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GENERAL KEY TO THE FAMILIES

I. SUBKINGDOM PTERIDOPHYTA,

Plants with typically distinct alternation of generations, the leafy () reproducing by non-sexual . Spores developing prothallia or flat plates of () bearing antheridia (containing male cells or sperms) and archegonia (containing a female cell or oospore). Oospore ferti- lized in the presence of water by a self-motile sperm. or none. Ours herbs. Stems not jointed or rush-like. Stems small in comparison with the , often very short, usually un- branched. Land plants, or at least essentially terrestrial; sporangia borne on the lower side or edges of the leaves; spores all of one kind and size (isosporous). 1, erect in the ; sporangia borne in spikes, the spikes simple or branched, not green. . .OPHIOGLOSSACEAE, p. 25. Leaves several to numerous, circinate in the bud, often large and characteristically much-divided; sporangia borne in clus- ters (sori) on the back or margin of green leaves POLYPODIACEAE, p. 26. Aquatic or subaquatic plants; sporangia and spores of 2 kinds. Sporangia borne in special conceptacles; stems not -like. Plants floating in water; leaves minute, entire or 2-lobed. . .. SALVINIACEAE, p. 39. Plants rooting in mud; leaves 4-foliolate or filiform MARSILEACEAE, p. 39. Sporangia borne in the leaf-axils; leaves awl-like or linear, clus- tered on a flattened or corm-like stem. .ISOETACEAE, p. 43. Stems more or less elongated, freely branching, closely clothed or imbricated with small awl-like or scale-like leaves; sporangia borne in or near the leaf axils. Spores of one kind LYCOPODIACEAE, p. 41. Spores of two kinds SELAGINELLACEAE, p. 41. Stems jointed or rush-like, hollow, the reduced leaves joined into a toothed sheath at the nodes; sporangia borne on the under side of the scales in a terminal cone-like spike; spores of 1 kind EQUISETACEAE, p. 39.

II. SUBKINGDOM SPERMATOPHYTA, PLANTS

Plants without distinct alternation of generations, the sexual phase (game- tophyte) much reduced and parasitic upon the sporophyte; egg-cell fertilized through the intervention of the -tube, the developed forming a resting body called a seed.

CLASS 1. GYMNOSPERMAE, CONE-BEARING PLANTS and seeds borne naked on the surface of a scale; and ovules in catkin-like clusters; cotyledons 2 to 17; cone-bearing or , all of ours evergreen; true flowers none; leaves needle-like, narrowly linear, awl-like or scale-like. Trees, rarely shrubs, with resin. a woody cone (soft and -like in Juniperus), containing several to many seeds; ovules in catkins. Cone-scales imbricated, with a conspicuous or minute at base on lower side; leaves needle-like or narrowly linear; seeds 2 to each scale, bearing a thin wing PINACEAE, p. 44. Cone-scales without . 21 22 KEY TO THE FAMILIES

Leaves narrowly linear and 2-ranked in flat sprays, or lanceolate or awl-like and disposed all around the branchlet; cone-scales not imbricated, ending in broad flattish summits; seeds 2 to 9 to each scale, not winged TAXODIACEAE, p. 54. Leaves minute and scale-like, thickly clothing the ultimate branch- lets; cone-scales imbricated, or with broad flattish sum- mits and not imbricated; seeds 1 to several to each scale, winged or wingless CUPRESSACEAE, p. 55. Fruit berry-like or drupe-like, one-seeded; ovules solitary; leaves narrowly linear, in flat sprays TAXACEAE, p. 59. Shrubs without resin; deserts GNETACEAE, p. 60.

CLASS 2. ANGIOSPERMAE, FLOWERING PLANTS

Ovules borne in a closed sac or , which becomes the fruit and encloses the seed; cotyledons 1 or 2; plants wirli true flowers, typically with an abbreviated stem () bearing regular whorls of parts, stamens, and pistils.

