High Rising Terminals in Australian Eng- Lish: Form and Function

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

High Rising Terminals in Australian Eng- Lish: Form and Function The University of Melbourne Department of Linguistics and Applied Linguistics Honours Thesis November 2008 High Rising Terminals in Australian Eng- lish: Form and Function by Kelly Webb 314813 Under the supervision of Associate Professor Janet Fletcher and Dr. Deborah Loakes Declaration This thesis is submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Bachelor of Arts (Honours) in the Department of Linguistics and Applied Linguistics of the University of Melbourne. Work presented herein is the original work of the author, unless otherwise acknowledged. Kelly Webb November 24th, 2008 2 Abstract This study examined various aspects of both the form and function of high rising terminals in Australian English. Using both narrative and collaborative speech data, relevant intonational phrases were labeled on severals levels and an objective method to classify question and declara- tive utterances was also developed. In particular it aimed to examine the relationship between speech act and location of the rise onset, as past studies have shown a significant result in New Zealand English. The findings were that HRTs have a ‘continuing’ function in dialog, that previ- ous findings of a phonological distinction between speech acts are unsupported, and that there appears to be no significant relationship between the location of the rise onset and speech act type. 3 Acknowledgements I would first and foremost like to express my gratitude to both Janet Fletcher and Debbie Loakes for all of their advice and encouragement over this past year, and for their confidence when my self-doubt was at its worst. Without their help this thesis would be a much lesser piece of work – in fact, almost certainly non-existent. I’d like to thank the department for this opportunity and for making my move from UWA as smooth and painless as possible. I’d also like to mention all my classmates and friends, new and old, who have given me some wonderful memories of Melbourne and whose sympathy and especially patience was much ap- preciated. Lastly, and most of all, I’d like to give special thanks to my parents, without whose generous support and belief in me I would never have been able to take even the first steps on this journey, let alone reach this point. I appreciate it more than is conceivable. 4 Table of Contents Index of Figures 6 Index of Tables 6 1. Introduction 7 2. Literature Review 9 2.1 Theoretical Background of Intonational Phonology 9 2.2 High Rising Terminals 10 2.2.1 Function 12 2.2.2 Form 15 2.2.3 Systemic Differences Amongst Varieties 17 2.3 Motivation and Aims of this Study 17 2.3.1 Aims 18 3. Methodology 19 3.1 Participants 19 3.2 Data Collection 19 3.3 Data 21 3.3.1 Labeling 21 3.3.2 Speech Act Classification 25 3.4 Data Analysis 27 4. Results 29 4.1 Rise Distribution 29 4.2 Rise Function 30 4.3 Rise Phonology: Distribution of H* and L* 32 4.4 Rise Alignment 33 5. Discussion 35 5.1 Distribution of High Rising Terminals 35 5.2 Rise Function in Dialog 36 5.2.1 Nuclear Accent and Dialog Act 36 5.3 Distribution of Nuclear Accent 37 5.4 Rise Alignment 38 5.5. Further Considerations 39 6. Conclusion 42 References 46 5 Index of Figures Figure 1. Examples of a speaker saying the word ‘Anna’, using both a falling and rising tune. 10 Figure 2. An example of the different levels of annotation performed on a IP with a HRT. ....... 21 Figure 3. Examples of the F0 levels and timing aspects of a HRT............................................... 23 Figure 4. Example of a HRT with the rise onset located in a post-nuclear syllable, labeled with the metrical strength of the syllables. ........................................................................................... 24 Figure 5. A metrical representation of the phrase in Figure 4. ..................................................... 24 Figure 6. Distribution of HRTs according to speaker, task and speech act.................................. 30 Figure 7. Distribution of nuclear accent type according to speech act. ........................................ 32 Figure 8. Location of rise onset in polysyllabic boundary tunes according to syllable................ 34 Index of Tables Table 1. The major SWBD/DAMSL codes used for dialog acts.................................................. 25 Table 2. Distribution of HRTs according to speech act and dialog act. ....................................... 