Wildfire Emergency Response Plan
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Human Health Risk Assessment of Wildland Fire-Fighting Chemicals: Long-Term Fire Retardants
HUMAN HEALTH RISK ASSESSMENT OF WILDLAND FIRE-FIGHTING CHEMICALS: LONG-TERM FIRE RETARDANTS Prepared for: Fire and Aviation Management U.S. Forest Service By: Headquarters: 1406 Fort Crook Drive South, Suite 101 Bellevue, NE 68005 September 2017 Health Risk Assessment: Retardants September 2017 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY HEALTH RISK ASSESSMENT OF WILDLAND FIRE-FIGHTING CHEMICALS: LONG-TERM FIRE RETARDANTS September 2017 The U.S. Forest Service uses a variety of fire-fighting chemicals to aid in the suppression of fire in wildlands. These products can be categorized as long-term retardants, foams, and water enhancers. This chemical toxicity risk assessment of the long-term retardants examined their potential impacts on fire-fighters and members of the public. Typical and maximum exposures from planned activities were considered, as well as an accidental drench of an individual in the path of an aerial drop. This risk assessment evaluates the toxicological effects associated with chemical exposure, that is, the direct effects of chemical toxicity, using methodologies established by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. A risk assessment is different from and is only one component of a comprehensive impact assessment of all types of possible effects from an action on health and the human environment, including aircraft noise, cumulative impacts, physical injury, and other direct or indirect effects. Environmental assessments or environmental impact statements pursuant to the National Environmental Policy Act consider chemical toxicity, as well as other potential effects to make management decisions. Each long-term retardant product used in wildland fire-fighting is a mixture of individual chemicals. The product is supplied as a concentrate, in either a wet (liquid) or dry (powder) form, which is then diluted with water to produce the mixture that is applied during fire-fighting operations. -
First Responder (2013)
THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS This PDF is available at http://nap.edu/22451 SHARE The Legal Definitions of First Responder (2013) DETAILS 30 pages | 8.5 x 11 | PAPERBACK ISBN 978-0-309-28369-4 | DOI 10.17226/22451 CONTRIBUTORS GET THIS BOOK Bricker, Lew R. C.; Petermann, Tanya N.; Hines, Margaret; and Sands, Jocelyn FIND RELATED TITLES SUGGESTED CITATION National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine 2013. The Legal Definitions of First Responder . Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. https://doi.org/10.17226/22451. Visit the National Academies Press at NAP.edu and login or register to get: – Access to free PDF downloads of thousands of scientific reports – 10% off the price of print titles – Email or social media notifications of new titles related to your interests – Special offers and discounts Distribution, posting, or copying of this PDF is strictly prohibited without written permission of the National Academies Press. (Request Permission) Unless otherwise indicated, all materials in this PDF are copyrighted by the National Academy of Sciences. Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. The Legal Definitions of “First Responder” November 2013 NATIONAL COOPERATIVE HIGHWAY RESEARCH PROGRAM Responsible Senior Program Officer: Stephan A. Parker Research Results Digest 385 THE LEGAL DEFINITIONS OF “FIRST RESPONDER” This digest presents the results of NCHRP Project 20-59(41), “Legal Definition of ‘First Responder’.” The research was conducted by Lew R. C. Bricker, Esquire, and Tanya N. Petermann, Esquire, of Smith Amundsen, Chicago, IL; Margaret Hines, Esquire; and Jocelyn Sands, J. D. James B. McDaniel was the Principal Investigator. INTRODUCTION Congress and in some congressional bills that were not enacted into law. -
Wildland Fire Incident Management Field Guide
A publication of the National Wildfire Coordinating Group Wildland Fire Incident Management Field Guide PMS 210 April 2013 Wildland Fire Incident Management Field Guide April 2013 PMS 210 Sponsored for NWCG publication by the NWCG Operations and Workforce Development Committee. Comments regarding the content of this product should be directed to the Operations and Workforce Development Committee, contact and other information about this committee is located on the NWCG Web site at http://www.nwcg.gov. Questions and comments may also be emailed to [email protected]. This product is available electronically from the NWCG Web site at http://www.nwcg.gov. Previous editions: this product replaces PMS 410-1, Fireline Handbook, NWCG Handbook 3, March 2004. The National Wildfire Coordinating Group (NWCG) has approved the contents of this product for the guidance of its member agencies and is not responsible for the interpretation or use of this information by anyone else. NWCG’s intent is to specifically identify all copyrighted content used in NWCG products. All other NWCG information is in the public domain. Use of public domain information, including copying, is permitted. Use of NWCG information within another document is permitted, if NWCG information is accurately credited to the NWCG. The NWCG logo may not be used except on NWCG-authorized information. “National Wildfire Coordinating Group,” “NWCG,” and the NWCG logo are trademarks of the National Wildfire Coordinating Group. The use of trade, firm, or corporation names or trademarks in this product is for the information and convenience of the reader and does not constitute an endorsement by the National Wildfire Coordinating Group or its member agencies of any product or service to the exclusion of others that may be suitable. -
