Into the Divine

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Into the Divine Mugham Trio (2006) by Sanan Samadov Into the Divine e Music of Layla and Majnun by Aida Huseynova Indiana University Jacobs School of Music t the age of 23, the composer Uzeyir Nearly a century after the Baku premiere, Hajibeyli (1885–1948) put Azerbai - Hajibeyli’s opera found a new life half a world Ajan—and himself—on the map of away thanks to the Silk Road Ensemble under music history with his Leyli and Majnun. This the artistic direction of Yo-Yo Ma. In 2007, the opera was the first piece of composed music group created a chamber arrangement of created in Azerbaijan, premiering in 1908 in Hajibeyli’s work that was entitled Layla and Baku (then part of the Russian Empire, now Majnun, following the pronunciation of the the capital of the Republic of Azerbaijan). heroine’s name in Arabic culture, in which this Azerbaijanis have revered their first national ancient legend had originated. From 2007 to composer and his work ever since. For 2009, the arrangement was a highlight of the decades, every season at the Azerbaijan State ensemble’s repertoire, delighting large audi- Opera and Ballet Theater has opened with ences around the world. Leyli and Majnun. Each Azerbaijani singer ap- The rich multicultural potential of Hajibeyli’s preciates the honor and responsibility of par- opera perfectly resonates with Silkroad, the cul- ticipating in these productions, and audiences tural organization Yo-Yo Ma founded to house throughout the country enjoy broadcasts of the Silk Road Ensemble. Silkroad envisions the performances. music as a global phenomenon, with musical PLAYBILL PROGRAM NOTES forms, genres, and styles serving as bridges Throughout its long history, the mugham across time and between cultures. Azerbaijani genre has attracted many outstanding perfor- opera offers many possibilities for such musi- mers in Azerbaijan. Among them is Alim cal and cultural synthesis. In Leyli and Majnun, Qasimov, who occupies a unique and honorable Hajibeyli combined Western opera with two place in Azerbaijan’s national music history. artistic treasures of Central Asia and the Middle Qasimov is revered as a National Treasure of East: the story of Layla and Majnun and the Azerbaijan, and he also has enjoyed substantial genre of mugham. acclaim abroad. In 1999, Qasimov won the The ill-fated lovers Layla and Majnun are International IMC-UNESCO Music Prize— often compared to Romeo and Juliet, although a highly respected award that previously their story in oral tradition predates Shakes - had been bestowed on Dmitri Shostakovich, peare's play by more than a thousand years. Leonard Bernstein, Olivier Messiaen, Daniel Layla and Majnun have been celebrated in Baren boim, Munir Bashir, and Ravi Shankar, tales by Turks, Arabs, Persians, Indians, among others. Qasimov possesses an in-depth Pakistanis, and Afghans. Known in many po- knowledge of mugham. At the same time, he is etic renditions, their story also has inspired renowned for his innovative approach to tradi- works of visual art, literature, cinema, and tion and his openness to experimentation. This music. It is not accidental that Hajibeyli chose is why it is no surprise that Qasimov initiated the poetic setting of the Azerbaijani poet and the idea of a new embodiment of Hajibeyli’s old philosopher Muhammad Fuzuli (1483–1556). “mugham opera.” Written in the Azerbaijani language, Fuzuli’s Qasimov shared his vision with members of work is one of the most famous versions of this the Silk Road Ensemble and received a positive ancient legend. response. He was intimately familiar with Musical interpretations of the legend of Layla Hajibeyli’s Leyli and Majnun, as he had been in- and Majnun appear in diverse genres and na- volved in its productions in the Azerbaijan State tional traditions, attesting to the tale’s enduring Opera and Ballet Theater in the 1980s. For his popularity. Hajibeyli’s opera—the first piece of Silkroad work, Qasimov selected the portions composed music to set this ancient story—was of Hajibeyli’s score that focus on Majnun’s solo based on mugham, the quintessential genre of and duet scenes with Layla, the heroine, whose traditional Azerbaijani music. Mugham is a role was performed by Fargana Qasimova, branch of the large maqam tradition cultivated Qasimov’s daughter and student, now a highly in the Middle East and Central Asia. An im- reputed mugham singer on her own. Qasimov provised modal music, mugham historically has also included choral and ensemble episodes, been performed by a mugham trio that consists along with instrumental interludes. Based