances in experimental social psychology, vol. 4, ed. L. Berkowitz. Academic Press. Staub, E. (1974). Helping a distressed person: Social, personality, and stimulus determinants. In L. Berkowitz (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 7, pp. 293-341). New York: Academic Press. Wispe´, L. (1968). Sympathy and empathy. In D. L. Sills (Ed.), International encyclopedia of the so- cial sciences (Vol. 15, pp. 441–447). New York: Free Press. Zahn-Waxler, C., Robinson, J., & Emde, R. N. (1992). The development of empathy in twins. Developmental Psychology, 28, 1038-1047. Zahn-Waxler, C., Schiro, K., Robinson, J. L., Emde, R. N., & Schmitz, S. (2001). Empathy and prosocial patterns in young MZ and DZ twins: Development and genetic and environmental influences. In R. N. Emde & J. K. Hewitt (Eds.), Infancy to early childhood (pp. 141-162). New York: Oxford University Press. PSYCHOLOGY PAPER No.9: POSITIVE PSYCHOLOGY MODULE No.27: EMPATHY AND ALTRUISM Did you know! Description Image Altruistic behaviour is common throughout the animal kingdom as well, particularly in species with complex social structures. For example, vampire bats regularly regurgitate blood and donate it to other members of their group who have failed to feed that night, ensuring they do not starve and even the Vervet monkeys give alarm calls to warn fellow monkeys of the presence of predators, even though in doing so they attract attention to themselves, increasing their personal chance of being attacked. Vervet Monkey en.wikipedia.org Source: http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/altruism-biological/ Interesting Facts! Compassion fosters happiness, but being sacrificial reduces well-being : Even though in a broader sense, being kind and compassionate is linked to greater happiness, greater levels of physical
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