Firefighter Wood Product and Building Systems Awareness: a Resource Guide
FIREFIGHTER WOOD PRODUCT AND BUILDING SYSTEMS AWARENESS: A RESOURCE GUIDE Lia Bishop, Martha Dow, Len Garis and Paul Maxim March 2015 CENTRE FOR SOCIAL RESEARCH Contents INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................................. 2 FIREFIGHTING AWARENESS AND RESPONSE RESOURCES: AN INTRODUCTION ...................................... 2 BUILDING CONSTRUCTION AWARENESS ............................................................................................................. 2 General .................................................................................................................................................. 2 CONSTRUCTION SITE AWARENESS ..................................................................................................................... 4 WOOD BUILDINGS AND FIRE SAFETY ............................................................................................ 4 FIRE PROTECTION AND STATISTICS, BUILDING AND FIRE CODES, STRUCTURAL DESIGN .............................................. 4 Fire Protection and Statistics ................................................................................................................. 4 ELEMENTS OF FIRE SAFETY IN WOOD BUILDING CONSTRUCTION ........................................................................... 8 General Fire Performance: Charring, Flame Spread and Fire Resistance .............................................. 8 Lightweight Wood-frame Construction – Including -
2021 Group a Proposed Changes to the I-Codes
IWUIC 2021 GROUP A PROPOSED CHANGES TO THE I-CODES April 11 – May 5, 2021 Virtual Committee Action Hearings First Printing Publication Date: March 2021 Copyright © 2021 By International Code Council, Inc. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. This 2021-2022 Code Development Cycle, Group A (2021 Proposed Changes to the 2021 International Codes is a copyrighted work owned by the International Code Council, Inc. Without advanced written permission from the copyright owner, no part of this book may be reproduced, distributed, or transmitted in any form or by any means, including, without limitations, electronic, optical or mechanical means (by way of example and not limitation, photocopying, or recording by or in an information storage retrieval system). For information on permission to copy material exceeding fair use, please contact: Publications, 4051 West Flossmoor Road, Country Club Hills, IL 60478 (Phone 1-888-422-7233). Trademarks: “International Code Council,” the “International Code Council” logo are trademarks of the International Code Council, Inc. PRINTED IN THE U.S.A. 2021 GROUP A – PROPOSED CHANGES TO THE INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE FIRE CODE COMMITTEE Marc Sampson, Chair Douglas Nelson Rep: Fire Marshals Association of Colorado Rep: National Association of State Fire Marshals Assistant Fire Marshal North Dakota State Fire Marshal Longmont Fire Department ND State Fire Marshal’s Office Longmont, CO Bismarck, ND Sarah A. Rice, CBO, Vice Chair Raymond C. O’Brocki III Project Manager/Partner Manager, Fire Service Relations The Preview Group Inc. American -
Fire Retardants and Health
Asbers Fire retardants and health Publication 1721 December 2018 Fact sheet What are fire retardants? Fire retardants are chemicals that slow the spread or intensity of a fire. They help firefighters on the ground and are sometimes dropped from aircraft. Short-term fire retardants are detergent chemicals mixed into foam. Long-term fire retardants are chemicals that are mixed with water to form a slurry. Fire retardants have been used in Victoria for the last thirty years. How do fire retardants work? Long-term fire retardants are mixed with water Further information before they are dispersed over the target area. When the water is completely evaporated, the remaining Contact EPA on chemical residue retards vegetation or other 1300 372 842 materials from igniting, until it is removed by rain or (1300 EPA VIC) erosion. Fire retardants also work by binding to the or epa.vic.gov.au plant material (cellulose) and preventing combustion. Gels and foams are used to fight fires by preventing • Incident information and updates: the water they are mixed with from evaporating emergency.vic.gov.au easily. They coat the fuel (grass, trees and shrubs) and prevent or slow down combustion. A slurry of gel • For information about fire retardants and can be pumped over the fire and it immediately cools health, contact Environmental Health, down the intense heat and helps put out the fire. Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS) on 1300 761 874. What are fire retardants made of? Long-term fire retardants are essentially fertilisers • For information about the use of fire (ammonium and diammonium sulphate and retardants, contact your local ammonium phosphate) with thickeners (guar gum) Department of Environment, Land, and corrosion inhibitors (for aircraft safety). -