on of a singer playing gaval (frame drum) and two these selections, Silk Road Ensemble members instrumentalists playing tar (lute) and ka- Johnny Gandelsman and Colin Jacobsen, both mancheh (spike fiddle). Mugham remains a pre- violinists, created a score. cious part of the traditional music heritage of In the interpretation of the Silk Road Azerbaijan. Since the early 20th century, mug - Ensemble, the story of Layla and Majnun is pre- ham also has become the main source of sented in a condensed version: the three-and- creative inspiration and experimentation for a-half-hour-long opera is compressed into an Azer baijani composers. In 1977, Azerbaijani hour-long chamber piece. Hajibeyli’s five acts mugham was one of the 27 musical selections are rearranged into six parts. These changes put in Voyagers I and II. Sent beyond our solar have resulted in a reordering and even an omis- system, these American spacecraft carried this sion of many operatic episodes. Ultimately, the music as a testament to the emotional life of Silk Road Ensemble’s alterations highlight the human beings. In 2003, UNESCO recognized story’s time-honored messages. The legend of Azerbaijani mugham as a Masterpiece of the Layla and Majnun has a strong Sufi component, Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity. with the love between a man and a woman PROGRAM NOTES being seen as a reflection of love for God. The Layla and Majnun is a constantly changing death resulting from separation from one’s be- and developing project. Every performance is loved is a supreme fulfillment, as it takes the in- unique, and it is impossible to take a snapshot dividual into the divine. In Hajibeyli’s opera, of this work. Yo-Yo Ma called this a “part of the this idea was conveyed through the chorus thrill” and described the project as “perhaps the “Night of Separation,” which opens and conc- finest example of group intelligence at work” ludes the work. These episodes can be compa- (New York Times, March1, 2009). A reviewer of red to the Chorus in Greek tragedies, which a performance by the Silk Road Ensemble comments on events before they occur in the noted, “Layla and Majnun was the apex of the program. Classical music making rarely achieves this combination of spontaneity and superb craftsmanship” (Washington Post, March 14, 2009). Indeed, this composition is a result of collective effort and is imbued with the spirit of improvisation. Hajibeyli was aware of the large cultural span of his project, in terms of its musical and literary contents. However, Hajibeyli li- mited the cultural, aesthetic, and styli- stic scope of the opera to the context of his native culture. In so doing, he ref- lected the social and cultural expecta- tions of early 20th-century Azerbaijan as well as his own professional experi- ence (or rather, its absence, as Leyli and Majnun was Hajibeyli’s first work). The Silk Road Ensemble has expanded the First poster for Uzeyir Hajibeyli’s Leyli and Majnun cultural reach of Azerbaijani opera deep into the Middle East and Central Asia. No less importantly, they have in- narrative. Reconstituting the Chorus as a cello creased the Western elements in Hajibeyli’s solo, both at the beginning and at the end of the score, creating a work of global East-West signi- piece, is one of the new arrangement’s most in- ficance. The new musical arrangement of Layla sightful interpretations: the lonely melody of and Majnun is a respectful and highly artistic the cello sounds as the voice of eternity. transformation of Haji beyli’s “mugham” opera, The new arrangement of Hajibeyli’s opera now shaped by creative energies coming from has created a different balance between Western diverse cultural, stylistic, and temporal sources. and Eastern traits. In Hajibeyli’s opera, these two components mostly are kept separate: the Aida Huseynova has a PhD in musicology and symphony orchestra plays all episodes of com- teaches at the Indiana University Jacobs School posed music and remains silent during the of Music. Her publications include Music of mughams. Only the tar and kamancheh accom- Azer baijan: From Mugham to Opera (Indiana pany singers during mugham episodes. In the University Press, 2016). Huseynova also serves as new version, however, the role of the en- a research advisor for the Silk Road Project under semble—with tar and kamancheh included—is the artistic direction of Yo-Yo Ma. Her numerous crucial throughout the entire piece, and both awards include an Andrew W. Mellon Founda - the improvised and written parts of the com- tion grant (2016) and a Fulbright scholarship position are firmly integrated. (2007-08). PLAYBILL.
