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Le Corbusier, Negotiating Modernity: Representing Algiers 1930-42

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Le Corbusier, Negotiating Modernity: Representing Algiers 1930-42 LE CORBUSIER, NEGOTIATING MODERNITY: REPRESENTING ALGIERS 1930-42 BY F. SHERRY McKAY B.A., University of British Columbia, 1974 M.A., Unversity of British Columbia, 1979 A THESIS SUMITED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY In THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES (Department of Fine Arts) We accept this thesis as conforming to the required standard THE UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA November, 1994 © F. Sherry McKay _______________________ In presenting this thesis in partial fulfilment of the requirements for an advanced shall make it degree at the University of British Columbia, I agree that the Library for extensive freely available for reference and study. I further agree that permission copying of this thesis for scholarly purposes may be granted by the head of my department or by his or her representatives. It is understood that copying or publication of this thesis for financial gain shall not be allowed without my written permission. (Signature) Department of (it2 The University of British Columbia Vancouver, Canada Date /ff/ DE-6 (2188) TABLE OF CONTENTS Abstract ii Listofifiustrations iv Acknowledgement ix Introduction: “Everything is meaningful, nothingis meant” 1 Chapterone: ThePoetics ofPlace, thePragmaticsofPower 37 Chapter two: Defining Publics, Defining Problems: Plans Obus “A” & “B,” 193 1-1933 123 Chapter three: “Strategic Exemplars:” Plan Obus “C,,, 1934-1937 214 Chapter four: A Negotiated Truce: Plans Obus “D”, “E” and the Plan Directeur, 1938-1942 300 ifiustrations 358 Bibliography 398 II ABSTRACT The dissertation investigates the six plans devised by Le Corbusier for Algiers between 1930 and 1942, situating them within the representations given to the French presence in Algiers and their volatile political and cultural milieu. The problem was to identify these canonized, avant-garde plans as particular forms given to a specific view of colonialism. In relating them to colonialism and its cognates race, gender and nationalism, it was also necessary to distinguish their perceived difference from those more readily associated with French colonial policy and thus account for Le Corbusier’s failure to ultimately wrest the commision from the competing beaux arts designers. The task was to calculate the conditions and constraints under which the meanings given to these plans could emerge, take effect and have consequences. The plans and their amplifcation in exhibitions, journalism, paintings, sketches, literature and film are analysed as representations given to the various discourses through which both modernism and colonialism circulated. The intersection of these discourses with others on orientalism, folklore and most importantly gender and nationalism are plotted so as to position these plans wthtin the discursive map by which Algiers was known in the Metropole and in Algeria. Post-colonial histories are used to offset the archival gaps in both the personal archive of the architect and in national insititutions. The clissertatation concludes that Le Corbusier’s canonical avant-garde plans did participate in colonialism. However, that participation can be distinguished from that of the competing plans not only according to aesthetic considerations of formal vocabulary and spatial arrangement but also according to the representation which they each presented of the nation--the interrelationship of aesthetic vision and political vision being essential. Significantly, Le Corbusier’s repeated reference to the women of Algiers through postcard collections and sketches, his feminization of the Algiers landscape or fascination with the 111 interiors and terraces of Moslem family dwellings and growing interest in providing them with contemporary homes can be related to the problematic position of Moslem women in the defmition given to the nation, be it a faltering French nation or a nascent Moslem Algerian one. iv List of Illustrations: Figure 1. Le Corbusier, Obus “A,” 1932. Le Corbusier, The Radiant City, 358 trans. Pamela Knight, Eleanor Levieux and Derek Coitman (London: Faber and Faber, 1967): 236. Rpt. in Manfredo Tafuri, Architecture and Utopia: Design and Capitalist Development, trans. Barbara Luigia La Perfta ( Cam bridge MA: The MIT Press, 1988) 130. Figure 2. Rue de la Charte. (Quartier de la Marine, Algiers) 3. C. [Jean 359 Cotereau] “L’agonie d’un quartier,” Chantiers nord-africains (May 1932): 386. Figure 3. Exposition de la Cite Moderne. (Algiers). Algeria (May 1936): 31. 359 Figure 4. (Left) Comparison of Plan Obus “A” with Woman in Postcard rpt. 360 in Stanilaus von Moos, “Le Corbusier as Painter,” Oppositions trans. Jane 0, Newman and John H. Smith. 