2. Making Fires Burn Or Go out 1: Introduction to the Fire Triangle
2. Making Fires Burn or Go Out 1: Introduction to the Fire Triangle Lesson Overview: In this activity, students describe and organize what they already know Subjects: Science, Mathematics, Writing, about fire so it fits into the conceptual model of Speaking and Listening, Health and the Fire Triangle. They examine the geometric Safety stability of a triangle and how that property Duration: one half-hour session applies to fire. Group size: Whole class. Students work in groups of 2-3. Lesson Goal: Increase students’ understanding of Setting: Indoors how fires burn and why they go out. Vocabulary: Fire Triangle, fuel, heat, ignition, oxygen, model Objectives: • Students can construct a triangle out of toothpicks and gumdrops, and can label its legs with the three components of the Fire Triangle. • Students can demonstrate that removing one side of the triangle makes it collapse. • Students can identify the component(s) of the Fire Triangle that are removed in various scenarios, and explain how this makes the fire go out. Standards: 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th CCSS Writing 2, 7, 8 2, 7, 8 2, 7, 10 2,7, 9, 10 2,7, 9, 10 Speaking/Listening 1, 2, 4, 6 1, 2, 4, 6 1, 2, 4, 6 1, 2, 4, 6 1, 2, 4, 6 1, 2, 3, 4, Language 1, 2, 4, 6 1, 2, 4, 6 6 1, 2, 3, 4, 6 1, 2, 3, 4, 6 MP.4, MP.4, MP.4, MP.4, Math MP.5 MP.5, MP.5 MP.5 MP.4, MP.5 Matter and Its PS1.A, NGSS Interactions PS1.B PS1.B From Molecules to Organisms: Structure/Processes LS1.C Engineering Design ETS1.B ETS1.B EEEGL Strand 1 A, B, C, E, F, G A, B, C, E, F, G Teacher Background: This activity explores the chemistry of combustion as described by a conceptual model called the Fire Triangle. -
2502.003 Grass and Wildland Fires Standard Operating Guide
Dexter Area Fire Department Policy Number/Title: 2502.003 Grass and Wildland Fires Standard Operating Guide Effective Date: 16 June 2016 Scope/Applicability: This policy applies to all personnel employed by the Dexter Area Fire Department. It is the responsibility of all members to become familiar with the guidance provided in this document. Enforcement/Deviation: This policy will be enforced as necessary by the Fire Department Chain of Command In Accordance With (IAW) Department of Labor Regulations and Bargaining Unit Agreements. Deviations are authorized from this guideline based on the situation, education, skills and experience of the decision maker. However, deviations’ may need to be justified to the Fire Chief. If a modification to this guidance is necessary it will be reviewed at the Fire Chief level. Reference: MIOSHA Part 74, NFPA 1500 Purpose: To provide a standardized approach to service calls concerning Grass/Wildland fires. A. General: 1. Initial Response: Initial response shall be a Utility/Jeep and a Tanker. The closest station crew shall respond with a Utility/Jeep equipped for grass or brush fires, the second closest crew shall respond with a tanker. 2. Personal Protective Equipment: Full PPE or fire retardant jumpsuit with leather boots. 3. Incident Priorities: Fire Fighter Safety, Public Safety, Scene Stabilization, Fire Attack B. Procedures: 1. Small Fires: a. Response to grass fires shall be in emergency mode until the first arriving unit provides a size-up that indicates no immediate threats. b. Successful control of major fires, both wild-land and conflagration, depends on the selection of correct tactics and strategies and affective command and control. -
Talking Points
DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH & HUMAN SERVICES Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services 7500 Security Boulevard, Mail Stop S2-12-25 Baltimore, Maryland 21244-1850 Center for Medicaid and State Operations/Survey and Certification Group Ref: S&C-07-19 DATE: April 26, 2007 TO: State Survey Agency Directors FROM: Director Survey and Certification Group SUBJECT: Provision of Emergency Services - Important Requirements for Hospitals Memorandum Summary • All hospitals are required to appraise medical emergencies, provide initial treatment and referral when appropriate, regardless of whether the hospital has an emergency department. • A hospital is not in compliance with the Medicare Conditions of Participation (CoPs) if it relies on 9-1-1 services as a substitute for the hospital’s own ability to provide services otherwise required in the CoPs. This means, among other things, that a hospital may not rely on 9-1-1 services to provide appraisal or initial treatment of individuals in lieu of its own capability to do so. In this memorandum we affirm and explain current regulatory requirements pertaining to a hospital’s ability to meet the emergency needs of individuals. Any hospital participating in Medicare, regardless of the type of hospital and regardless of whether the hospital has an emergency department must have the capability to provide basic emergency care interventions. Requirements Applicable to All Hospitals (except Critical Access Hospitals) The following Medicare hospital Conditions of Participation (CoP) apply to all participating hospitals (except Critical Access Hospitals) and provide a foundation for safe care for all persons, including those with emergency care needs. Critical Access Hospitals (CAHs) are governed by regulations separate from those governing hospitals, and may be found at 42 CFR 485.618. -