Recommended publications
  • Armenian Crimes
    ARMENIAN CRIMES KHOJALY GENOCIDE Over the night of 25-26 February 1992, following massive artillery bombardment, the Armenian armed forces and paramilitary units, with the support of the former USSR’s 366th Motorized Infantry Regiment attacked an Azerbaijani town of Khojaly. Around 2,500 remaining inhabitants attempted to flee the town in order to reach Aghdam, the nearest city under Azerbaijani control. However, their hope was in vain. The Armenian forces and paramilitary units ambushed and slaughtered the fleeing civilians near the villages of Nakhchivanly and Pirjamal. Other civilians, including women and children were either captured by the Armenian soldiers or froze to death in the snowy forest. Only a few were able to reach Aghdam. 1 During the assault both former presidents of Armenia, Serzh Sargsyan and Robert Kocharian, as well as other high-ranking officials (Zori Balayan, Vitaly Balasanyan and etc) of Armenia, participated personally in the Khojaly Genocide. Speaking to foreign journalists, Armenia’s leaders have admitted their participation and shown no remorse. 2 THE VICTIMS OF THE KHOJALY GENOCIDE • 613 people killed, including 63 children; 106 women; 70 elderly; • 8 families completely annihilated; • 25 children lost both parents; • 130 children lost one parent; • 487 wounded; • 1275 taken hostage; • 150 still missing. 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 KHOJALY GENOCIDE IN INTERNATIONAL MEDIA The Khojaly tragedy was widely covered in the international media despite the information blockade and the large-scale Armenian propaganda effort. The world community could not close eyes to the gravity of this crime against humanity and cruelty of perpetrators. 12 13 14 15 16 17 THE JUSTICE FOR KHOJALY CAMPAIGN The Justice for Khojaly International Awareness Campaign was initiated in 2008 by Leyla Aliyeva, the Vice President of the Heydar Aliyev Foundation.
    [Show full text]
  • History of Azerbaijan (Textbook)
    DILGAM ISMAILOV HISTORY OF AZERBAIJAN (TEXTBOOK) Azerbaijan Architecture and Construction University Methodological Council of the meeting dated July 7, 2017, was published at the direction of № 6 BAKU - 2017 Dilgam Yunis Ismailov. History of Azerbaijan, AzMİU NPM, Baku, 2017, p.p.352 Referents: Anar Jamal Iskenderov Konul Ramiq Aliyeva All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form by any means. Electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the copyright owner. In Azerbaijan University of Architecture and Construction, the book “History of Azerbaijan” is written on the basis of a syllabus covering all topics of the subject. Author paid special attention to the current events when analyzing the different periods of Azerbaijan. This book can be used by other high schools that also teach “History of Azerbaijan” in English to bachelor students, master students, teachers, as well as to the independent learners of our country’s history. 2 © Dilgam Ismailov, 2017 TABLE OF CONTENTS Foreword…………………………………….……… 9 I Theme. Introduction to the history of Azerbaijan 10 II Theme: The Primitive Society in Azerbaijan…. 18 1.The Initial Residential Dwellings……….............… 18 2.The Stone Age in Azerbaijan……………………… 19 3.The Copper, Bronze and Iron Ages in Azerbaijan… 23 4.The Collapse of the Primitive Communal System in Azerbaijan………………………………………….... 28 III Theme: The Ancient and Early States in Azer- baijan. The Atropatena and Albanian Kingdoms.. 30 1.The First Tribal Alliances and Initial Public Institutions in Azerbaijan……………………………. 30 2.The Kingdom of Manna…………………………… 34 3.The Atropatena and Albanian Kingdoms………….
