Progetto Equinbio

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Progetto Equinbio Analisi Molecolari Come previsto nel terzo anno del PSRN-Biodiversità - sottomisura 10.2 progetto EQUINBIO, proponente ANACRHAI, è proseguita l’attività di raccolta dei campioni genetici sulle popolazioni equine ed asinine da registro anagrafico (RAE) interessate dal progetto, sulle quali si è proceduto ad analisi genomica. Durante la prima annualità erano stati raccolti ed analizzati campioni biologici su cinque razze alle quali nella seconda annualità se ne sono aggiunte altre nove, come evidenziabile dalla tabella sotto riportata, suddivisa tra cavalli ed asini: Asini Genotipizzati (190) ASINO AMIATA 22 ASINO DELL'ASINARA 29 ASINO MARTINA FRANCA 22 ASINO PANTESCO 20 ASINO RAGUSANO 35 ASINO ROMAGNOLO 25 ASINO SARDO 22 ASINO VITERBESE 15 Cavalli Genotipizzati (295) CAVALLINO DELLA GIARA 5 CAVALLO APPENNINICO 21 CAVALLO DEL CATRIA 23 CAVALLO DEL DELTA 25 CAVALLO DEL VENTASSO 19 CAVALLO DI MONTERUFOLI 25 CAVALLO PENTRO 18 CAVALLO PERSANO 14 CAVALLO ROMANO DELLA MAREMMA LAZIALE 20 Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria tel.: +39 075 585 7704 1 via S.Costanzo, 4 06126 Perugia fax: +39 075 585 7764 email: [email protected] NAPOLETANO 18 PONY ESPERIA 21 SALERNITANO 26 SANFRATELLANO 22 SARCIDANO 13 TOLFETANO 25 Totale complessivo 485 La prima considerazione fatta è che queste razze/popolazioni, in particolare gli equini, sono state, nel corso degli anni, più volte soggette ad accorpamenti e successive divisioni. In mancanza di genealogie accertate e, in aggravio, fenotipi simili se non addirittura sovrapponibili tra le popolazioni, la caratterizzazione delle singole realtà diventa molto difficile. Tutte le popolazioni sono state esaminate con gli strumenti genomici disponibili (SNP-CHIP) cercando di evidenziare differenze significative tra i gruppi. Le genotipizzazioni svolte nel progetto, sono analizzate con modelli statistici avanzati per il monitoraggio approfondito della variabilità genetica al fine di stimare: molteplici parametri di genetica di popolazione, dalla demografia alla struttura fine. Per quasi tutte le popolazioni indicate, sono stati prelevati un numero di campioni superiore a quelli previsti dal progetto, non equamente distribuiti per popolazione, sia per avere la certezza della qualità del crine sia per permettere una scelta mirata ai fini della genotipizzazione, tenendo conto di vari fattori quali ad esempio il sesso, il grado di parentela e la dislocazione geografica. Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria tel.: +39 075 585 7704 2 via S.Costanzo, 4 06126 Perugia fax: +39 075 585 7764 email: [email protected] Analisi Demografica L’analisi demografica è stata effettuata su tutte le razze a disposizione. I dati ottenuti all’interno del progetto sono stati analizzati sia da soli che fusi, mediante apposite procedure informatiche, con dati pubblici di razze cosmopolite e altre italiane da Libro Genealogico. Dopo appropriata pulizia per variabili di qualità legate all’individuo, alla popolazione e al marcatore, nei dataset prodotti rimanevano: Tabella 1: soggetti e marcatori usati (specie equina, razze RAE) dettagliati per razza con relativo codice, prima e dopo il quality control (QC). Marker X soggetti / 52305 X 282 Acronimo Pre-QC Post-QC Cavallo Appenninico CAP 21 21 Cavallo del Catria CDC 23 22 Cavallo del Delta CDD 25 25 Cavallo del Pentro CDP 18 18 Cavallo del Ventasso CDV 19 19 Cavallo Romano della Maremma Laziale CRM 20 20 Cavallo della Giara GIA 5 5 Cavallo di Menterufoli MRF 25 20 Napoletano NAP 18 18 Persano PER 14 14 Pony Esperia PES 21 21 Salernitano SAL 26 22 San Fratellano SAN 22 20 Sarcidano SAR 13 13 Tolfetano TOL 25 24 Tabella 2: soggetti e marcatori usati (specie asinina, razze RAE) dettagliati per razza con relativo codice, prima e dopo il quality control (QC). Marker X soggetti / 532 X 186 Acronimo Pre-QC Post-QC Asino Amiatino AAM 22 22 Asino dell’Asinara AAN 29 29 Asino di Martina Franca AMF 22 19 