Accident Knowledge and Emergency Management
Ris0-R-945(EN) DK9700056 Accident Knowledge and Emergency Management Birgitte Rasmussen, Carsten D. Gr0nberg Ris0 National Laboratory, Roskilde, Denmark March 1997 VOL 2 p III 1 2 Accident Knowledge and Emergency Management Birgitte Rasmussen, Carsten D. Gr0nberg Ris0 National Laboratory, Roskilde, Denmark March 1997 Abstract. The report contains an overall frame for transformation of knowledge and experience from risk analysis to emergency education. An accident model has been developed to describe the emergency situation. A key concept of this model is uncontrolled flow of energy (UFOE), essential ele- ments are the state, location and movement of the energy (and mass). A UFOE can be considered as the driving force of an accident, e.g., an explosion, a fire, a release of heavy gases. As long as the energy is confined, i.e. the location and movement of the energy are under control, the situation is safe, but loss of con- finement will create a hazardous situation that may develop into an accident. A domain model has been developed for representing accident and emergency scenarios occurring in society. The domain model uses three main categories: status, context and objectives. A domain is a group of activities with allied goals and elements and ten specific domains have been investigated: process plant, storage, nuclear power plant, energy distribution, marine transport of goods, marine transport of people, aviation, transport by road, transport by rail and natural disasters. Totally 25 accident cases were consulted and information was extracted for filling into the schematic representations with two to four cases pr. specific domain. The work described in this report is financially supported by EUREKA MEM- brain (Major Emergency Management) project running 1993-1998. -
City of Richmond Wildfire Preparedness and Evacuation Guide
WILDFIRE PREPAREDNESS & EVACUATION GUIDE TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction 3 Harden Your Home 16 Notifications 4 Frequently Asked Questions 17 Warning Terms 5 Ember Awareness Checklist 18-19 Purpose of Guidelines 6-7 Fire-Resistant Landscaping 20-21 Definitions/ VHFHSZ Map 8-9 Landscaping Tips for Defense 22-23 Vegetation Mgmt. Zone 1 10 Red Flag Warning Safety Tips 24-25 Vegetation Mgmt. Zone 2 11 Monitor Weather Conditions 26 Ladder Fuels 12 Pre-Evacuation Preparation 27 Five & Five or More Acres 13 Evacuation Preparedness Tips 28-30 Plant Spacing Guidelines 14-15 Emergency Supplies Checklist 31 DEFENSIBLE SPACE WORKS If you live in a Very High Fire Hazard Severity Zone, or next to a dense vegetation area, you should provide the necessary defensible space to protect your home. Defensible space also provides Richmond firefighters with the space they need to defend your home. Create a buffer zone by removing weeds, brush, and other vegetation. This will help keep the fire away from your home and reduce the risk of ignition from flying embers. The guidelines outlined in this document provide valuable guidance on property enhancements. BE EMBER AWARE A home within 10 miles of a wildfire will most likely be effected by wind driven embers which can be a risk to your property. You must prepare yourself and your home well before a fire occurs. Ember fires can destroy homes far from the actual front of the fire. Prepare your home to be ember safe. Review the Ember Awareness checklist to ensure you are ready! CONSIDER THIS Unmanaged vegetation between and around homes increases the risk of wildland fire spreading throughout the community, and endangering lives and property. -
California Emergency Services
CALIFORNIA EMERGENCY SERVICES ACT CALIFORNIA DISASTER ASSISTANCE ACT EMERGENCY COMPACTS • INTERSTATE CIVIL DEFENSE AND DISASTER COMPACT (1951) • EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT ASSISTANCE COMPACT (2005) CALIFORNIA DISASTER AND CIVIL DEFENSE MASTER MUTUAL AID AGREEMENT Edmund G. Brown, Jr. Governor 2015 Edition Publishing Information This document was produced by: California Governor’s Office of Emergency Services 3650 Schriever Avenue Mather, CA 95655 Phone: (916) 845-8510 The statutes contained in this publication may also be searched at: www.caloes.ca.gov (Laws and Regulations) or www.leginfo.ca.gov The State of California makes no warranty, express or implied, and assumes no liability for omissions or errors contained within this publication. Table of Contents California Emergency Services Act..................................... 1 Article 1 – Purpose....................................................................1 § 8550. Findings and Declaration ................................................ 1 § 8551. Short title ........................................................................ 2 Article 2 – General Definitions ...................................................2 § 8555. Definitions governing construction ................................ 2 § 8556. “Governor” defined ........................................................ 2 § 8557. Definitions....................................................................... 2 § 8558. Conditions or degrees of emergency; “state of war emergency”, “state of emergency”, and “local emergency” defined........................................................................................