    [Show full text]
  • Coi Chronology
    COI CHRONOLOGY Country of Origin ARMENIA, AZERBAIJAN Main subject The course of the Nagorno-Karabakh armed conflict and its impact on the civilian population Date of completion 10 November 2020 Disclaimer This chronology note has been elaborated according to the EASO COI Report Methodology and EASO Writing and Referencing Guide. The information provided in this chronology has been researched, evaluated and processed with utmost care within a limited time frame. All sources used are referenced. A quality review has been performed in line with the above mentioned methodology. This document does not claim to be exhaustive neither conclusive as to the merit of any particular claim to international protection. If a certain event, person or organisation is not mentioned in the report, this does not mean that the event has not taken place or that the person or organisation does not exist. Terminology used should not be regarded as indicative of a particular legal position. The information in this chronology does not necessarily reflect the opinion of EASO and makes no political statement whatsoever. The target audience is caseworkers, COI researchers, policy makers, and asylum decision-making authorities. The chronology was finalised on 10 November 2020 and will be updated according to the development of the situation in the region. COI CHRONOLOGY Background Nagorno-Karabakh is a mountainous landlocked region within the borders of Azerbaijan1 and is mainly inhabited by ethnic Armenians.2 Recognized under international law as a part of Azerbaijan,
    [Show full text]
  • 1287Th PLENARY MEETING of the COUNCIL
    PC.JOUR/1287 Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe 29 October 2020 Permanent Council Original: ENGLISH Chairmanship: Albania 1287th PLENARY MEETING OF THE COUNCIL 1. Date: Thursday, 29 October 2020 (in the Neuer Saal and via video teleconference) Opened: 10.05 a.m. Suspended: 12.55 p.m. Resumed: 3 p.m. Closed: 5.55 p.m. 2. Chairperson: Ambassador I. Hasani Ms. E. Dobrushi Prior to taking up the agenda, the Chairperson reminded the Permanent Council of the technical modalities for the conduct of meetings of the Council during the COVID-19 pandemic. 3. Subjects discussed – Statements – Decisions/documents adopted: Agenda item 1: REPORT BY THE DIRECTOR OF THE CONFLICT PREVENTION CENTRE Chairperson, Director of the Conflict Prevention Centre (SEC.GAL/157/20 OSCE+), Russian Federation (PC.DEL/1458/20 OSCE+), Germany-European Union (with the candidate countries Albania, Montenegro and North Macedonia; the European Free Trade Association countries Iceland and Liechtenstein, members of the European Economic Area; as well as Andorra, Georgia, Moldova and San Marino, in alignment) (PC.DEL/1517/20), Armenia (Annex 1), Turkey (PC.DEL/1488/20 OSCE+), United States of America (PC.DEL/1457/20), Azerbaijan (Annex 2), Belarus (PC.DEL/1460/20 OSCE+), Switzerland (PC.DEL/1461/20 OSCE+), Georgia (PC.DEL/1467/20 OSCE+), Norway (PC.DEL/1473/20), United Kingdom, Kazakhstan PCOEW1287 - 2 - PC.JOUR/1287 29 October 2020 Agenda item 2: REVIEW OF CURRENT ISSUES Chairperson (a) Russia’s ongoing aggression against Ukraine and illegal occupation of Crimea:
    [Show full text]
  • Administrative Territorial Divisions in Different Historical Periods
    Administrative Department of the President of the Republic of Azerbaijan P R E S I D E N T I A L L I B R A R Y TERRITORIAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE UNITS C O N T E N T I. GENERAL INFORMATION ................................................................................................................. 3 II. BAKU ....................................................................................................................................................... 4 1. General background of Baku ............................................................................................................................ 5 2. History of the city of Baku ................................................................................................................................. 