SUB-CLASS 1. MONOCOTYLEDONEAE Leaves parallel-veined (except ) ; parts of the usually in 3s, rarely in 2s, 4s or 5s; vascular bundles scattered irregularly through the pithy tissue, not in rings or annual layers; embryo with 1 cotyledon; perennial herbs commonly with rootstocks or , or annuals, or a few trees or shrubs. A. PERIANTH NONE OR CALYX-LIKE WITH SCALE-LIKE DIVISIONS; PARTS OP THE FLOWER MOSTLY UNEQUAL IN NUMBER; CARPELS 1 TO SEVERAL, DISTINCT, OR SOMETIMES UNITED BUT SEPARATING AT MATURITY. 1. Flowers not in the axils of dry chaffy bracts; ovary superior; herbs. Leafless minute aquatics, the stems represented by leaf-like floating fronds LEMNACEAE, p. 194. Leafy plants. Immersed aquatics; leaves filiform or linear, or some floating ones with broad blades; flowers inconspicuous, naked or with a very small calyx, borne on a spike or ; stamens 1 to 4; ovaries 1 to 4. . . NAIADACEAE, p. 63. Plants of marshes or rising out of water. Flowers monoecious; reed-like plants with linear leaves. a dense cylindrical spike. TYPIIACEAE, p. 61. Inflorescence a dense globose head SPARGANIACEAE, p. 62. Flowers perfect, rarely polygamous, in or spikes. Inflorescence with a spathe; calyx none; stamens 6 , p. 193. Inflorescence naked; calyx of 6 (or 3) distinct , or none; stamens 6 or 1 JUNCAGINACEAE, p. 68. 2. Flowers in the axils of dry chaffy bracts, arranged in spikes or . Stems mostly terete and hollow; leaves in 2 rows; sheaths mostly split open oppo- site the blade; bractlets 2 to each flower; fruit a grain (seed mostly adnate to the pericarp) GRAMINEAE, p. 72. Stems mostly triangular, solid; leaves in 3 rows; sheaths entire; ligule obsolete or minute; bractlet 1 to each flower; fruit an achene (seed free from the pericarp) CYPERACEAE, p. 144. B. PERIANTH ALWAYS PRESENT, ITS SEGMENTS IN 2 SERIES, RARELY IN 1, OFTEN COROLLA-LIKE; PARTS OF THE FLOWER USUALLY EQUAL IN NUMBER; CARPELS UNITED INTO ONE COMPOUND OVARY (EXCEPT ALISMACEAE). Inflorescence without a spathe. Pistil 1. Ovary superior; perianth regular; stamens 6, sometimes 3 or 4. Perianth-segments distinct, green or brown, not -like; flowers small or minute; rush-like plants.... , p. 196. KEY TO THE FAMILIES 23

Perianth-segments distinct or partly united, at least the inner petal- like; flowers mostly showy; plants not rush-like , p. 208. Ovary inferior; flowers perfect, mostly conspicuous; perennial. Perianth regular; ovary 3-celled. Stamens 6; leaves (in ours) fleshy, in a basal , p. 252. Stamens 3; leaves 2-ranked, sword-like and sheathing IRIDACEAE, p. 253. Perianth irregular; stamens 1, rarely 2; ovary 1-celled; leave9 sheathing, often reduced to scales. ..ORCHIDACEAE, p. 255. Pistils several, distinct, 1-celled, superior, becoming achenes; perianth of 3 sepals and 3 ; stamens 6 to many ALISMACEAE, p. 69. Inflorescence with a spathe; pistil 1. Herbs. Ovary inferior; 1 to 3-celled; stamens 3 to 12; aquatic plants; leaves opposite or whorled , p. 72. Ovary superior. Aquatic plants; leaves ribbon-like PONTEDERIACEAE, p. 195. Marsh or bog-perennials; leaves broad ARACEAE, p. 193. Trees; flowers on a spadix or fleshy spike PALMACEAE, p. 193.

SUB-CLASS 2. DICOTYLEDONEAE Leaves commonly netted-veined; parts of the flower mostly in 4s or 5s; vascular bundles in a ring around a central pith, the stem, when perennial, increasing in girth by annual layers; embryo with 2 cotyledons; herbs, shrubs or trees.

I. APETAXOUS DIVISION. Corolla none; calyx present, herbaceous or often petal-like, sometimes none. A. Flowers monoecious or dioecious, one or both kinds in catkins; trees or shrubs.

1. Leaves opposite. Flowers dioecious. Catkins erect; maritime BATIDACEAE, p. 340. Catkins drooping; montane shrubs GARRYACEAE, p. 731. Flowers monoecious; ovary superior, 2 or 3-celled BDXACEAE, p. 606.

