Von Allen Guten Geistern Verlassen? Guinea Bissau: Entwicklungspolitik Und Der Zusammenbruch Afrikanischer Gesellschaften Schiefer, Ulrich

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Von Allen Guten Geistern Verlassen? Guinea Bissau: Entwicklungspolitik Und Der Zusammenbruch Afrikanischer Gesellschaften Schiefer, Ulrich www.ssoar.info Von allen guten Geistern verlassen? Guinea Bissau: Entwicklungspolitik und der Zusammenbruch afrikanischer Gesellschaften Schiefer, Ulrich Veröffentlichungsversion / Published Version Monographie / monograph Empfohlene Zitierung / Suggested Citation: Schiefer, U. (2002). Von allen guten Geistern verlassen? Guinea Bissau: Entwicklungspolitik und der Zusammenbruch afrikanischer Gesellschaften.. Hamburg: GIGA Institut für Afrika-Kunde (IAK). https://nbn-resolving.org/ urn:nbn:de:0168-ssoar-106989 Nutzungsbedingungen: Terms of use: Dieser Text wird unter einer CC BY Lizenz (Namensnennung) zur This document is made available under a CC BY Licence Verfügung gestellt. Nähere Auskünfte zu den CC-Lizenzen finden (Attribution). For more Information see: Sie hier: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/deed.de Von allen guten Geistern verlassen? Guinea Bissau: Entwicklungspolitik und der Zusammenbruch afrikanischer Gesellschaften. Ulrich Schiefer Hamburg 2002 Please quote as: Schiefer, Ulrich (2002) Von allen guten Geistern verlassen? Guinea Bissau: Entwicklungspolitik und der Zusammenbruch afrikanischer Gesellschaften. IAK, Hamburg, 333 p. Contact: [email protected] Von allen guten Geistern verlassen? Guinea-Bissau: Entwicklungspolitik und der Zusammenbruch afrikanischer Gesellschaften. Ulrich Schiefer 2001 Für Lydia Link In memoriam Dr. Heinrich Richarz Dr. Olavo Borges de Oliveira Baba Djassi Binta Mané Buli Djassi Flé Camara Mussa Dafé Issufi Sissé Sene Dua Danksagung All denjenigen, die mir bei dieser Arbeit geholfen haben, möchte ich recht herzlich danken. An erster Stelle gebührt Dank Christian Sigrist, ohne den die Forschungen nicht möglich gewesen wären. Dank auch dafür, daß er über zwanzig Jahre lang kri- tisch zugehört hat, auch bei schlechten Nachrichten, die unsere Erwartungen in Frage stellten. Es waren viele. Mamadu Jao hat über viele Jahre unsere Forschungen begleitet und unterstützt. Ihm sei herzlicher Dank dafür. Franz Wilhelm Heimer danke ich für die Unterstützung der Forschungsarbei- ten. Dank an all diejenigen, die mir ihr Vertrauen geschenkt haben, die mich zuhö- ren ließen, die mich als Gesprächspartner akzeptierten. Dank an meine Kollegen, die gemeinsam mit mir ein schwieriges Stück Weg zurücklegten, und die mir den Zugang zu ihren Gesellschaften öffneten. Marina Temudo danke ich für zahlreiche Hinweise aus ihren Forschungen im Süden von Guinea-Bissau sowie für äußerst aufschlußreiche Diskussionen. Dank Angelika Deigner, Ewald Dietrich, Hans Reinhard Lang, Karl-Heinz Rol- ler, Reinhold Zimmer, Sabine Bartels, Josef Stegemann für Kritik an Text und Inhalt und ihren moralischen und sonstigen Beistand. Reinald Döbel für viele Diskussionen und für zahlreiche kritische Anmerkun- gen. Klaus Kraemer Dank für ausführliche Kritik. Herrn Thiel verdanke ich gute Hinweise zum Thema. Dem Personal des Projektbüros im Institut für Soziologe der Universität Mün- ster danke ich für hervorragende Unterstützung des Forschungsprojektes. Allen meinen Projektmitarbeitern Dank für eine jahrelange, oft nicht ganz un- problematische, Zusammenarbeit. Meinen Kollegen am ISCTE danke ich für die jahrelange gute Zusammenarbeit in exzellenter lusitanischer Atmosphäre. Meiner Familie danke ich für Rückhalt und Unterstützung. Marina Dank für die Geduld beim Ertragen eines schreibenden Menschen. Die Forschungen wurden gefördert von der Stiftung Volkswagenwerk und von der Deut- schen Forschungsgemeinschaft. Pesquisa realizada parcialmente no âmbito do projecto: A Desintegração das Sociedades Agrárias em África e o seu Potencial de Reconstrução (PRAXIS/C/SOC/11110/1998) financiada pela Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia, Lisboa, Portugal. GU Die Arbeit am Verdorbenen Die Arbeit am Verdorbenen hat erhabenes Gelingen. Fördernd ist es, das große Wasser zu durchqueren. Vor dem Anfangspunkt drei Tage, nach dem Anfangspunkt drei Tage. Was durch Schuld von Menschen verdorben ist, kann durch Arbeit von Men- schen wieder gutgemacht werden. Es ist nicht unabänderliches Geschick, wie während der Stockungszeit, sondern eine Folge von Mißbrauch der menschli- chen Freiheit, was den Zustand des Verderbens herbeigeführt hat. Deshalb ist die Arbeit an der Besserung aussichtsvoll, weil sie im Einklang mit den Mög- lichkeiten der Zeit steht. Nur darf man vor Arbeit und Gefahr - symbolisiert durch das Durchqueren des großen Wassers - nicht zurückschrecken, sondern muß energisch zugreifen. Das Gelingen hat jedoch zur Vorbedingung die rechte Überlegung. Das ist aus- gedrückt in dem Zusatz >Vor dem Anfangspunkt drei Tage<. Erst muß man die Gründe kennen, die zum Verderben geführt haben, ehe man sie abstellen kann; daher die Achtung während der Zeit vor dem Anfangspunkt. Und dann muß man sorgen, daß das neue Geleise sicher einfährt, so daß ein Rückfall vermie- den wird: daher Achtung auf die Zeit nach dem Anfangspunkt. An die Stelle der Gleichgültigkeit und Trägheit, die zum Verderben geführt haben, müssen Entschlossenheit und Energie treten, damit auf das Ende ein neuer Anfang folgt. I Ging Inhaltsverzeichnis Vorwort................................................................................................ 