7 3. Museums ........................................................................................................................................................... 16 4. Historical Monuments ...................................................................................................................................... 20 The Maiden Tower ............................................................................................................................................ 20 The Shirvanshahs’ Palace ensemble ................................................................................................................ 22 The Sabael Castle .............................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • YOLUMUZ QARABAGADIR SON Eng.Qxd
    CONTENTS Nationwide address of President Ilham Aliyev (27.09.2020) ..................4 A meeting of the Security Council chaired by President Ilham Aliyev ....9 Interview of President Ilham Aliyev in the "60 minutes" program on "Rossiya-1" TV channel ..........................................................................15 Interview of President Ilham Aliyev to Al Jazeera TV channel ..............21 Interview of President Ilham Aliyev to Al Arabiya TV channel ................35 Nationwide address of President Ilham Aliyev (04.10.2020) ..................38 Interview of President Ilham Aliyev to TRT Haber TV channel ..............51 Interview of President Ilham Aliyev to Russian "Perviy Kanal" TV ........66 Interview of President Ilham Aliyev to CNN-Tцrk Tv channel ................74 Interview of President Ilham Aliyev to Euronews TV channel ................87 Nationwide address of President Ilham Aliyev (09.10.2020) ..................92 Interview of President Ilham Aliyev to CNN International TV channel's "The Connect World" program ................................................................99 Interview of President Ilham Aliyev to Sky News TV channel ................108 Interview of President Ilham Aliyev to Russian RBC TV channel ..........116 Interview of President Ilham Aliyev to Turkish Haber Global TV channel........................................................................129 Interview of President Ilham Aliyev to Turkish Haber Turk TV channel ..........................................................................140
    [Show full text]
  • A Generative Phonology of Azerbaijani
    A GENERATIVE PHONOLOGY OF AZERBAIJANI By HOSSEINGHOLI SALIMI A DISSERTATION PRESENTED TO THE GRADUATE COUNCIL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA 1976 To my Mother ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This study could not have reached even this stage without the help and constant encouragement of Professor Bohdan Saciuk, my advisor and chairman of the supervisory committee, to whom I owe more than my acquaintance with phonology. I am greatly indebted to all my professors at The Program in Linguistics at the University of Florida. My debt to Professors Jayne McCarthy is greatest. Gratefully do I acknowledge Professor Harder's genuine humane concern for my success, and Professors Chu and McCarthy's valuable friendship. I am also indebted to Professor Jean Casagrande, the present Director of The Program in Linguistics, for the grant of a teaching assist fnship and his arrangement for typing part of this study. To Professor Irving Wershow, the former Director of The Program in Linguistics, I am deeply indebted for the grant of partial financial aid during my study at the University of Florida. To Professors Mamedaga Shiralioglu Shiraliyev of the Institute of Philology, Azerbaijani Academy of Sciences, Omeljan Pritsak, Director of Harvard University Ukrainian Research Institute, and Harold Riker of the School of Education, University of Florida, I am greatly indebted. Pro- fessors Shiraliyev and Pritsak agreed to read and criticize this study, and Professor Riker served as a member of the supervisory committee. My sister Lamieh Sal i mi has in innumerable ways contributed to my success, also by furnishing invaluable primary sources in Azerbaijani.