2. Leaves alternate. Both kinds of flowers in catkins. Flowers 1 to each scale or bract; calyx none. Fruit a 1-celled many-seeded ; seeds with a coma; flowers dioe- cious; foliage deciduous SALICACEAE, p. 261. Fruit waxy-coated, berry-like; flowers monoecious or dioecious; foliage evergreen or deciduous MYRICACEAE, p. 279. Flowers 2 or 3 to each scale or bract; calyx present; staminate catkins long. pendulous, the pistillate small, spike-like, maturing into a woody cone containing small nutlets , p. 269. Only the staminate flowers in catkins, the pistillate flowers solitary or clustered, rarely in catkins. Leaves simple. Fruit a set in a scaly cup or bur (acorn or chestnut) FAGACEAE, p. 271. Fruit a nut enclosed in a leafy tubular involucre. .CORYLACEAE, p. 270. Leaves pinnately compound; fruit a nut with a fibrous coat , p. 279. 24 KEY TO THE FAMILIES

B. Flowers perfect or unisexual, not in catkins.

1. OVARY SUPERIOR, THAT IS, FREE PROM THE CALYX. a. Flowers hypogynous. * Calyx present; corolla none. Pistil one. Ovary 1-celled; styles or stigmas 1 or more than one. Fruit in dehiscent (circumscissile in some ). Fruit dry (an achene or utricle) ; stamens 1 to 9. Herbage with stinging hairs; flowers very small, monoecious, in a catkin-like inflorescence; sepals 4; stamens 4; herbs URTICACEAE, p. 280. Herbage without stinging hairs. Plants commonly scurfy, of alkaline or maritime habitat; sepals herbaceous, or in unisexual flowers, tha pistillate without calyx and enclosed by 2 bracts; bractlets none; stamens 1 to 5; leaves alternate, rarely opposite or leafless; none CHENOPODIACEAE, p. 319. Plants not scurfy. Calyx not tubular; leaves alternate or opposite or basal. Fruit a triangular or lenticular achene; calyx colored or herbaceous. 5 or 6-cleft or -parted; flowers with or without bract- lets ; stamens 3 to 9; stipules present or none , p. 286. Fruit a utricle; calyx scarious, 5 or 3-cleft or -parted; flowers with bractlets; stamens 3 to 5 (rarely 1); stipules none AMARANTHACEAE, p. 333. Calyx tubular, corolla-like, the base of the tube hard- ening and enclosing the achene; stamens 3 to 5; leaves opposite, without stipules NYCTAGINACEAE, p. 335. Fruit fleshy. Fruit a berry; leaves triternately compound; herb ACTAEA, p. 374. Fruit a drupe; leaves simple, alternate. Sepals 6, petal-like, distinct; stamens 9, the anthers open- ing by valves; evergreen .LAURACEAE, p. 396. Calyx 5 or 6-parted, greenish; stamens 5 or 6, the anthers opening by longitudinal slits; deciduous tree. . . ULMACEAE, p. 282. Fruit dehiscent (a capsule) ; leaves opposite. Calyx synsepalous, 5-lobed. Stipules none; erect perennial herb GLAUX, p. 756. Stipules present; prostrate annual CYPSELEA, p. 341. Calyx of 5 distinct or nearly distinct sepals CARYOPHYLLACEAE, p. 352. Ovary 2 to 5-ceIled. Flowers dioecious or polygamous; trees or shrubs. Fruit a capsule; styles or stigmas as many or twice as many as ovary-cells , p. 594. Fruit a samara or drupe; leaves opposite. Styles 2; fruit a double samara ACER, p. 611. Style 1; fruit a simple samara or drupe... .OLEACEAE, p. 759. Flowers perfect. Stamens distinct; calyx inconspicuous; herbs. . .AIZOACEAE, p. 341. Stamens monadelphous; calyx showy; shrub. . .FREMONTIA, p. 636. Pistils more than 1 and distinct; sepals commonly 5, sometimes 3 to 9, distinct, often petal-like; stamens 10 to many RANUNCULACEAE, p. 372. KEY TO THE FAMILIES 24a

