Web links

 http://portal.idc.ac.il/en/symposium/herzliyasymposium/documents/dcbatson.pdf  http://static.squarespace.com/static/523f28fce4b0f99c83f055f2/t/52821931e4b096cf32d7d70 0/1384257841292/Emotion2008VanLange.pdf  http://www.psychologytoday.com/basics/empathy  https://www.boundless.com/psychology/social-psychology/positive-and-negative-social- behaviors/-helping/  http://education-portal.com/academy/lesson/altruism-and-prosocial-behavior-definition- predictors.html#lesson  http://ericboonesarchi.sourceforge.net/Archive/Empathy-Altruism%20Hypothesis.pdf

Suggested Readings

 Batson, C.D. (2009). "These things called empathy: eight related but distinct phenomena". In J. Decety & W. Ickes (Eds.). The of Empathy (pp. 3–15). Cambridge: MIT press.  Batson, C.D. Empathy Induced Altruistic Motivation, Draft of lecture/chapter for Inaugural Herzliya Symposium on “Prosocial Motives,, and Behavior,” March 24-27, 2008.  Batson, C.D. van Lange, P. Ahmad, N. Lishner, D.A.(2003). “Altruism and Helping Behavior”. The SAGE Handbook of . New Delhi: SAGE Publications.  Batson, C. (1997). Five Studies Testing Two New Egoistic Alternatives to the Empathy- Altruism Hypothesis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. Vol. 55.  Batson, C. D. (1991). The altruism question: Toward a social- psychological answer. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum, Inc.  Batson, C. D. (1997). Self-other merging and the empathy-altruismhy- pothesis: Reply to Neuberg et al. (1997). Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 73, 517–522.  Batson, C. D. (1998). Altruism and prosocial behavior. In Gilbert, D. T., Fiske, S. T., & Lindzey, G. (Eds.), The handbook of social psychology (pp. 282–316). New York: McGraw- Hill.

PSYCHOLOGY PAPER No.9: POSITIVE PSYCHOLOGY MODULE No.27: EMPATHY AND ALTRUISM

 Batson, C. D., & Ahmad, N. (2001). Empathy-induced altruism in a prisoner’s dilemma II: What if the target of empathy has defected?  Batson, C. D., & Shaw, L. L. (1991). Evidence for altruism: Toward a pluralism of prosocial motives. Psychological Inquiry, 2, 107-122.  Batson, C. D., Turk, C. L., Shaw, L. L., & Klein, T. R. (1995). Information function of empathic : Learning that we value the other’s welfare. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 68, 300–313.  Batson, C. D., Batson, J. G., Todd, R. M., Brummett, B. H., Shaw, L. L., & Aldeguer, C. M. (1995). Empathy and the collective good: Caring for one of the others in a social dilemma. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 68, 619 – 631.  Batson, C. D., Duncun, B. D., Ackerman, P., Buckley, T., & Birch, K. (1981). Is empathic emotion a source of altruistic motivation? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 40, 290 –302.  Batson, C. D., & Moran, T. (1999). Empathy-induced altruism in a pris- oner’s dilemma. European Journal of Social Psychology, 29, 909 –924.  Batson, C. D. (1987). Prosocial motivation: Is it ever truly altruistic? In L. Berkowitz (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 20, pp. 65-122). New York: Academic Press.  Batson, C. D. (in preparation). Altruism in humans. New York: Oxford University Press. Batson, C. D., & Ahmad, N. (2001). Empathy-induced altruism in a Prisoner’s Dilemma II:  Batson, C. D., Ahmad, N., & Stocks, E. L. (2004). Benefits and liabilities of empathy- induced altruism. In A. G. Miller (Ed.), The social psychology of good and evil (pp.359- 385). New York: Guilford Press.  Batson, C. D., Ahmad, N., Yin, J., Bedell, S. J., Johnson, J. W., Templin, C. M., & Whiteside, A. (1999). Two threats to the common good: Self-interested egoism and empathy- induced altruism. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 25, 3-16.  Batson, C. D., Batson, J. G., Griffitt, C. A., Barrientos, S., Brandt, J. R., Sprengelmeyer, P., & Bayly, M. J. (1989). Negative-state relief and the empathy-altruism hypothesis.  Baumgardner, S.R. Crothers M.K. (2010). Positive psychology. Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Prentice Hall.  Becker, H. (1931) Some forms of sympathy: a phenomenological analysis. Journal of Abnormal & Social Psychology 26:58-68.  Brothers, L. (1989). A biological perspective on empathy. American Journal of Psychiatry, 146, 10–19.  Carr, A. (2004). Positive Psychology: The science of happiness and human strength.UK: Routledge.  Cialdini, R. B. (199l). Altruism or egoism? That is (still) the question. Psychological Inquiry, 2, 124-126.  Cialdini, R. B., Brown, S. L., Lewis, B. P., Luce, C., & Neuberg, S. L. (1997). Reinterpreting the empathy-altruism relationship: When one into one equals oneness. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology.  Cialdini, R. B. (1987). Empathy-Based Helping: Is it selflessly or selfishly motivated? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 1987.  Coke, J. S., Batson, C. D., & McDavis, K. (1978). Empathic mediation of helping: A two- stage model. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 36, 752-766.  Dovidio, J. F., Allen, J., & Schroeder, D. A. (1990). The specificity of empathy- induced helping: Evidence for altruism. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 59, 249 –260. PSYCHOLOGY PAPER No.9: POSITIVE PSYCHOLOGY MODULE No.27: EMPATHY AND ALTRUISM