    [Show full text]
  • Cultural Heritage Resulting from the Continuing Aggression of the Republic of Armenia Against the Republic of Azerbaijan
    Destruction and desecration of Azerbaijani historical and cultural heritage resulting from the continuing aggression of the Republic of Armenia against the Republic of Azerbaijan I. Essential facts 1. It is well known that at the end of 1987 Armenia overtly laid claim to the territory of the Nagorno-Karabakh region of Azerbaijan; that a number of illegal decisions were taken by both Armenia and the Armenian community of the Nagorno-Karabakh region with a view to securing the unilateral secession of this region from Azerbaijan; that shortly after the assertion of claims on the Nagorno-Karabakh region, under instructions from and with the blessing of the Armenian authorities, about 230,000 Azerbaijanis were forcibly deported from their homes in Armenia; that the process of deportation was accompanied by killings, torture, the destruction of property and pillaging throughout Armenia; that these acts were conducted on a widespread and systematic basis; and that, in all, 216 Azerbaijanis were killed in Armenia in 1987-1989, including children, women and elderly people. 2. Shortly after the Soviet Union ceased to exist at the end of 1991 and both Armenia and Azerbaijan were accorded international recognition, armed hostilities and Armenian attacks against areas within Azerbaijan intensified. Armenia unleashed the war, used force against Azerbaijan and occupied its territories, including the Nagorno-Karabakh region and seven adjacent districts, carried out ethnic cleansing of the seized areas by expelling about one million Azerbaijanis from their places of origin, committed other serious crimes during the conflict and established the ethnically constructed subordinate separatist entity on the occupied Azerbaijani territory.
    [Show full text]
  • Additions to the Decree №298
    Approved by the Decree № 2475 on 31 October 2007 Additions to the Decree №298 “State Program on the Improvement of Living Conditions of Refugees and Internally Displaced Persons and Employment Promotion” of the President of the Republic of Azerbaijan on 1 July 2004 ADDITIONS # Name of Activity Purpose of activity Duration Implementers 1. Improvement of living conditions and temporary settlement 1.1 Construction of new settlements with Improvement of living 2008-2011 State Committee on Refugee and IDP education, health and other necessary standards of 6227 Issues of Azerbaijan Republic, State socio–technical infrastructure, energy, families or 25,550 Committee on State Property Management water supply and multiple storey individuals living in of Azerbaijan Republic, State Committee buildings near the 15 Finnish style dire conditions. on Land and Cartography of Azerbaijan settlementstemporarily inhabited by Republic, State Oil Fund of Azerbaijan 6227 families or 25,550 individuals.1 Republic and relevant city and regional executive authorities 1.2 Establishment of new settlements or Improvement of living 2008-2011 State Committee on Refugee and IDP multiple storey buildings, and new conditions of 2768 Issues of Azerbaijan Republic, State individual houses for 2768 families families or 10,999 Committee on State Property Management consisting of 10,999 individuals IDPs temporarily living of Azerbaijan Republic, State Comitte on temporarily settled in school buildings in the school building Land and Cartography of Azerbaijan of different cities and regions. № 262 and freeing of Republic, State Oil Fund of Azerbaijan 2 the school buildings. Republic and relevant ctiy and region executive authorities 1 Note of UNHCR: Locations will be further defined.
    [Show full text]
  • I the Nagorno-Karabakh Conflict 1988-1994 from Communal Violence to Civil
    The Nagorno-Karabakh Conflict 1988-1994 From Communal Violence to Civil War: The Role of Democracy and Political Entrepreneurs Geysar Gurbanov A thesis submitted to the faculty at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in Russian and East European Studies in the College of Arts and Sciences. Chapel Hill 2015 Approved by: Erica J. Johnson Muhammet A. Bas Francis J. Lethem i © 2015 Geysar Gurbanov ALL RIGHTS RESERVED ii ABSTRACT Geysar Gurbanov: The Nagorno-Karabakh Conflict 1988-1994 From Communal Violence to Civil War: The Role of Democracy and Political Entrepreneurs (Under the direction of Erica J. Johnson) This paper examines underlying reasons behind communal violence and civil war and attempts to explain the role of political entrepreneurs in escalating communal violence to civil war. The author tests his theory against the conflict in Nagorno-Karabakh between Armenians and Azerbaijanis. The paper argues that communal violence transitions to civil war when and if political entrepreneurs are present in an environment absent of democracy. In this regard, the author elaborates on the role of these two variables: political entrepreneurs and the absence of democracy. iii To Janet D. Olejar, my mentor and friend, I could not have done this without your support, care, and love. Thanks for everything. I treasure you immensely. To victims of the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict and their families who perished in the civil war between Armenians and Azerbaijanis. To peace entrepreneurs across the globe who work and fight for peace and reconciliation.