** Calyx and corolla both wanting; pistil 1. Flowers perfect, borne in a spike. Spike without an involucre; herbs of ACHLYS, p. 395. Spike subtended by a conspicuous colored involucre; herbs of saline habitat. SAURURACEAE, p. 286. Flowers monoecious. Terrestrial plants. Flowers in clusters, the clusters often surrounded by a petal-like in- volucre resembling a perianth; stamens 1 to many; capsule 3 (or 1) -celled; juice often milky EUPHORBIACEAE, p. 594. Flowers in ball-like clusters scattered on a slender axis; trees , p. 476. Aquatic or palustrine plants; leaves opposite. Leaves dissected; ovary 1-celled, in fruit a spinose or tuberculate achene CERATOPHYLLACEAE, p. 371. Leaves entire; ovary 4-celled, splitting when ripe into 4 parts CALLITRICHACEAE, p. 602. b. Flowers jjerigynous, that is, the stamens borne on the calyx or on a dink. Flowers solitary or clustered or in heads. Stipules present; flowers perfect. Fruit an achene; herbs or shrubs ROSACEAE, p. 476. Fruit a utricle; small herbs CARYOPHYLLACEAE, p. 352. Stipules none. Flowers perfect. Leaves opposite; herbs. Calyx turbinate; stamens numerous; fruit a circumscissile capsule SESUVIUM, p. 342. Calyx salverform; stamens commonly 5; fruit an achene ABRONIA, p. 337. Leaves alternate; calyx 4-cleft; stamens 8; fruit drupe-like; shrubs THYMELAEACEAE, p. 663. Flowers dioecious; leaves opposite, silvery; shrubs , p. 663. Flowers in little ; fruit a drupe, often berry-like.. .RHAMNAOEAE, p. 613. 2. OVARY INFERIOR, THAT IS, MORE OR LESS ADHERENT TO THE CALYX. Flowers dioecious or the pistillate with stamens. Stamens 8 to 12; fruit a 1-celled capsule; leaves alternate, divided DATISCACEAE, p. 653. Stamens 3; fruit a berry; leaves opposite; plants parasitic on trees LORANTHAOEAE, p. 282. Flowers perfect or sometimes unisexual. Leaves alternate; terrestrial plants. Lobes of the calyx 3; ovary 6-celled; fruit a capsule; leaves cordate or reniform ARISTOLOCHIACEAE, p. 284. Lobes of the calyx 4 or 5; fruit indehiscent; leaves not reniform or cordate. Ovary 3 to 9-celled; succulent herb TETRAGONIA, p. 342. Ovary 1-celled; -parasite SANTALACEAE, p. 284. Leaves opposite; aquatic or palustrine plants. Fruit a 4-celled capsule; capsule many-seeded...... LUDWIGIA, p. 666. Fruit consisting of 1 to 4 nutlets; nutlets 1-seeded. . HALORAGEAE, p. 690. II. CHORIPETALOUS DIVISION. Calyx and corolla present; petals distinct or essentially so. A. Ovary superior, that is, free from the calyx. 1. STAMENS HYPOGYNOUS, MORE THAN 10. a. Pistils 2 to many, simple and distinct. Leaves simple, entire to divided, or compound; pistils becoming achenes or follicles RANUNCULACEAE, p. 372. Leaves peltate; aquatic plants BRASENIA, p. 372. 24b KEY TO THE FAMILIES

b. Pistil 1. Leaves alternate or basal. Ovary 1-celled, the styles or stigmas often more than one. Sepals caducous; petals 4 or 6, twice as many as the sepals PAPAVERACEAE, p. 397. Sepals persistent or at least not caducous. Plants with scapes and basal leaves; petals 5 to 16; sepals 2 to 8; leaves succulent LEWISIA, p. 350. Plants with leafy stems. Petals 5. Leaves pinnately compound; calyx 4 or 5-toothed; fruit a legume ACACIA, p. 514. Leaves simple, entire; calyx of distinct sepals; fruit a capsule. Sepals 2; styles 3 CALANDRINIA, p. 34^ Sepals 5, the 2 outer smaller ard bract-like; style 1. . CLSTACEAE, p. 641. Petals 1 or 2; sepals about 4; fruit a berry; leaves compound. ACTAEA, p. 374. Ovary more than 1-celled. Stamens distinct. Petals 5; sepals 5; leaves basal, pitcher-shaped SARRACENIACEAE, p. 448. Petals 10 to 20; sepals 5 to 12; aquatic herbs. .NYMPHAEA, p. 371. Stamens not distinct. Ovary 5 to 30-celled; stamens numerous, united in a tube around the pistil; flowers perfect or unisexual; leaves rounded, pal- mately veined to palmately divided.. ., p. 626. Ovary 3-celled; stamens 10 to 15, united in sets of 5 in a central ; flowers unisexual; leaves rather narrow ARGYTHAMNIA, p. 596. Leaves opposite, simple. Stamens disposed in 3 to 5 indistinct bunches; fruit a capsule HYPERICACEAE, p. 637. Stamens distinct; fruit capsular or separating into distinct carpels PAPAVERACEAE, p. 397. 2. STAMENS HYPOGYNOUS, 10 OR FEWER. a. Pistils more than 1, distinct; flowers regular. Pistils distinct and exceeding in number the sepals or petals; leaves mostly palmately divided or lobed. RANUNCULACEAE, p. 372. Pistils of the same number as the sepals or petals (4 or 5), becoming follicles; leaves fleshy, entire , p. 449. b. Pistil 1, the styles or stigmas 1 or sometimes more than one. * Flowers irregular; ovary 1-celled; leaves alternate or basal. Flowers papilionaceous; petals 5 (1 petal in Amorpha) ; stamens 10, united in 1 or 2 sets (distinct in several genera, 4 in Krameria, 7 in Cassia, these two with subregular corolla); leaves compound (simple in a few genera); fruit a legume, rarely indehiscent. .. .LEGUMINOSAE, p. 510. Flowers not papilionaceous. Petals 5, one with a spur; sepals 5, aurieled; stamens 5. .VIOLACEAE, p. 642. Petals not spurred. Stamens 6, slightly united in two sets; leaves compound FUMARIACEAE, p. 404. Stamens 3 to 40, distinct; leaves simple RESEDACEAE, p. 642. ** Flowers regular. Flowers cruciferous, that is, with 4 sepals, 4 petals, 6 stamens (4 long and 2 short, rarely 4 or 2) ; ovary 2-celled, rarely 1-celled, sessile (except Stanleya), becoming in fruit a silique or silicle. .. . CRUCIFERAE, p. 409. KEY TO THE FAMILIES 24c