31 Table 3. Distribution of nuclear accent types between speakers, according to speech act........... 33 6 1. Introduction The high rising terminal (HRT) has been a major focus of intonation research in Australian Eng- lish for over two decades. It has been of such interest due to its divergence from the commonly viewed ‘standard’ usage of HRTs in English, which is to signal a distinction between interroga- tive and declarative utterances. In addition to this usage, speakers of Australian English also use HRTs on utterances that retain their declarative modality. It is these declarative 1 HRTs, and the ways in which they may or may not systematically differ from question HRTs, that are the main subject of interest. The theoretical development that enabled some of the most recent research on HRTs is the ToBI intonation annotation system (Beckman & Ayers Elam 1997), which is based on the autosegmen- tal-metrical (AM) (Goldsmith 1976, Ladd 1996) intonation framework and Pierrehumbert’s (1980) intonational phonology for English. Because this transcription system allows for separate categories of pitch events, it allows an examination of the distribution of separate phonological features of the contour. It was these tonal categories that were used in a study of Australian Eng- lish HRTs that found that speakers systematically use the final accented syllable to distinguish between declarative and question HRTs (Fletcher & Harrington 2001). Further research into the function that HRTs perform in discourse showed that they are used in conjunction with dialog acts that serve to continue conversation, either by asking for a response from an interlocutor with a question HRT, or by indicating that the speaker intends to continue speaking. This similarity between both types of HRTs indicated that rising terminals are indica- tive of ‘open ended’ speech (Fletcher & Loakes 2006). Of particular interest in this study is previous research on HRTs in New Zealand English - a close neighbour that is very similar to Australian English. Various studies have found a relation- ship between the location of the rise onset and the type of speech act; on declarative HRTs the rise begins later than it does on question HRTs (Warren & Daly 2005; Warren 2005). A con- 1 In this study the terms declarative and statement are used in a specific manner so as to avoid ambiguity. Declara- tive will always refer to the modality of a sentence, and statement the syntactic structure. 7 trolled experiment examining the perception of HRTs and the location of rise onsets supports this view (Zwartz & Warren 2003). In this study, multiple factors will be analyzed in order to examine the behaviour and form of HRTs in Australian English. Both narrative and collaborative speech will be elicited from the participants, and the resulting data will be annotated on several different levels, including: speech act, dialog act, syllabic, phonological intonational features, and phonetic features relating to the Fo level and timing of the rise onset. The associations between these features will then be examined and the results discussed in comparison to previous research on both Australian and New Zealand English. It is hoped that this study will add to the literature on HRTs in Australian English, and help to further explain the role they play and forms in which they are realized which is a difficult area to study. 8 2. Literature Review This section will discuss the theoretical background of intonation research and previous research in regards to HRTs in Australian and New Zealand English. Both question and declarative HRTs will be described, and research into the function of both types will be presented, as will research into both the phonological and phonetic forms of HRTs. Finally, the motivations and aims of this study will be presented. 2.1 Theoretical Background of Intonational Phonology Arguably the most influential theoretical framework for tone and intonation is the autosegmen- tal-metrical model. First developed as autosegmental phonology by John Goldsmith (1976), and later termed autosegmental-metrical (AM) by Ladd (1996), the AM model represents phonetic features on separate, and parallel (as opposed to earlier linear models), hierarchical tiers. As a result, each individual feature (such as segments, syllables, stress and intonation), can be studied individually, as can the relationships between the levels. The AM framework, and contemporaneous work by Gosta Bruce (1977) in his analysis of the intonation of Stockholm Swedish, influenced Janet Pierrehumbert’s (1980) development of a phonological model to account for the intonational system of English. As opposed to earlier con- tour-based models (such as Halliday 1967), which considered the shape of the entire pitch con- tour of the intonational phrase (IP), Pierrehumbert’s account treated the contour as a sequence of pitch targets and boundary tones. These targets are categorized into three pitch events: pitch ac- cents are peaks or troughs in the contour that align with metrically prominent syllables; the boundary tone is the endpoint of the pitch contour; and the phrase accent, which is the section of contour between the final (known as the nuclear) pitch accent and the boundary tone. A labeling system was later developed based on this model, called the Tones and Break Indices (ToBI) (Beckman & Ayers Elam 1997). In the ToBI system, the pitch targets are labeled as high (H) or low (L), and each different type of pitch event is associated with a different symbol; ‘*’ for pitch accents, ‘-’ for phrase accents, and ‘%’ for the boundary tone.
