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Archaea As Emerging, Fastidious Members of the Human Microbiota

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Archaea As Emerging, Fastidious Members of the Human Microbiota CORE Metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk Provided by Elsevier - Publisher Connector EDITORIAL 10.1111/j.1469-0691.2012.03904.x Archaea as emerging, fastidious members of the human microbiota M. Drancourt Unite´ de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales Emergentes UMR CNRS 6236 IRD 198, FR IDMM, Me´diterrane´e Infection, Aix-Marseille-Uni- versite´, Marseille, France E-mail: [email protected] Article published online: 25 May 2012 It was only approximately 20 years ago that the noun Ar- effective against both bacteria and eukaryotes [9]. Methano- chaea entered the lexicon of clinical microbiology, when it gens, chiefly M. oralis, are also susceptible to topical com- became increasingly apparent that these prokaryotic organ- pounds used as local treatments for periodontopathy. As isms, which form one of the four domains of life, were pres- reviewed by Dridi [3], as well as Mayer and collaborators ent in the human and animal microbiota [1]. Found in harsh [10], non-methanogenic archaeons, including halophilic archa- environments, archaeons were initially tagged as extremo- eons, have been detected by PCR-based methods in the philes, a term that prevented microbiologists from thinking human gut microbiota,. Interestingly, it has been shown that of them in terms of clinical microbiology. The window such organisms could be healthcare-related organisms deliv- opened for the Archaea to be viewed differently when one ered with the purgative administered before colonoscopy organism that forms methane in the mammalian gut, later [11]. This observation indicates that further work is war- named Methanobrevibacter smithii, was found to be an archa- ranted to precisely establish the susceptibility of archaeons, eon [2]. Methane-forming archaeons, named methanogens, including to the biocides that are used for the decontamina- are now recognized as members of the mammal and human tion of colonoscopes. Additionally, the availability of a few gut microbiota; four such methanogens have been cultured, human archaeal genomes (more than 20 M. smithii genomes as reviewed by Be´dis Dridi [3]. In fact, methanogens are fas- are available [12], and the fact that our group has genome- tidious organisms; the isolation and culture of the species sequenced M. luminyensis [4]), should prompt the develop- Methanomassilicoccus luminyensis took more than 1 year [4]. ment of additional molecular methods for the detection and In the review, Be´dis Dridi further states that methanogens genotyping of archaeons in the human microbiota. Genotyp- often escape routine detection, for three main reasons: ing will help to provide an understanding of the sources of microscopic examination is non-specific; the culturing of human archaeons and their dynamics in the microbiota. methanogens requires an unusual atmosphere consisting of Finally, in vitro susceptibility data lead to questioning of the hydrogen; and PCR-based detection requires specific primers effectiveness of current protocols for the decontamination of and probes. Nevertheless, several clinical microbiology teams colonoscopes. Microbiology terminology informs the way in have detected methanogens within the oral, gut and vaginal which microbiologists think about microbes, and clinical mi- microbiota with potential roles in some diseases, including crobiologists should be aware that the word Archaea is inap- obesity, as reviewed by Mayer and collaborators. There is propriate as a name to encompass the wide variety of these now strong evidence implicating the methanogen Methano- organisms, as they have been revealed to be common and brevibacter oralis [5] in periodontopathy. In this situation, not at all archaeal; rather, they now must be regarded as M. oralis has a ‘mafia’ strategy, as its survival is completely emerging and fastidious organisms. dependent on anaerobes, which provide it with hydrogen. Because of this complete dependency on anaerobes, which Transparency Declaration are highly susceptible to metronidazole [6], showing that oral metronidazole suppressed the major gut methanogen M. smi- thii [7] was somewhat difficult. Here, Saber Khelaifia and I The author has no conflicts of interest to declare. [8] show that, indeed, M. smithii and other methanogens are susceptible to metronidazole and related ornidazole deriva- References tives, which, along with fusidic acid, are the only known effective antibiotics for the treatment of potential methano- gen infections. Indeed, methanogens illustrate a paradigm that 1. Boyer M, Madoui MA, Gimenez G, La Scola B, Raoult D. Phylogenetic and phyletic studies of informational genes in genomes highlight exis- the archaeons are susceptible to compounds that are also ª2012 The Author Clinical Microbiology and Infection ª2012 European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases 824 Clinical Microbiology and Infection, Volume 18 Number 9, September 2012 CMI tence of a 4th domain of life including giant viruses. PLoS One 2010; genic Archaea in bone marrow transplant recipients. Bone Marrow 5: e15530. Transplant 2003; 31: 117–119. 2. Miller TL, Wolin MJ. Enumeration of Methanobrevibacter smithii in 8. Khelaifia S, Drancourt M. Susceptibility of Archaea to antimicrobial human feces. Arch Microbiol 1982; 131: 14–18. agents: applications to clinical microbiology. Clin Microbiol Infect 2012; 3. Dridi B. Laboratory tools for detection of Archaea in humans. Clin 18: 841–848. Microbiol Infect 2012; 18: 825–833. 9. Dridi B, Fardeau ML, Ollivier B, Raoult D, Drancourt M. The antimi- 4. Dridi B, Fardeau ML, Ollivier B, Raoult D, Drancourt M. Methanomas- crobial resistance pattern of cultured human methanogens reflects siliicocus luminyensis, gen. nov., sp. nov., isolated from the human gut the unique phylogenetic position of archaea. J Antimicrob Chem 2011; microbiota. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2012; in press. 66: 2038–2044. 5. Ferrari A, Brusa T, Rutili A, Canzi E, Biavati B. Isolation and charac- 10. Matarazzo F, Ribeiro AC, Faveri M et al. The domain Archaea in terization Methanobrevibacter oralis sp. nov. Current Microbiol 1994; 29: human mucosal surfaces. Clin Microbiol Infect 2012; 18: 834–840. 7–12. 11. Oxley APA, Lanfranconi MP, Wu¨rdemann D et al. Halophilic archaea 6. Dubreuil L, Odou MF. Anaerobic bacteria and antibiotics: what kind in the human intestinal mucosa. Environ Microbiol 2010; 12: 2398– of unexpected resistance could I find in my laboratory tomorrow? 2410. Anaerobe 2010; 16: 555–559. 12. Hansen EE, Lozupone CA, Rey FE et al. Pan-genome of the dominant 7. Ansorg R, Rath PM, Runde V, Beelen DW. Influence of intestinal human gut-associated archaeon, Methanobrevibacter smithii studied in decontamination using metronidazole on the detection of methano- twins. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2011; 108 (suppl 1): 4599–4606. ª2012 The Author Clinical Microbiology and Infection ª2012 European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, CMI, 18, 823–824.
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