Flowers not cruciferous. Leaves not palmately compound. Ovary 1-celled. Leaves simple. Calyx of 2 distinct sepals; stamens commonly 5; ovary 1- celled; capsule 3-valved PORTULACACEAE, p. 343. Calyx not of 2 distinct sepals. Leaves opposite. Placenta central ; stamens 5, alternate with the petals, or 10 (5 alternate, 5 opposite) ; rarely fewer; calyx tubular and 5-toothed, or of 5 distinct sepals; capsule 3 to 10-valved or -toothed, or the fruit 1-seeded and indehis- cent CARYOPHYLLACEAE, p. 352. Placenta basal but parietal; stamens 4 to 7; calyx tubular, 4 or 5-toothed; capsule 2 to 4- valved FRANKENIACEAE, p. 639. Leaves alternate or basal. Leaves basal; stamens 5, opposite the petals. Calyx funnelform, 5-toothed; fruit an achene. .. PLUMBAGINACEAE, p. 757: Calyx saucer-shaped, 5-parted; fruit a capsule. . DROSERACEAE, p. 448. Leaves reduced to scales, borne along the stem; sepals distinct; saprophyte in forests , p. 740 Leaves pinnately compound. Petals 6; stamens 6; anthers opening by uplifted valves; fruit a capsule or berry BERBERIDACEAE, p. 393. Petals 5; stamens 10 or 7; anthers opening by lengthwise slits; fruit a legume LEGUMINOSAE, p. 510. Ovarii more than 1-celled. Stipules none. Flowers perfect; petals 5 or 4; leaves simple. Stamens distinct. Styles 2 to 5; flowers 5-merous.. . .LINACEAE, p. 586. Style 1; flowers 5 or 4-merous. Leaves entire or merely toothed; fruit a capsule ERICACEAE, p. 735. Leaves dissected; fruit separating into 5 sub- globose carpels . LIMNANTHACEAE, p. 592. Stamens united in a tube. 5 perfect stamens alternating with 5 staminodia at summit of tube AYENIA, p. 637. Flowers unisexual or polygamous; stamens 2 to 4; trees or shrubs. Ovary 2-celled; petals 2; leaves opposite, pinnate; fruit a samara OLEACEAE, p. 759. Ovary 6 to 9-celled; petals mostly 3; leaves alternate, simple; fruit a drupe EMPETRACEAE, p. 752. Stipules present; leaves opposite, at least the lower. Fruit a 2 to 5-celled capsule; stamens 2 to 5; leaves simple.. ELATINACEAE, p. 638. Fruit splitting into 5 carpels or nutlets; stamens 10 (sometimes only 5 with anthers) ; petals 5; sepals 5. Styles 5, united around an elongated axis, free only at tip; carpels separating elastically when ripe, tailed by the persistent coiled styles; leaves or leaflets parted, cleft or toothed ... GERANIACEAE, p. 589. Style 1; carpels not tailed; leaves pinnate, the leaflets entire ZYCOPHYLLACEAE, p. 603. 24(1 KEY TO THE FAMILIES

Leaves palmately compound with 3 to 5 leaflets. Calyx with less than 6 sepals. Sepals 5; petals 5; stamens 10, more or less united at base; ovary 5-celled, sessile OXALIDACEAE, p. 587. Sepals 4; petals 4; stamens 6, distinct; ovary raised on a stipe, 1 or 2-celled CAPPARIDACEAE, p. 406. Calyx with 6 sepals in 2 series; stamens 6 VANCOUVEKIA, p. 395.