 Eisenberg, N., & Strayer, J. (1987a). Critical issues in the study of empathy. In N. Eisenberg & J. Strayer (Eds.), Empathy and its development (pp. 3-Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.  Eisenberg, N., & Strayer, J. (Eds.). (1987b). Empathy and its development, Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.  Eslinger, P. J. (1998) Neurological and neuropsychological bases of empathy, European Neurology 39:193–99.  Eslinger, P. J., Biddle, K. & Grattan, L. M. (1997) Cognitive and social development in children with prefrontal cortex lesions. In: Development of the prefrontal cortex: Evolution, neurobiology, and behavior, ed. N. A. Krasnegor, G. R. Lyon & P. S. Goldman-Rakic. Paul H. Brookes.  Eslinger, P. J., Grattan, L. M., Damasio, H. & Damasio, A. R. (1992) Developmental consequences of childhood frontal damage. Archives of Neurology 49:764–69.  Fultz, J., Bateon, C D., Fortenbach, V. A., McCarthy, P. M., & Varoey, L. L. (1986). Social evaluation and the empathy-altruism hypothesis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 50,761-76.  Krebs, D. L. (1975). Empathy and altruism.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 32, 1134– 1146.  Latane, B., & Darley, J. 1970. The unresponsive bystander: Why doesn't he help? New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts.  Latane, B., & Darley, J. M. (1968). Group inhibition of bystander intervention in emergencies. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 10, 215-22l.  Levenson, R. W. & Reuf, A. M. (1992) Empathy: A physiological substrate. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 63x:234-246.  Neuberg, S. L., Cialdini, R. B., Brown, S. L., Luce, C., & Sagarin, B. J. (1997). Does empathy lead to anything more than superficial helping? Comment on Batson et al. (1997). Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 73, 510 –516.  Oliner, S. P., & Oliner, P. M. (1988). The altruistic personality: Rescuers of Jews in Nazi Europe. New York: Free Press.  Preston, S. D., & de Waal, F. B. M. (2002). Empathy: Its ultimate and proximate bases. Behavioral and B Strayer, J. (1987). Affective and cognitive perspectives on empathy.  Snyder, C.R. Lopez, S. J. & Pedrotti,J. T. (2011). Positive Psychology: The Scientific and Practical Explorations of Human Strengths.New Delhi: SAGE Publications.  Snyder, C. R., & Lopez, S. (Eds.). (2002). Handbook of positive psychology. New York: Oxford University Press.  Stephan, W. G., & Finlay, K. (1999). The role of empathy in improving intergroup relations. Journal of Social Issues, 55, 729-743.  Stotland, E. (1969) Exploratory investigations of empathy. In: Advances in experimental social psychology, vol. 4, ed. L. Berkowitz. Academic Press.  Staub, E. (1974). Helping a distressed person: Social, personality, and stimulus determinants. In L. Berkowitz (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 7, pp. 293-341). New York: Academic Press.  Wispe´, L. (1968). Sympathy and empathy. In D. L. Sills (Ed.), International encyclopedia of the so- cial sciences (Vol. 15, pp. 441–447). New York: Free Press.  Zahn-Waxler, C., Robinson, J., & Emde, R. N. (1992). The development of empathy in twins. Developmental Psychology, 28, 1038-1047.  Zahn-Waxler, C., Schiro, K., Robinson, J. L., Emde, R. N., & Schmitz, S. (2001). Empathy and prosocial patterns in young MZ and DZ twins: Development and genetic and environmental influences. In R. N. Emde & J. K. Hewitt (Eds.), Infancy to early childhood (pp. 141-162). New York: Oxford University Press.