    [Show full text]
  • Muhammad Fuzuli
    Azerbaijani Literature Development and project management: Ph.D of Philology, associate prof. Shamil Sadig Consulting: Vagif Bahmanli Publishing: Mushfig KHAN Translation: Konul Nasibova Editor of Azerbaijani version: Nargiz Jabbarli Editor of English version: Jahid Huseynov Coordination: Rovshan Yerfi, Jalala Aliyeva Design and graphics: Teymur Farzi Art: Vasif Saftarov These publications were printed by “KHAN” publishing house in the framework of “Introducing Our Writers to the World” project of the Ministry of Culture and Tourism of the Republic of Azerbaijan on the occasion of "European Games 2015". The reference is necessary in case of extraction and replacement in e-resources. The translated literary pieces of writers were extracted from “Modern Azerbaijani Prose” and “Azerbaijani Prose Anthology” publications. ISBN: 9 7 8 - 9 9 5 2 - 4 0 5 - 9 3 - 4 © The Ministry of Culture and Tourism of the Republic of Azerbaijan / 2015 © “KHAN” PUBLISHING HOUSE / 2015 Muhammad Fuzuli uhammad Fuzuli is an outstanding Mmedieval Azerbaijani poet and thinker. He is considered one of the greatest contributors to the genre of divan (collection of poems) in the history of Azerbaijani- Turkish literature. He was born in 1494 in Karbala, Iraq. Fuzuli was from Bayat tribe of Turkish origin, which is famous in Azerbaijan. According to some sources, Muhammad’s father Suleyman moved to Iraq from Arash mahal (administrative unit) of Azerbaijan. 3 Fuzuli got his primary education in Karbala and then continued in Baghdad. He lived in the cities of Najaf and Hulla in Iraq. He was well-versed in medieval sciences – logic, medicine, astronomy, mathematics and social sciences, religious and philosophical trends, the Arabic translations of Greek philosophy, classical Turkish Arabic, Persian and Indian literature.
    [Show full text]
  • COJEP Int. Report Azerbaidjan Armenia 2020
    New military clashes between Armenia and Azerbaijan REPORT On the civilian casualties and destructions caused by attacks of Armenia on densely populated areas of Azerbaijan between 27 September – 28 October 2020 28 October 2020 October 2020 COJEP INTERNATIONAL INTRODUCTION Background The Armenia-Azerbaijan conflict is one of the longest-standing protracted conflicts in the region, which has been going on for nearly 3 decades. As a result of this, the Nagorno-Karabakh region of Azerbaijan and 7 adjacent districts of Azerbaijan, namely Lachin, Kalbajar, Aghdam, Fuzuli, Jabrayil, Gubadli and Zangilan, were occupied by Armenia. The conflict affected the lives of over a million of Azerbaijanis who lived in the Nagorno-Karabakh region and 7 adjacent districts of Azerbaijan, causing a number of social, economic and humanitarian problems. The above-mentioned 7 districts are not a part of the Nagorno-Karabakh region. The total area of Nagorno-Karabakh region is 4400 km2, while the total area of 7 districts is almost 3 times larger (11.000 km2). More than 90% of the total number of IDPs (which is more than 1 million) represent those 7 districts. It should also be mentioned that the number of Azerbaijani people forced to leave the Nagorno-Karabakh region is now 86 thousand people. It is the attention capturing fact, that the number of IDPs only from Aghdam (191.700 people) is larger than of the Nagorno-Karabakh region (the overall number of Armenians, Azerbaijanis and other nationalities populating this territory before the conflict was 189.085 people). So, the population of 7 districts is almost 5 times more than of Nagorno- Karabakh itself.
    [Show full text]