Recommended publications
  • 24.901 Lecture 17: Tone III: Intonation and Phrasing
    24.901 Tone-3: Intonation Nov. 10, 2010 [1]. Overview • Traditional analysis of intonation especially in Britain in terms of gross F0 contours such as rise for interrogative or fall for declarative oriented with respect to the edge of a phrase or the strongest stress (the nuclear accent): assìmilátion vs. prelíminàry • Strong (invariant?) correlation between intonation contour and information content: fall associated with with complete information, rise with incomplete information (Bollinger) • Early generativists Liberman (1975) and Goldsmith (1976) propose that autosegmental- metrical (AM) model of tone and stress can be applied to analysis of intonation contours: falling declarative F0 contour on cabin is phonetically and phonologically comparable to the HL tonal analysis of Mende ngílà and falling contour of baloon is comparable to mbû • Cf. English loans into Yoruba (Kenstowicz 2006): 'dollar > doĺ à, de'cree > dikirí ́ì • AM model applied to analysis of sentential F0 contours in English, Japanese, Romance, Hungarian, Korean, Bengali, and many other languages • Traditional contours analyzed as sequence of turning points (H,L) defined with respect to stressed syllables and edges of phrases and larger units • Universalist view of Bollinger is revealed to be just a statistical (markedness) tendency • More recent attempts to model F0 contours more precisely with notions of slope and decay [2]. Pierrehumbert (1980) develops general model of AM intonation with application to English and later Japanese (Beckman & Pierrehumbert 1988) • Two tone levels (H and L) suffice for English • Three tonal categories: pitch accents (e.g. H*, H*+L, ...), boundary tones (H%, %L), and phrase tone (H-) • Sparse representation: not every syllable specified for a tone: phonetic interpolation between tonal targets • Tones subject to phonetic implementation to generate F0 contour • ToBi (tone-break-index) transcription system [3].
    [Show full text]
  • Similar Prosodic Structure Perceived Differently in German and English
    INTERSPEECH 2017 August 20–24, 2017, Stockholm, Sweden Similar prosodic structure perceived differently in German and English Heather Kember1,2, Ann-Kathrin Grohe3, Katharina Zahner4, Bettina Braun4, Andrea Weber3, and Anne Cutler1,2 1The MARCS Institute, Western Sydney University, Australia; 2ARC Centre of Excellence for the Dynamics of Language, Australia; 3University of Tübingen, Germany; 4Konstanz University, Germany h.kember@westernsydney.edu.au consonants in these surnames were all voiceless, and the Abstract vowels were chosen to provide progressively less voiced English and German have similar prosody, but their speakers material (Schiefer, Schief, Schiff in German; Sheafer, Sheaf, realize some pitch falls (not rises) in subtly different ways. We and Shift in English). What she found was that for English, in here test for asymmetry in perception. An ABX discrimination both falling and rising contexts, rate of fundamental frequency task requiring F0 slope or duration judgements on isolated (F0) change increased significantly with decreasing syllable vowels revealed no cross-language difference in duration or duration. English speakers were thus compressing pitch F0 fall discrimination, but discrimination of rises (realized movements when the segmental material was shorter. The two similarly in each language) was less accurate for English than pitch accent types showed no significant differences in for German listeners. This unexpected finding may reflect realization; English speakers used compression for both rises greater sensitivity to rising patterns by German listeners, or and falls. German speakers, however, showed this pattern of reduced sensitivity by English listeners as a result of extensive compression only in the case of rises, and tended to truncate exposure to phrase-final rises (“uptalk”) in their language.