PSYCHOLOGY PAPER No.9: POSITIVE PSYCHOLOGY MODULE No.27: EMPATHY AND ALTRUISM

Did you know!

Description Image

Altruistic behaviour is common throughout the animal kingdom as well, particularly in species with complex social structures. For example, vampire bats regularly regurgitate blood and donate it to other members of their group who have failed to feed that night, ensuring they do not starve and even the Vervet monkeys give alarm calls to warn fellow monkeys of the presence of predators, even though in doing so they attract attention to themselves, increasing their personal chance of being attacked.

Vervet Monkey

en.wikipedia.org

Source: http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/altruism-biological/

Interesting Facts!

 Compassion fosters happiness, but being sacrificial reduces well-being : Even though in a broader sense, being kind and compassionate is linked to greater happiness, greater levels of physical activity well into old age, and longevity however being overwhelmed by helping tasks, as can happen with people who are caregivers to family members, their health and

PSYCHOLOGY PAPER No.9: POSITIVE PSYCHOLOGY MODULE No.27: EMPATHY AND ALTRUISM

quality of life can rapidly decline. It seems being compassionate and empathic can promote well-being; but being sacrificial quickly lowers well-being.

Source: http://www.pbs.org/thisemotionallife/topic/altruism/altruism-happiness

Common Misconceptions!

 Empaths are mentally ill, they are magnets of negative energy which often creates psychological disbalance within us: Empaths are excellent listeners, confidants and counsellors and it is primarily for this reason, that people are drawn towards their sincere and caring natures, almost like magnets. The Empaths often experience a lot of “emotional baggage dumping” from other people, and have difficult releasing themselves from the negative energy that remains in their minds and bodies afterwards.  In a recent study, researchers from the University of Southampton and the University of Surrey have attempted to find out that even the narcissistic people can be made to learn to be empathic, unlike the usual belief that they lack empathy. For example, female participants were shown a short documentary that described another woman’s experience with domestic violence. The participants were asked to imagine feeling the emotions of the woman while watching the video. In this case, it was seen that the high-narcissists reported much higher empathy for the woman.

Source: http://blogs.psychcentral.com/nlp/2014/07/can-narcissists-learn-empathy/

Biographical Sketch

C. Daniel Batson

C. Daniel Batson, an American social psychologist was born March 15, 1943. He holds both doctoral degrees in Theology (from Princeton Theological Seminary) and Psychology (from 's Department of Psychology). He obtained his doctorate under John Darley and has taught at the . Batson retired from the University of Kansas in 2006 and now holds an emeritus position with the psychology department at the University of Tennessee. Research Interests

Dr. Batson is especially known for his contributions to three fields: the social psychology of altruism (Batson has published experimental research to support the empathy-altruism hypothesis against various alternative egoistic explanations, Batson & Shaw 1991), (Batson recently PSYCHOLOGY PAPER No.9: POSITIVE PSYCHOLOGY MODULE No.27: EMPATHY AND ALTRUISM

