FOUNDING ROME ANEW. POPE SIXTUS IV AND THE FOUNDATION OF PONTE SISTO, 1473*

Minou Schraven

In cultures across all times, the act of founding bridges has been invested with specific meaning and reserved to high-placed persons with shamanic powers and expert knowledge of the realm of the Gods. To the ancient Romans, water was sacred: the very crossing of a stream demanded ritual purging and offerings to the deities. Since bridges obstruct the free flow of water, their construction was invested with a number of taboos and demanded expert knowledge.1 From this follows the exceptionally prominent status of the pontifices maximus, literally ‘supreme bridge-builders’, in ancient Roman society, responsible for maintaining the pax deorum needed for the well-being of society. This paper is about a renaissancepontifex maximus, Pope Sixtus IV della Rovere (r. 1471–1484) and his act of founding a bridge, the very first that was built in Rome since Antiquity.2 Founded in 1473, the pope proudly named the bridge after himself, ponte Sisto. Humanist networks in Rome were well aware of the meaning and implications of the founding of the new bridge. During the Sistine pontificate, the bridge was celebrated in an abundance of artistic forms, such as fresco programs, manuscript illuminations, encomiastic poetry and portrait medals.

* The research presented in this article is part of the larger research project “Art, Agency and Living Presence in Early Modern Italy,” supported by the N.W.O. (the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research) and Leiden University. It appeared in an earlier version as “I depositi votivi di ponte Sisto. Ponti e Pontefici nella Roma rinascimentale”, in Di Giuseppe H. – Serlorenzi M. (eds.), I riti del costruire nelle acque violate (Rome: 2010) 193–208. 1 Holland L.A., Janus and the Bridge (Rome: 1961); Seppilli A., Sacralità dell’acqua e sacrilegio dei ponti (Palermo: 1990). 2 On Pope Sixtus IV: Lee E., Sixtus IV and Men of Letters (Rome: 1978); Benzi F. (ed.), Sisto IV. Le arti a Roma nel primo rinascimento (Rome: 2000); Verstegen I.F. (ed.), Patronage and Dynasty. The Rise of the Della Rovere in Renaissance Italy (Kirksville: 2007). 130 minou schraven

In his The Eternal Return, Mircea Eliade claimed that every ritual has at its roots a divine model, or archetype. Originally performed by gods or mythological ancestors, the act is then repeated time and again by human beings.3 This way, the founding of ponte Sisto was emblematic for a far bigger entity, in this case nothing less than the ambitious Renovatio Urbis, the refounding of Rome during of the Sis- tine pontificate. Now that the papacy had effectively re-established its control over Rome after the humiliating exile in Avignon, Sixtus IV was determined to restore Rome’s status as capital of Christianity and residence of the popes. In view of the Jubilee of 1475, he issued various bulls and edicts, among them Etsi Universis of January 1474, obliging cardinals and noble families to restore the churches and palaces of Rome.4 Many churches in Rome were repaired, among them SS. Vito e Modesto and S. Maria del Popolo. The Cloaca Maxima, one of the world’s earliest sewer systems, was cleaned, and both the Lateran and Capitol were established as important centers.5 Sixtus also instituted the office of theMaestri delle Strade, responsible for improving condi- tion of the streets and the supply of water. And the pope had success: the population of Rome soared in this period to 40.000, the same as Florence.6 This contribution examines how the foundation of the new bridge was effectively turned into an emblem of the ambitious urban and institutional Renovatio Urbis, as it was pursued by Pope Sixtus IV and his humanist courtiers, and in which ways the identity of Sixtus IV as benefactor, indeed refounder, of Rome was put forward.

3 Eliade M., Le mythe de l’éternel retour. Archetypes et répétitions (Paris: 1947); trsl. as Cosmos and History. The Myth of the Eternal Return (New York: 1959). 4 Esch A., “Il Giubileo di Sisto IV (1475)”, in Strinati C. (ed.), La storia dei giubilei. 1450–1575 (Florence 1998) 106–123; Guerrini P., “L’epigrafia sistina come momento della ‘restauratio urbis’ ”, in Guerrini P. – Maddalò S. – Niutta F. – Porro D., Iscrizioni romane sistine. Appendice in Miglio M. (ed.), Un pontificato ed una città. Sisto IV 1471–1484 (Rome: 1986) 469–479. 5 Buddensieg T., “Die Statuenstiftung Sixtus’ IV. im Jahre 1471. Von den heidni- schen Götzenbildern am Lateran zu den Ruhmeszeichen des römischen Volkes auf dem Kapitol”, Römisches Jahrbuch für Kunstgeschichte 20 (1983) 33–73. 6 Blondin J., “Power Made Visible. Pope Sixtus IV as ‘Urbis Restaurator’ in Quat- trocento Rome”, The Catholic Historical Review 91 (2005) 1–25; Simoncini G., Roma. Le trasformazioni urbane nel Quattrocento, 2 vols. (Florence: 2004) vol. I, 61–204.