3. STAMENS PERIGYNOUS, THAT IS, OM THE CALYX OR ON A MORE OR LESS EVIDENT DISK; COROLLA REGULAR. a. Stamens borne on a hypogynous disk or on a disk lining the base of the calyx; trees or shrubs. Fruit a double samara; stamens 3 to 10; leaves opposite, simple ACERACEAE, p. 611. Fruit not a double samara. Leaves palmately compound, opposite, the leaflets 5 to 7; stamens 4 to 9; petals clawed, slightly irregular; fruit a 1-seeded dehiscent pod. . SAPINDACEAE, p. 612. Leaves simple, pinnately compound or 3-foliolate. Stamens numerous (15 to 50) ; pistils 2 to 9, distinct; petals 5; seeds with a fimbriate aril CROSSOSOMATACEAE, p. 475. Stamens 4 to 10. Stamens as many as the petals and alternate with them, or twice as many. Leaves with minute stipules or mostly so. Style 1 or none; fruit a capsule or follicle; seeds with an aril; leaves alternate or opposite CELASTRACEAE, p. 609. Styles 3; fruit a bladdery pod; seeds not arillate; leaves opposite, pinnate STAPHYLEACEAE, p. 610. Leaves without stipules. Style 1. Leaves glandular-dotted or aromatic, simple or 3- foliolate , p. 604. Leaves not glandular-dotted, alternate. Disk 10-lobed; leaves pinnate or reduced to scales SIMARUBACEAE, p. 606. Disk not lobed. Leaves pinnate; seeds not winged BURSERACEAE, p. 607. Leaves simple, scale-like; seeds winged.... KOEBERLINIACEAE, p. 609. Styles 3 to 5; leaves alternate. Leaves broad; herbage with resinous or acrid juice. . , p. 607. Leaves minute, appressed; juice not acrid TAMARICACEAE, p. 640. Stamens as many as the petals and opposite them; leaves simple, alternate (opposite in Adolphia). Shrubs; petals commonly hooded; fruit 3 (or 2) -celled, dry, splitting into 3 (or 2) one-seeded parts, or drupa- ceous RHAMNACEAE, p. 613. Woody climbing ; petals not hooded, caducous; fruit a berry "VITACEAE, p. 625. b. Stamens borne on the calyx. Stipules present (except Holodiscus and Aruncus and sometimes in Osmaronia) ; pistils one to several, sometimes partly united to the disk; petals 5; stamens 10 to numerous; leaves alternate, simple or compound (oppo- site in Lvonothamnus and Coleogyne) ROSACEAE, p. 476. KEY TO THE FAMILIES 24e

Stipules none; leaves simple. Pistils many, concealed in a hollow receptacle; petals many; stamens numerous; leaves opposite; shrubs CALYCANTHACEAE, p. 393. Pistil 1; stamens 3 to 10 or numerous. Styles or stigmas more than 1; petals commonly 5 (4 to 8) , p. 454. Style and 1; capsule enclosed by but free from the calyx LYTHRACEAE, p. 664.

B. Ovary inferior, that is, more or less adherent to the calyx.

1. TREES OR SHRUBS. Stamens more numerous than the petals; petals 5. Leaves alternate; fruit a pome ROSACEAE, p. 476. Leaves opposite; fruit a capsule WHIPPLEA, p. 466. Stamens as many as the petals and opposite them; petals 5, hooded; capsule 3- celled, 1 seed in each cell; shrubs or small trees. . . .CEANOTHUS, p. 615. Stamens as many as the petals and alternate with them. Style 1; petals 4; stamens 4; flowers small, in cymes, or if in a head, sur- rounded by a conspicuous corolla-like involucre; fruit drupe-like; leaves opposite CORNACEAE, p. 732. Styles 2. more or less distinct; petals 5 (or 4) ; stamens 5 (or 4) ; flowers in racemes or solitary; fruit a smooth or prickly berry; leaves alternate, commonly with stipules RIBES, p. 467.,

2. HERBS. Petals 5 or fewer. Flowers in umbels; stamens 5. Umbels compound, often simple, sometimes capitate; petals inflexed at tip; styles 2; fruit splitting into 2 one-seeded carpels UMBELLIFERAE, p. 691. Umbels simple, panicled; petals not inflexed at tip; styles 5; fruit berry-like ARALIACEAE, p. 691. Flowers not in umbels. Styles or stigmas 2 to 5; calyx 5-lobed; petals 5; stamens 5 or 10; fruit a 1 to 5-celled capsule SAXIFRAGACEAE, p. 454. Style 1. Sepals and petals 4 (rarely 5 or 2), the stamens commonly twice as many; fruit commonly a 4-celled capsule ONAGRACEAE, p. 665. Sepals and petals 5; stamens numerous; fruit a 1-celled capsule opening at the top; rough-hairy herbs, sometimes small bushes LOASACEAE, p. 648. Sepals 2; petals 4; stamens 7 to 20; style mostly 3 to 8-parted; fleshy herb PORTULACA, p. 352. Style none; stigmas 4; leaves in whorls; aquatic plants HALORAGEAE, p. 690. Petals and stamens numerous; fruit 5 to 12-celled, dehiscing at summit; succu- lent maritime herbs MESEMBRYANTHEMUM, p. 342.