    [Show full text]
  • Title: Exploring the Influence of Suprasegmental Features of Speech on Rater Judgements of Intelligibility
    Title: Exploring the influence of suprasegmental features of speech on rater judgements of intelligibility Name: Thomas Michael Rogers This is a digitised version of a dissertation submitted to the University of Bedfordshire. It is available to view only. This item is subject to copyright. EXPLORING THE INFLUENCE OF SUPRASEGMENTAL FEATURES OF SPEECH ON RATER JUDGEMENTS OF INTELLIGIBILITY A thesis submitted to the University of Bedfordshire in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy by Thomas Michael Rogers Centre for Research in English Language Learning and Assessment University of Bedfordshire January 2018 Declaration I, Thomas Rogers, declare that this thesis and the work presented in it are my own and have been generated by me as the result of my own original research. Exploring the Influence of Suprasegmental Features of Speech on Rater Judgements of Intelligibility I confirm that: 1. This work was done wholly or mainly while in candidature for a research degree at this University; 2. Where any part of this thesis has previously been submitted for a degree or any other qualification at this University or any other institution, this has been clearly stated; 3. Where I have cited the published work of others, this is always clearly attributed; 4. Where I have quoted from the work of others, the source is always given. With the exception of such quotations, this thesis is entirely my own work; 5. I have acknowledged all main sources of help; 6. Where the thesis is based on work done by myself jointly with others, I have made clear exactly what was done by others and what I have contributed myself; 7.
    [Show full text]
  • A Qualitative Analysis of Rising Tones in Dublin English Julia Bongiorno, Sophie Herment
    A qualitative analysis of rising tones in Dublin English Julia Bongiorno, Sophie Herment To cite this version: Julia Bongiorno, Sophie Herment. A qualitative analysis of rising tones in Dublin English. 9th international conference on Speech Prosody , Jun 2018, Poznan, Poland. hal-01814067 HAL Id: hal-01814067 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01814067 Submitted on 15 Jun 2018 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. A qualitative analysis of rising tones in Dublin English Julia Bongiorno & Sophie Herment Aix-Marseille University, Laboratoire Parole et Langage, CNRS UMR 7309, France julia.bongiorno@lpl-aix.fr; sophie.herment@univ-amu.fr close analysis of a few sentences and the context in which they Abstract appear. Our analysis is therefore mainly qualitative. In this paper, we present the results of a preliminary study of the intonation system of Dublin English (DE) with a particular 2. Corpus and method focus on rising tones. After analysing a corpus recorded in the framework of the PAC Program, we conclude that Dublin 2.1. The PAC Project English has a hybrid intonation system that mixes standard The PAC Project (Phonologie de l’Anglais Contemporain, [9]) English contours like falls and rises, and Northern Irish was initiated in 2004.
    [Show full text]
  • A First Look at Declarative Rises As Markers of Ethnicity in Sydney
    A first look at declarative rises as markers of ethnicity in Sydney Anna Bothe Jespersen 1 1 Phonetics Laboratory, DTAL, University of Cambridge abj28@cam.ac.uk Given its focus on declarative rises, this paper takes Abstract as its starting point the fact that very little is known about This paper investigates the differing distributions and phonetic Aboriginal English prosody [10]. We know from the properties of declarative rises in the English of Aboriginal and sociophonetic literature that prosodic features such as voice non-Aboriginal Australian speakers from Sydney. Declarative quality [6], rhythm [11] and pitch range and intonation rises in both varieties can be divided into 5 broad contour contours [8] can be used to index ethnicity in varieties of types based on f0 trajectory. It is shown that Aboriginal and English. One potential explanation for the reported lack of non-Aboriginal speakers use very similar amounts of contrast between standard and Aboriginal Sydney English declarative rises, both overall and within the 5 rise types. might therefore hinge on the segmental foci of previous However, there is a robust difference in the height of the rises, studies. Specifically, the HRT has been shown to index ethnic with Aboriginal speakers consistently producing rises 2 identity in related minority varieties. In this way, Britain and semitones below the standard Australian English speakers. Newman's [12] results for Maori English suggest that the HRT This makes declarative rises a potential marker of ethnicity for is used significantly more among Maori than non-Maori New the Aboriginal speakers, and highlights the need to look Zealanders, and Guy and Vonviller [13], Horvath [14] and beyond linguistic features that are stereotypically associated Jane Warren [15] report that recent immigrants to Australia with a variety when determining group differences.
