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Rafting Course and Instructor’S Materials Rafting Course and Instructor’s Materials The first responsibility of a raft guide is to get all their passengers safely down the river. Forward The contents of this manual reflects the rafting course taught in the Adventure Sports program at Garrett College. The materials contained in this manual follow closely the content of the course and represents the evolution of the course over the years. The materials in this manual represent over twenty-five years of instruction. The manual is designed to complement the American Canoe Association (ACA) Level 4 Rafting (Paddle) instructor’s course. An objective in creating this manual was to provide materials that will encourage the teaching of the ACA course. The ACA outline has been synthesized into seven chapters (eight including the teaching materials). An effort has been made to include most of the topic on the outline. The manual is presented on the author’s website for instructors who want to augment their courses with the materials. An effort has been made to represent both east and west rafting. There are some differences. Also, rowing oar rigs is included in the strokes and maneuver sections. This helps to expand the usability of the manual. Representing the east/west divide and the Figure 0.1: Powerful Popper – Running R-1, the author is running paddle versus oar rig are Figure 0.1 and Power Pop-up on the Upper Youghiogheny in Western Maryland in Figure 0.2. Representing eastern rivers and his Shredder. Source: Limbaugh – [file: \cc4283_56b.jpg] paddle craft is the author running in his Power Popper on the Upper Youghiogheny River in Western Maryland in his R-1 Shredder. Representing western rivers and oar rigs is the author entering Zoom Flume in Browns Canyon on the Arkansas River in Colorado. In its seven chapters, the manual contains over 90 graphics developed by the author. Many of these are new and developed specifically for this manual. Others, like the graphics on river dynamics have evolved over the years and form the basis for the discussion of river dynamics for other publications including the Swiftwater Manual and the Human Kinetic series on Canoeing and Kayaking. The Figure 0.2: Typical Oar Rig – The typical center mount oar rig of graphics are available on the author’s website. the author entering Zoom Flume on the Arkansas River in Colorado. Source: Commercial Photographer – [file: \BrownsCanyon3157720.jpg]. Forward: Rafting Manual page /0.1 Copyrighted © Robert B. Kauffman, 2018 Organizationally, I believe the materials presented in the manual have a good flow. The progression of the manual is as follows. The first chapter involves getting started, including the ACA Course outline. Chapter 2 discusses equipment including rafts and personal equipment. Chapter 3 focuses on river dynamics. Building on this chapter, Chapter 4 introduces strokes and maneuvers for both paddle and oar craft. Safety and Rescue are split. Chapter 5 covers general safety topics. Chapter 6 covers “self-rescue” and “rescue by others in your group” type rescues. Chapter 7 focuses on trip leadership including guiding and trip behavior. Chapter 8 includes teaching materials for the IDW (Instructor’s Development Workshop). As with any publication, it involves other people. I would like to thank Mike Logsdon, Terry Peterson and Mike Malfaro who have co-taught the course and who have provided considerable input into the materials developed including the basic structure of the course. Also, I would like to thank Mike Logsdon who has provided support for the course over the years. Also, we have worked with countless co- instructors and students on an interim basis. Robert B. Kauffman, Ph.D. Forward: Rafting Manual page /0.2 Copyrighted © Robert B. Kauffman, 2018 Rafting Course Manual (Instructor’s Materials) Table of Contents Forward Table of Contents Chapter 1.0: Getting Started (ACA Syllabus) A. ACA Rafting Syllabus – Level 4 (Paddle) B. Primer on Waivers C. ACA Waiver Chapter 2.0: Equipment and Repairs A. Types of Rafts 1. Paddle Raft 2. Oar Rig 3. Cataraft 4. Motorize Rafts B. Anatomy of a Raft 1. Side View 2. Orientation 3. Oar Frame 4. Parts of a Raft C. Cams Straps and Knots 1. NRS ® and Cam Straps 2. Bowline 3. Directional Figure Eight Follow-through D. Proper Inflation 1. Pumping Up the Raft 2. Topping Off the Raft 3. Boyles Law E. Valves 1. Military Valves 2. Quick Release Valves F. Personal Equipment 1. Life Jackets 2. Helmet 3. River Knives 4. Carabiners G. Care of Equipment H. Summary I. References Table of Contents TOC/1 Copyright © 2018 Robert B. Kauffman I. Chapter 3: River Dynamics A. River Currents 1. River Right and River Left 2. Primary Current 3. Downsteam and Upstream “Vs” 4. Bends 5. Chutes and