III. SYMPETALOUS DIVISION. Calyx and corolla both present, the corolla with the petals united, at least at base.

A. Stamens more than 5.

1. COROLLA URNSHAPED TO TUBULAR OR CAMPANULATE, OR AT LEAST MARKEDLY SYMPETALOUS. Stamens free from corolla or only lightly adherent at base. Style 1, stigma 1; ovary 4 to 10 (rarely 1, 2 or 3)-celled; anthers com- monly opening by a terminal pore, sometimes slit lengthwise; (•Rhododendron occidentale has 5 stamens) ERICACEAE, p. 735. 24f KEY TO THE FAMILIES

Styles 3, united to middle: ovary incompletely 3-celled; thorny desert shrub. FOUQUIERIACEAE, p. 640. Stamens inserted in throat of tubular corolla; root parasite; (stamens 5 to 7). LENNOACEAE, p. 734.

2. COROLLA NEVER TUBULAR OR URNSHAPED, COMMONLY WITH THE PETALS JOINED ONLY AT BASE. a. Ovary superior. Pistils 4 or 5, distinct; stamens 10 CRASSULACEAE, p. 449. Pistil 1. Corolla irregular; style 1, entire. Flowers papilionaceous. Ovary 1-celled; petals 5; fruit a legume; leaves compound, some- times simple LEQUMINOSAE, p. 510. Ovary 2-celled; petals 3; fruit a capsule; leaves simple, entire... POLYGALACEAE, p. 593. Flowers with the 4 petals in two dissimilar pairs; sepals 2; stamens 6; leaves divided FUMARIACEAE, p. 404 Corolla regular. Stamens 10, united at very base; ovary 5-celled; style 5-lobed; leaves 3-foliolate OXALIDACEAE, p. 587. Stamens numerous, monadelphous in a tube; ovary 5 to many-celled; leaves simple, roundish, subentire to palmately divided MALVACEAE, p. 626. b. Ovary inferior or slightly inferior. Petals and stamens numerous; succulent very spiny plants. . .CACTACEAE, p. 654 Petals 4 to 8, the stamens about twice as many; shrubs...STYRACACEAE, p. 758. B. Stamens 5 or less, inserted on the corolla. 1. OVARY SUPERIOR, THAT IS, FREE FROM THE CALYX. a. Corolla regular. Pistil 1. Stamens as many as the lobes of the corolla and opposite them; style 1; fruit a capsule; (stamens 5 to 7 in Trientalis) PRIMULACEAE, p. 753. Stamens as many as or fewer than the lobes of the corolla and alternate with them. Corolla colored, not dry-scarious. Ovary 1, 2 or 3-celled. Fruit a capsule (sometimes a berry), not opening by a lid. Style 3-cleft; ovary 3-celled, the flower otherwise with the parts in 5s; capsule 3-valved POLEMONIACEAE, p. 781. Style not 3-cleft; ovary 1 or 2-celled. Calyx of 5 distinct sepals, or the sepals united only below; corolla 5-lobed; stamens 5; capsule commonly 2-valved. Erect or diffuse plants; corolla-lobes commonly imbricate in the bud; flowers in coiled racemes or spikes or in heads or soli- tary; corolla-tube often with internal scales; styles 2 and distinct, or 1 and more or less cleft at apex; capsule few to many-seeded; (style 1 and entire in RomanzofBa) HYDROPHYLLACEAE, p. 809. Twining or trailing plants; corolla mostly plaited, the plaits twisted in the bud; flowers not in coiled ; KEY TO THE FAMILIES 24g