collaborated with neuroscientist Jean Decety in the investigation of the neural underpinnings of empathy and personal distress, in a study using functional neuroimaging) and (Batson's most famous contribution to the psychology of religion has been his argument that the traditional distinction, made by , Allport & Ross, 1967 between intrinsic and extrinsic religious orientations does not exhaust all possible orientations to being religious; rather, he believes it is important to refer to what he calls Quest, a form of religiosity that views questions and the answers to those questions as being of equal importance, Batson & Schoenrade, 1991). However his main research interests are in motivation, prosocial emotion, and behavior. He has conducted a number of experiments on empathy, on perspective taking, and on various forms of prosocial motivation, He is the author of The Altruism Question: Toward a Social- Psychological Answer (Erlbaum Associates, 1991), and the chapter in The Handbook of Social Psychology (4th ed.) on "Altruism and Prosocial Behavior" (McGraw-Hill, 1998). In addition, he is interested in studying the prosocial and antisocial behavioral consequences of religion, and is a co- author of Religion and the Individual: A Social-Psychological Perspective (Oxford Univ. Press, 1993).

Selected Publications:

 Batson, C.D. (2006). Sit or stand? Psychological Inquiry, 17, 30-38.  Batson, C.D. (2006). Not all self-interest after all: Economics of empathy-induced altruism. In D. De Cremer, M. Zeelenberg, & J. K. Murnighan (Eds), Social psychology and economics (pp. 281-299). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.  Batson, C.D., Lishner, D. A., Carpenter, A., Dulin, L., Harjusola-Webb, S., Stocks, E. L., Gale, S., Hassan, O., & Sampat, B. (2003). "As you would have them do unto you": Does imagining yourself in the other's place stimulate moral action? Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 29, 1190-1201.  Batson, C.D., Van Lange, P. A. M., Ahmad, N., & Lishner, D. A. (2003). Altruism and helping behavior. In M. A. Hogg & J. Cooper (Eds.), Sage handbook of social psychology (pp. 279-295). London: Sage Publications.  Batson, C.D. (2002). Addressing the altruism question experimentally. In S. G. Post, L. G. Underwood, J. P. Schloss, & W. B. Hurlbut (Eds.), Altruism and altruistic love: Science, philosophy, and religion in dialogue (pp. 89-105). New York: Oxford University Press.  Batson, C.D. (2002). Justice motivation and moral motivation. In M. Ross & D. T. Miller (Eds.), The justice motive in everyday life (pp. 91-106). New York: Cambridge University Press.  Batson, C.D. (2011). Altruism in Humans. New York: Oxford University Press.  Batson, C.D. (2009). "These things called empathy: eight related but distinct phenomena". In J. Decety & W. Ickes (Eds.), The Social Neuroscience of Empathy (pp. 3–15). Cambridge: MIT press.  Batson, C.D. (2009). "Two forms of perspective taking: imagining how another feels and imagining how you would feel". In K. D. Markman, W.M.P. Klein and J.A. Suhr (Eds.),Handbook of Imagination and Mental Simulation (pp. 267–279). New York: Psychology Press.  Batson, C.D., Schoenrade, P & Ventis, L. (1993). Religion and the Individual. New York: Oxford University Press.  Batson, C.D. (1991). The Altruism Question: Toward a Social-Psychological Answer, Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.  Batson, C.D.; Schoenrade, P. (1991a). "Measuring Religion as Quest: Validity concerns". Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 30 (4): 416–429.  Batson, C.D.; Schoenrade, P. (1991b). "Measuring Religion as Quest: Reliability Concerns". Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 30 (4): 430–437.  Batson, C.D., Schoenrade, P. & Ventis. L.W. (1993). Religion and the Individual. New York. Cambridge University press PSYCHOLOGY PAPER No.9: POSITIVE PSYCHOLOGY MODULE No.27: EMPATHY AND ALTRUISM

 Batson, C.D.; Shaw, L.L. (1991). "Evidence for Altruism: Toward a Pluralism of Prosocial Motives". Psychological Inquiry 2 (2): 107–122. Batson, C.D. (1976). "Religion as prosocial: Agent or double agent?" 'Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion. 15, 29-45.

Source: http://batson.socialpsychology.org/ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Batson http://psych.ku.edu/people/emeritus_faculty/batson_daniel.shtml

PSYCHOLOGY PAPER No.9: POSITIVE PSYCHOLOGY MODULE No.27: EMPATHY AND ALTRUISM