    [Show full text]
  • Expressions Utiles Pour L'épreuve Orale…
    EXPRESSIONS UTILES POUR L’ÉPREUVE ORALE… S’EXPRIMER SUR DONNER SON AVIS prof. 08 prof. 11 UNE IMAGE OU UNE CITATION élève 08 ET PRENDRE POSITION élève 11 y Document A is a(n) illustration / picture / y In my opinion… / From my point of view… painting / book cover / poster / film still / y To me… / To my mind… / To my knowledge… campaign… y Personally, I think / believe / consider / y Document B is a quote by… / from… understand that… y It was taken / made / painted / written / … y I’m quite / pretty convinced / sure that… in + year / place / by… y What I find incredible / impressive / unpleasant y We can see… / There is… / There are… about… is that… y The document shows / illustrates the topic y What strikes me the most is… of… well because… y The author is a well-known artist / writer… y The quote deals with / expresses… y Judging from what we see, I’d say that… GÉRER LES « BLANCS » prof. 12 y The artist / The author wants us to think / ET GAGNER DU TEMPS élève 12 believe / feel / realise… y I wonder if / how… y Er… / Well… / So… y It seems that… y Let me think… y It looks like… / as if… y You know… y I’d say that… y I mean… / I suppose… / I guess… y That’s a good question. I’ve never thought about that before… EXPRIMER SES prof. 09 PRÉFÉRENCES ET ÉMOTIONS élève 09 y I think it is good / great / fine… PRÉCISER SA PENSÉE ET prof. 13 y I like this a lot because… DEMANDER DES ÉCLAIRCISSEMENTS élève 13 y I prefer + nom / V-ing to + nom / V-ing y I’m (very) interested in + nom / V-ing y What I mean / am trying to say is that… y I’m worried / excited about + nom / V-ing y In other words, … y I’m fond of… nom / V-ing y Let me put it in another way / in other words.
    [Show full text]
  • A Contrastive Study of Identity Perception in Voice
    Voice and Identity: A contrastive study of identity perception in voice Begoña Payá Herrero VoicVoicee and Identity: A contrastive study of identity perception in voice Inaugural-Dissertation zur Erlangung des Doktorgrades der Philosophie an der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München Im Cotutelle Verfahren mit der Universität Universidad de Valencia Vorgelegt von Begoña PAYÁ HERRERO 2009 Betreuer an der Ludwigs-Maximilians-Universität: Prof. Dr. Wolfgang Schulze Betreuer an der Universidad de Valencia: Prof. Dr. Barry Pennock-Speck Gutachter der Ludwigs-Maximilians-Universität: Prof. Dr. Wolfgang Schulze Gutachter der Universidad de Valencia: Prof. Dr. Barry Pennock-Speck Tag der mündlichen Prüfung: 11.09.2009 (in Valencia) Acknowledgements Every PhD student writing his/her doctoral thesis is confronted with an extremely challenging task, which requires a considerable amount of self-discipline. Throughout the years this may last, there are inevitably moments of uncertainty, of confusion, of emptiness, or even moments where we lose track of where we are going and are drowned by the avalanche of knowledge. So was my case. But what seemed like a mountain too high to climb at the beginning became a task that could be managed step by step thanks to the support of many people. First of all, from the LIPP Programme in Munich, I woud like to thank its coordinator, Caroline Trautmann, and all the LIPP professors for what they have taught me along these three years, especially, Prof. Janney and my tutor, Prof. Wolfgang Schulze, for always believing in me and not hesitating to make suggestions when I was a bit lost. I am equally grateful to my tutor in the Universitat de València, Dr.