11 1 Einführung .................................................................................15 1.1 Einstürzende Kolonialbauten .............................................................15 1.1.1 Ent-Globalisierung und Ent-Sozialisierung .............................................. 15 1.1.1 Entwicklungspolitik, Entwicklungshilfe und Zusammenbruch ................. 18 1.1.2 Entwicklungssoziologie und Zusammenbruch........................................... 19 1.2 Forschungsmethoden und Erkenntnisprozesse .................................20 1.2.1 Schriftform und Dokumentation ................................................................ 24 1.2.2 Erkenntnis als Dilemma ............................................................................. 28 1.3 Zusammenbruch von Gesellschaften ..................................................30 1.4 Die Fallstudie.........................................................................................36 2 Agrargesellschaften....................................................................41 2.1 Agrargesellschaften an der oberen Guineaküste...............................41 2.1.1 Die spirituelle Dimension der Agrargesellschaften ................................... 42 2.1.2 Die Beafada im interethnischen Verhältnis................................................ 45 Besiedlung........................................................................................................... 51 Initiationsriten..................................................................................................... 58 Gleichheitsprinzip und Akephalie....................................................................... 62 Koloniale Präsenz ............................................................................................... 62 Kriegsorganisation und Kriegführung ................................................................ 64 Ressourcennutzung und interethnische Allianzen .............................................. 68 Islamisierung....................................................................................................... 73 2.1.3 Sozialisation in Agrargesellschaften .......................................................... 79 Grundkategorien der Sozialisation...................................................................... 86 Zeit.................................................................................................................. 86 Angst............................................................................................................... 90 Gleichheit........................................................................................................ 91 Gewalt............................................................................................................. 91 Verhältnis zur Umwelt.................................................................................... 93 2.1.4 Der Konflikt als Managementmechanismus .............................................. 96 2.1.5 Vertrauen in Agrargesellschaften............................................................... 99 2.2 Agrargesellschaften in der Defensive................................................102 2.2.1 Historischer Abriß: Externe Angriffe auf die Agrargesellschaften.......... 103 Auswirkungen der kolonialen Eroberung und der kolonialen Präsenz............. 103 Die verlorenen Unabhängigkeitskriege............................................................. 103 Der antikoloniale Unabhängigkeitskrieg .......................................................... 106 Die zerstörerischen Folgen des Unabhängigkeitskriegs ................................... 107 Physische Zerstörungen................................................................................ 107 Die spirituelle Dimension des Krieges ............................................................. 112 2.2.2 Unabhängigkeit ........................................................................................ 114 Erste Aufbauphase (1974 - 1980) ..................................................................... 114 Die Agrargesellschaften nach dem Staatsstreich von 1980 .............................. 118 Strukturanpassung und Wirtschaftsliberalisierung (1987 - 1998) .................... 119 Die Landfrage ..................................................................................................
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