corolla-scales none except in Cuscuta; styles 1 or 2; capsule 1 to 4-seeded.... CONVOLVULACEAE, p. 775. Calyx 4 or 5-toothed or cleft; style 1, entire. Ovary 2-celled; corolla 5-lobed; stamens 5; fruit a many-seeded capsule or berry; stigma 1 (2 in Datura); leaves alternate , p. 886. Ovary 1-celled; corolla 4 or 5-lobed, commonly withering-persistent; stamens 4 or 5; stigmas 2; fruit a septicidal capsule; leaves opposite.. GENTIANACEAE, p. 761. Fruit a circumscissile capsule; stamens 2; shrubs MENODORA, p. 760. Ovary 4-celled, commonly 4-lobed, splitting when ripe into as many nutlets; stamens 5; style 1;1 flowers in coiled spikes or racemes BOBAQINACEAE, p. 835. Corolla dry-scarious; capsule opening by a lid; ovary 2 or 4-celled; stamens 2 to 4; style 1 PLANTAGINACEAE, p. 954. Pistils 2 (the ovaries distinct but the styles or stigmas united); herbs with milky juice. Stamens and stigmas united, the column bearing hood-like appendages.... ASCLEPIADACEAE, p. 769. Stamens and stigmas not united; no hoods APOCYNACEAE, p. 768. b. Corolla from strongly 8-lipped to slightly irregular. Stamens 4 or 2. Fruit a capsule. Ovary 1-celled. Stamens 2; corolla spurred; aquatic plants with finely divided leaves, some bearing bladders. .LENTIBULARIACEAE, p. 950. Stamens 4. Corolla gibbous; capsule very large, its beak splitting into 2 diverging spines; terrestrial trailing plants MARTYNIACEAE, p. 950. Corolla not gibbous; capsule small, not beaked; root-parasites without green foliage OROBANCHACEAE, p. 951. Ovary 2-celled. Placentae axile; seeds not winged. Herbs, rarely shrubs; corolla strongly 2-lipped to nearly regu- lar ; stamens 4 or 2, a fifth rarely present as a sterile filament or rudiment (or stamens 5 in Verbascum) ; leaves alternate or opposite SCROPHULARIACEAE, p. 895. Shrubs; stamens 2; calyx with a pair of opposite bractlets at base , p. 954. Placentae parietal; seeds winged; shrubs.. ., p. 949. Fruit of 2 to 4 nutlets; leaves opposite. Ovary not lobed, 2 to 4-celled, splitting into as many nutlets; stamens 4; style 1, entire VERBENACEAE, p. 857. Ovary 4-lobed, splitting into as many nutlets; Btamens 4 or 2; style 1, cleft at apex; stems square; herbage with the odor of mint. . LABIATAE, p. 860. Stamens 5, some or all woolly VERBASCUM, p. 896. 2. OVARY INFERIOR, THAT IS, ADHERENT TO THE CALYX-TUBE. 1. Stamens distinct.

Leaves alternateherbs ; flowers regular; stamens 5; ovary anCAMPANULACEAEd capsule 2 to 5-celled, p. 971;. Leaves opposite or whorled. Stamens 1 to 3; flowers irregular; fruit 1-celled, 1-seeded; herbs VALERIANACEAE, p. 970 24h KEY TO THE FAMILIES

Stamens 4 or 5, rarely 2. Ovary 1-celled; flowers in involúcrate heads or short spikes; fruit an achene; herbs DIPSACEAE, p. 969. Ovary more than 1-celled (except in Viburnum). Ovary in ours 2-celled; flowers regular; fruit berry-like or dry, commonly separating into 2 one-seeded achene-like portions; leaves simple; herbs or shrubs , p. 957. Ovary 2 to 5-celled; flowers regular or irregular; fruit a berry, drupe or pod; leaves simple or compound; erect or twining shrubs. CAPRIFOLIACEAS, p. 964. 2. Stamens united into a tube around the style. X^lowers not in heads. Stamens 3; leaves commonly palmate; tendril-bearing herbs CüCURBITACEAE, p. 660. Stamens 5; leaves narrow; annual herbs LOBELIACEAE, p. 974. Flowers collected into a head furnished with a calyx-like involucre, the whole resembling a single flower; stamens 5, rarely 4; fruit an achene COMPOSITAE, p. 979.

ABBREVIATIONS ace., according to. n., northerly, northward, north. carp., carpel. n. comb., new combination. cent., central. n. sp., new species. co., county; cos., counties. n. var., new variety. e., easterly, eastward, east. nat. from, naturalized from. fl., flower, flowering. nat. of., native of. fr., fruit, fruiting. no., number. ft., foot or feet. pist., pistillate. in., inch or inches. s., southerly, southward, south. invol., involucre. sect., section. ish, island. stam., staminate. line, -fa of an inch, 2 millimeters. subsp., subspecies. long., longitudinal. var., variety. mt., mount, mountain. u\, westerly, westward, west.