    [Show full text]
  • Irish English for the Non-Irish
    Irish English for the non-Irish The sections of this text have been extracted largely from Raymond Hickey 2014. A Dictionary of Varieties of English. Malden, MA: Wiley- Blackwell, xxviii + 456 pages with some additions from the research website Variation and Change in Dublin English. The sections consist of (i) all definitions concerning Ireland, (ii) those involving Dublin, (iii) those involving Ulster / Northern Ireland and (iv) various entries for specific features which are particularly prevalent in Ireland. Ireland An island in north-west Europe, west of England, which consists politically of (i) the Republic of Ireland and (ii) Northern Ireland, a constituent part of the United Kingdom. The island has an area of 84,000 sq km and a total population of just under 6.5m. Geographically, the country consists of a flat central area, the Midlands, and a mountainous, jagged western seaboard and a flatter east coast with Dublin, the largest city, in the centre of the east and Belfast, the main city of Northern Ireland, in the north-east. The main ethnic groups are Irish and Ulster Scots. There speakers of Ulster English in Northern Ireland but they do not constitute a recognisable ethnic group today. TRAVELLERS are a sub-group in Irish society but do not constitute a separate ethnicity. Before the arrival of Norman and English settlers in the late twelfth century Ireland was entirely Irish-speaking. In subsequent centuries both French and English established themselves, the latter concentrated in towns on the east coast. The linguistic legacy of this is an archaic dialect area from Dublin down to Waterford.
    [Show full text]
  • Upspeak1 Across Canadian English Accents
    UPSPEAK 1 ACROSS CANADIAN ENGLISH ACCENTS: ACOUSTIC AND SOCIOPHONETIC EVIDENCE * Yves Talla Sando Montreal School Board (Commission Scolaire de Montréal - CSDM) This study reports findings from the analyses of ‘upspeak’ or ‘uptalk’ across Canadian English accents. 25 native speakers of Canadian English, among whom 13 females and 12 males aged between 12 and 70, participated in the study. They hailed from 8 Canadian provinces, namely Alberta, New Brunswick, Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, Ontario, Quebec, Prince Edward Island and Saskatchewan. Their speech productions, viz. spontaneous-produced speech and read speech were analyzed both auditorily and acoustically and results demonstrated and confirmed Shokeir’s (2008) recent conclusion on Southern Ontario English that ‘upspeak’ is a feature of Canadian English. Secondly, findings revealed that this intonational feature occurs more frequently in spontaneously-produced speech than in speech obtained from reading a text aloud. Lastly, the study confirms previous conclusions on some other native English whereby ‘upspeak’ is more prevalent or widespread among female and younger speakers than male and older speakers. 1. Introduction For close to four decades, there have been several reports of a linguistic feature and particularly an intonational phenomenon in native varieties of English across the globe. This feature, argued to have rapidly spread through native English-speaking communities around the world, has been variously termed, namely ‘HRT’ (High Rising Tone or Terminal) and Australian Questioning Intonation (AQI) in Australia (Fletcher and Harrington, 2001), HRT in New Zealand (Warren 2005), ‘QI’ (Questioning intonation) or ‘uptalk’ in the United States of America (Ching 1982) and ‘upspeak’ in the United Kingdom (cf. Bradford 1997).
    [Show full text]
  • The Use of High Rise Terminals in Southern California English
    The form and use of uptalk in Southern Californian English Amanda Ritchart Amalia Arvaniti University of California, San Diego University of Kent aritchart@ucsd.edu a.arvaniti@kent.ac.uk Speech Prosody 2014 Dublin 21 May 2014 1. Introduction 2. Methods 3. Analysis & Results 4. Discussion and Conclusions Uptalk • Rising pitch movements at the end of statements • High Rising Terminal • Example 1 1. Introduction 2. Methods 3. Analysis & Results 4. Discussion and Conclusions Background • Usage of uptalk in some English dialects has been relatively well-documented (Fletcher, Grabe, & Warren 2005 for a review) – Australian English (e.g., Fletcher et al. 2005) – New Zealand English (e.g., Warren 2005, Ainsworth 2004, Daly & Warren 2001) – British English (e.g., Barry 2007, Grabe 2004) • What about American English? 