19/20 (Winter/Spring 1980): 106. (Right) Le Corbusier, winged muse. Le Corbusier, Poésie sur Alger (Paris: Falaize, 1950): cover. Figure 5. A comparison of representations of Western and Algerian women in 361 Algiera. (Top, left) la dernier invention des “beach girls, La Dépêche Algérienne 12 June 1934: 4 and (Top, right) Entrée d’une clinique indigene a Alger. France Outre-Mer 14 Sep. 1938: 4. (Bottom, left) L’arrivée des Reines de beauté d’Europe a Alger. L’Echo d’Alger 14 Feb. 1931: 1 and (Bottom, right) Un beau type defemme noire de la Guinée. France Outre-Mer 1 Sep. 1939: 1. Figure 6. (Left) Plan by Prost & Rotival 1932. Rpt. in Le Corbusier, “Plan 362 d’Aménagement de la Ville d’Alger 1931-32,” L’Architecture Vivante (Au tumn/Winter) 1932: 9. (Right) Rpt. with caption Le quartier de la Marine tel qu’ ii sera... après transformation in “La Demolition du quartier de la Ma rine,” La Dépêche algérienne 14 Mar. 1934: 4. Figure 7. Le Corbusier, Obus “B.” Le Corbusier, The Radiant City 250. 362 Figure 8. Le Corbusier, Obus “C.” Le Corbusier, The Radiant City 259. 363 Figure 9. Le Corbusier, Obus “D.” Le Corbusier and P. Jeanneret, Oeuvre 363 complete 1934-1938 2. ed., trans. A.J. Dakin (Zurich: Editions Dr. H. Girsberger, 1945) 103. Figure 10. Le Corbusier, Obus “E.” Le Corbusier, Oeuvre complete 1938- 364 1946 (Erlenbach-Zurich: Les Editions d’Architecture SA, 1946) 50. V Figure 11. Plan Directeur. Le Corbusier, Oeuvre complete 1938-1946 45. 364 Figure 12. La Casbah vue par un officier de marinefrancats en 1830. J. J. 365 Deluz, L’Urbanisme et l’Architecture d’Alger: Aperçu critique (Algiers: Office des Publications Universitaires, 1988) 10. Figure 13. Le Corbusier’s sketch of the Casbah and seafront, Le Corbusier 365 Sketchbooks 1918-1948 vol. 1 (New York: Architectural History Foundation and Cambridge MA: The MIT Press, 1981) 694. 366 Figure 14. Postcard, scenes et types, weaving. Archives Fondation Le Corbusier, Paris. Figure 15. Postcard,femmes. AFLC. 366 Figure 16. Postcard, Alger—Intérieur mauresque. AFLC. 367 Figure 17. Postcard, Alger—Dans la Casbah. AFLC. 367 Figure 18. Postcard, Alger—Une Rue de la yule arabe. AFLC. 368 Figure 19. Postcard, Alger—Galerie de la Grande Poste. AFLC. 368 Figure 20. Postcard, Femme Mauresque. AFLC. 368 Figure 21. Postcard, Scenes et Types—Preparations du coucous. AFLC. 369 Figure 22. Postcards used in architecture and urban theory. Le Corbusier, 370 The Radiant City. 230. Figure 23. Le Corbusier sketches Rpt. in Von Moos, “Le Corbusier as 371 Painter” 91. Figure 24. Sketches with annotations recording Le Corbusier’s impressions of 372 North African architecture. Le Corbusier, The Radiant City 232. Figure 25. Map of Algiers c. 1940. Murravs Handbook for Travellers to 373 Algeria and Tunis. London: Edward Stanford, 1895. Figure 26.a. (Top) North African croisières. Michelle Salinas, Voyages et 374 Vovageurs en Alg&ie 1830-1930 (Toulouse: Editions Privat, 1989) 417. 26. b. (Bottom) Official Transahara Railway and automobile routes. Algeria (Apr. 1936): 11. vii Figure 40. Poster for the Cite Moderne Exhibition, Algiers, 1936. AIeria 384 (May 1936): cover. Figure 41. Le Corbusier, Obus “C,” 1934. Le Corbusier, The Radiant City 385 258. Figure 42. Régiefonciere d’Alger—Plan d’aménagement de l’Ancien 386 Quartier de la Marine, by Prost and Socard c. 1936. and les grandes voies du nouveau Quartier de la Marine. Alazard, “L’Urbanisme et l’Architecture d’Alger, de 1918 a 1936” Architecture (Jan. 1937): 30, 31. Figure 43. Transformation par les Services Techniques de la Regie Foncière 387 du Quartier de l’Ancienne Prefecture, including Alignements réservés, Emplacemant d’édicies a determiner. René Lespès and Paul Messerschmitt, “La Vile, le Port, le Tourisme,” Chantiers nord-africains (April 1936): 185. Figure 44. Comparison of la yule européenne and la yule arabe. Le 387 Corbusier, The Radiant City. 230. Figure 45. Le Corbusier plan types for Algiers redents. Le Corbusier, Ij 388 Radiant City 247. Figure 46. a. Traditional housing, Leon Claro, plan of Maison indigène, 1930. 389 “La Maison Indligène du centenaire,” Chantiers nord-africains (Jan. 1931): 42; and 46.b. Modern housing built according to Moslem cultural concerns Maison privé a Beni-Isguen, Ghardaia, c. 1980. Architect, A. Ravereau with P. Lauwers and P. Pedrotti. Manuelle Roche, “Construire au M’zab,” Arts et Techniques 329 (1980): 78. Figure 47. Le Corbusier, redent with Moslem decoration. Le Corbusier, 390 Radiant City 247. Figure 48. Le Corbusier, drawings of Fort de l’Empereur. Le Corbusier, Ih 390 Radiant City 243. Figure 49. Emery and Breuillot, villa a Kouba, près d’Alger. Alazard, 391 “L’Architecture et l’Urbanisme a Alger de 1918 a 1936,” Architecture (15 Jan. 1937): 23. Figure 50. Le Corbusier. Vue perspective du quartier de la Marine a Alger. 391 1938-1942. Façade designed using the golden section. Le Corbusier, Oeuvre-complète 1938-1946 (Zurich: Les Editions d’Architecture Erlenbach-Zurich, 1946): 48. Figure 51. Business center skyscraper with mosques indicated in distance. 392 Le Corbusier, Oeuvre-comnlète 1938-1946 47. vi Figure 27. Ecole d’une clinique indigène a Alger. R.L. “La Sante publique en 375 Alger,” France-outre-mer 14 Sep. 1938: 4. Figure 28. Algeria Pavilion at the 1937 Exposition, lie de Cygnes, Paris. 375 Architect J. Guiauchain. Chantiers nord-africains (1937): 511.
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