Waves B. River Features 1. Eddies 2. Hydraulics and Holes 3. Pillows C. River Hazards 1. Strainers 2. Undercut rocks 3. Low-head Dams 4. Old Man-made Structures 5. Drowning Trap Flows D. Summary E. References Chapter 4: Strokes and Maneuvers A. Concepts and Principles 1. Parts of a Paddle/Oar 2. The Lever 3. Blade Placement 4. Turning Circle B. Strokes – Paddle 1. Three Phases of a Stroke 2. Forward Stroke 3. Reverse/Back Stroke 4. Pry/Rudder/Reverse Half-Sweep 5. Draw Stroke C. Strokes – Oar 1. Phases of Stroke: Oar 2. Forward Stroke 3. Walking the Raft 4. Reverse Stroke 5. Right Turn 6. Left Turn D. River Maneuvers - Paddle 1. Forward and Back Ferry 2. Eddy Turns 3. Peel Out 4. Setting the Raft Around a Bend 5. Surfing Table of Contents TOC/2 Copyright © 2018 Robert B. Kauffman E. River Maneuvers – Oar 1. Back Ferry from Eddy to Eddy 2. Peal Out Using a Back Ferry 3. Eddy Turn 4. Setting the Raft Around a Bend F. Summary G. References Chapter 5: Safety A. Rescue Curve 1. Phases of the Rescue Curve 2. Available Resources and the Rescue Curve 3. 911 Syndrome B. Physiology Considerations 1. Methods of Heat Gain/Loss 2. The Sweating Process 3. Compensatory and Decompensatory 4. Seeking Homeostatus C. Hypothermia 1. Types of Hypothermia 2. Symptoms 3. Treatment in the Field 4. After-shock 5. Alcohol and Hypothermia 6. H.E.L.P/Huddle D. Hyperthermia 1. Heat Exhaustion 2. Heat Stroke E. Clothing 1. 120 Degree Rule 2. Drysuits 3. Wetsuits 4. Paddling Jacket F. Signaling 1. Universal River Signals 2. Whistles G. Summary H. References Chapter 6: Rescue Techniques A. Search Techniques for Rafters 1. Search and Rescue Phases 2. Search Techniques Summary B. Safety and Prevention – Throw Bags 1. Anatomy of a Throw Bag 2. Types of Ropes 3. Stuffing a Throw Bag Table of Contents TOC/3 Copyright © 2018 Robert B. Kauffman 4. Throwing Throw Bag C. Self-rescue – Swimming 1. Defensive Swimming 2. Aggressive Swimming 3. Back Ferrying D. Self-rescue – Rafts 1. High Siding 2. Self-reentry 3. Assisted Reentry 4. Flipping a Raft E. Rescue of Others in Your Group – Wading Rescues 1. Solo Wading with a Paddle 2. Simple Rope Tether 3. Stabilization Line F. Rescue of Others in Your Group – Raft Rescues 1. Bumping 2. Unpinning Rafts 3. Mechanical Advantage 4. Rafts as a Rescue Platform G. Potpourri 1. RETHROG 2. Rescue Priorities 3. Towing a Swimmer/Boat H. Summary I. References Chapter 7: Trip Leadership A. The Experience 1. Seeking Mastery 2. Adventure Experience Paradigm (AEP) 3. Pseudo 4 4. Roller Coaster Experience 5. Raft Trip from Hell B. Pre-trip Talk 1. Introduction 2. Experience 3. Life Jackets 4. Paddles 5. Strokes and Commands 6. Rescue/Swimming 7. To the River C. Guide Commands 1. Train your crew 2. Be directive 3. Simplify your commands 4. Be consistent 5. Call out the strokes 6. Timing Tip Table of Contents TOC/4 Copyright © 2018 Robert B. Kauffman D. Group Management 1. Lead, Sweep and Rover 2. Maintaining Visual Sight 3. Spacing (Figure 7.14) 4. Follow-the-Leader 5. Eddy Hopping 6. Leap Frogging E. Evaluating Water Confidence of Passengers 1. Ask Them 2. Jump-off Rock or Water Activity 3. Throw Bag Drill F. Seating Arrangements G. Negligence 1. Four Components 2. Common Practices 3. Risk Reduction 4. Waivers H. Summary I. References Chapter 8: IDW, Teaching and Learning Processes A. Teaching Styles 1. Informal, Semi-fixed Feature and Fixed-feature Space 2. Small Group Lecture/Presentations 3. In Raft Instruction B. Discussion (Interactive) 1. Sharing Circle 2. In-raft Instruction C. Enjoyment Curve 1. Phase 1: Introduction 2. Phase 2: Increased Enjoyment 3. Phase 3: Peaked Enjoyment 4. Phase 4a: Modify the Activity 5. Phase 4b: "Beating a Dead Horse" D. Station Approaches 1. Single and Multiple Single Station 2. Station Approach 3. Moving Station E. Types of Learning 1. Concrete Experience (The Doer) 2. Reflective Observation (The Watcher) 3. Abstract Conceptualization (The Thinker) 4. Active Experimentation (The Feeler) F. Cover the Subject 1. Sell It 2. Show It 3. Do It G. Summary H. References Table of Contents TOC/5 Copyright © 2018 Robert B. Kauffman I. Types of Learners – Learning Style Inventory (hdt-LearningStyleInventory.pdf) J. Covering the Subject – K. Teaching assignments (Note: the following topics are not included in the text) 1. Raft and Equipment a. Parts of a Raft b. Paddle design and terminology c. Life jacket types and fit d. Helmets e. Clothing and Footware suitable for immersion f. Outfitting the raft, securing equipment 2. River Dynamics a. Tongues, upstream and downstream Vs b. Negotiating a bend c. Anatomy of an eddy d. Anatomy of a hole e. Strainers f. Low head dams 3. Responsibilities of Captain a. Distribution of passengers b. Group commands c. Talk-up d. Lifts and Carries e.
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