2 1. Introduction 2. Methods 3. Analysis & Results 4. Discussion and Conclusions Research Questions • What are the forms of uptalk? (phonological) • What are the functions of uptalk? (pragmatic) • Do sociolinguistic variables affect the realization, function or frequency of uptalk? 3 1. Introduction 2. Methods 3. Analysis & Results 4. Discussion and Conclusions Participants • 23 Native Southern Californian speakers • 12 female, 11 male • Counties: • San Diego (7) • Orange (6) • Los Angeles (8) • Riverside (2) • Ethnic background • Asian (12) • Hispanic (6) 8 bilinguals • White (5) 4 1. Introduction 2. Methods 3. Analysis & Results 4. Discussion and Conclusions Participants • 23 Native Southern • MacArthur Scale of Subjective Social Status Californian speakers • Lower (4), Middle (13), Upper (6) • 12 female, 11 male • Counties: • San Diego (7) • Orange (6) • Los Angeles (8) • Riverside (2) • Ethnic background • Asian (12) • Hispanic (6) 8 bilinguals • White (5) 5 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Giving Voice to Mandela: an Analysis of Accent Acquisition Intervention for the Role of Nelson Mandela in the Film Mandela: Long Walk to Freedom
    ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! GIVING VOICE TO MANDELA: AN ANALYSIS OF ACCENT ACQUISITION INTERVENTION FOR THE ROLE OF NELSON MANDELA IN THE FILM MANDELA: LONG WALK TO FREEDOM A CASE STUDY THESIS Submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF ARTS of The University of the Witwatersrand By FIONA RAMSAY HORSTHEMKE June 2014 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Declaration I declare that this is my own unaided work. It is submitted in partial fulfillment for the degree of Masters of Arts at the University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg. It has not been submitted before for any other degree or examination in any other university. ……………………………………………….. FIONA RAMSAY HORSTHEMKE June 2014 ! "! Acknowledgements Voice practitioners uphold a tradition of acknowledging their master teachers and their influence on one’s own teaching practice and methods developed. Apart from the respect accorded these teachers, this tradition connects an individual practice to a broader voice practice and to a culture of voice coaching. I have not been influenced by one master teacher, but rather learnt from a variety of teachers and coaches who I have worked with over my years as an actress and coach in the industry. My technique and process have not only been affected by directors, teachers and coaches but by the many students and actors I have coached in classrooms, rehearsal rooms and on film sets, for 30 and years whose passion and commitment to their craft and to learning has inspired me. My work ethic was initially motivated by my first ballet teacher Josie Pretorius and furthered by my Spanish dancing teacher Mercedes Molina. Both instilled in me an understanding of the need for discipline of body and mind to succeed not only in the arts industry, but as a general tenet in life.
    [Show full text]
  • High Rising Intonation in Japanese Discourse (PDF)
    W O R K I N G P A P E R S I N L I N G U I S T I C S The notes and articles in this series are progress reports on work being carried on by students and faculty in the Department. Because these papers are not finished products, readers are asked not to cite from them without noting their preliminary nature. The authors welcome any comments and suggestions that readers might offer. Volume 36(7) 2005 (December) DEPARTMENT OF LINGUISTICS UNIVERSITY OF HAWAI‘I AT MÂNOA HONOLULU 96822 An Equal Opportunity/Affirmative Action Institution ii DEPARTMENT OF LINGUISTICS FACULTY 2005 Victoria B. Anderson Byron W. Bender (Emeritus) Benjamin Bergen Derek Bickerton (Emeritus) Robert A. Blust (Chair) Robert L. Cheng (Adjunct) Kenneth W. Cook (Adjunct) Kamil Deen (Co-Graduate Chair) Patricia J. Donegan Emanuel J. Drechsel (Adjunct) Michael L. Forman George W. Grace (Emeritus) John H. Haig (Adjunct) Roderick A. Jacobs (Emeritus) Paul Lassettre P. Gregory Lee Patricia A. Lee Howard P. McKaughan (Emeritus) William O’Grady Yuko Otsuka Ann Marie Peters (Emeritus, Co-Graduate Chair) Kenneth L. Rehg Lawrence A. Reid (Emeritus) Amy J. Schafer Albert J. Schütz, (Emeritus, Editor) Ho Min Sohn (Adjunct) David L. Stampe Laurence C. Thompson (Emeritus) Andrew Wong HIGH RISING INTONATION IN JAPANESE DISCOURSE KAORI UEKI This paper discusses high-rising terminals (HRTs) in Japanese discourse. A HRT is an upward intonation like that which occurs at the end of an interrogative phrase, yet an utterance with HRT is not an interrogative. The popular notion of HRT is that it is used by young women; I show that some people use HRT regardless of age.
    [Show full text]