Asino Pantesco APT 20 19 Asino Ragusano ARG 35 35 Asino Romagnolo ARO 25 25 Asino Sardo ASS 22 22 Asino Viterbese AVT 15 15 Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria tel.: +39 075 585 7704 3 via S.Costanzo, 4 06126 Perugia fax: +39 075 585 7764 email: [email protected] Tabella 3: soggetti e marcatori usati (specie equina, razze RAE + Libro genealogico + cosmopolite) dettagliati per razza con relativo codice, dopo il quality control (QC). Numero Marker = 39617 X 565 Acronimo Post-QC Andaluso (Pura razza Spagnola) AND 18 Puro Sangue Arabo ARB 24 Cavallo Belga BEL 30 Cavallo Appenninico CAP 21 Cavallo del Catria CDC 21 Cavallo del Delta CDD 25 Cavallo del Pentro CDP 18 Cavallo del Ventasso CDV 19 Cavallo Romano della Maremma Laziale CRM 20 Franches Montagnes FRM 19 Cavallo della Giara GIA 5 Hafflinger HAF 30 Lipizzano LIP 30 Maremmano MAR 30 Cavallo di Menterufoli MRF 20 Murgese MUR 30 Napoletano NAP 18 Norico NOR 19 Persano PER 14 Pony Esperia PES 21 Salernitano SAL 21 San Fratellano SAN 20 Sarcidano SAR 13 Standardbred (Trottatore) STB 25 Puro Sangue Inglese THO 30 Tolfetano TOL 24 Con questa mole di dati è stato possibile innanzitutto creare una rappresentazione grafica della distanza tra gli individui RAE (Figura 1 e 2), dalla quale si evince che le popolazioni italiane sono tra di loro molto connesse, con l’unica eccezione del Cavallo del Delta, di origine Camargue. Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria tel.: +39 075 585 7704 4 via S.Costanzo, 4 06126 Perugia fax: +39 075 585 7764 email: [email protected] MultiDimensional Scaling MultiDimensional Scaling CAP NAP CDC PER CDD CDD PES 0.2 0.2 CDP SAL CDV SAN CRM SAR GIA TOL MRF 0.1 0.1 PERSAL Pcs 2 (5.07%) 0.0 0.0 GIA TOLSANCRM CDV NAP PES CDP SAR MRF CDC CAP −0.1 −0.1 −0.1 0.0 0.1 0.2 −0.1 0.0 0.1 0.2 Pcs 1 (7.62%) Pcs 1 (7.62%) Figura 1. Multidimensional Scaling delle popolazioni equine analizzate. È evidente la grande omogeneità dei soggetti fatto salvo il Cavallo del Delta (CDD). Si apprezza per le razze italiane una certa corrispondenza del gradiente Nord-Sud, nella componente Pcs 1, sull’asse X. Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria tel.: +39 075 585 7704 5 via S.Costanzo, 4 06126 Perugia fax: +39 075 585 7764 email: [email protected] MultiDimensional Scaling MultiDimensional Scaling AND FRM PER ARB GIA PES BEL HAF a SAL LIP CAP LIP b SAN CDC MAR c SAR CDD MRF d STB CDP MUR e THO 0.2 CDV NAP # TOL 0.2 CRM NOR 0.1 0.1 ARB Pcs 2 (3.78%) c AND c c # c c c GIA b c d d d c c d # # b b d d NAP # d d b bbbb # d b b d dd b # d CDP CDVSTB # # ddd d MUR # b b # d dd b dd SAN 0.0 # d 0.0 PES TOL ## b b d d CDD SAR # b# ## ### b # MRF # # b CRM MAR a a a a NOR a aaaa a PER b a a a a eee e BEL a a e HAF SAL a e ee CDC a a ee e a eeeeeee e e THO eee ee ee a e CAPFRM c c c c −0.1 −0.1 −0.1 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 −0.1 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 Pcs 1 (8.59%) Pcs 1 (8.59%) Figura 2. Multidimensional Scaling delle popolazioni equine analizzate (dataset completo). I cluster Lipizzano (LIP), Arabo (ARB), Purosangue (THO) e Belgian (BEL) e Noriker (NOR) e Haflinger (HAF) si posizionano correttamente agli estremi dello spazio cartesiano. Si apprezza, anche qui, per le razze italiane, il gradiente Nord-Sud, evidente nella componente Pcs 1, asse X. Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria tel.: +39 075 585 7704 6 via S.Costanzo, 4 06126 Perugia fax: +39 075 585 7764 email: [email protected] Anche per le popolazioni asinine è stato tentato lo stesso approccio visibile in Figura 3. MultiDimensional Scaling 0.3 AAM AAN AMF APT ARG 0.2 ARO ASS AVT 0.1 Pcs 2 (7.13%) 0.0 −0.1 −0.3 −0.2 −0.1 0.0 0.1 Pcs 1 (14.16%) Figura 3 Multidimensional Scaling delle popolazioni asinine analizzate. È evidente la separazione di Asino Pantesco (APT), Asino dell’Asinara (AAN) e Asino Sardo (ASS). Le altre popolazioni sembrano essere più conFuse. Dal Multi Dimensional Scaling risultano ben evidenti le popolazioni dell’Asinara, Sarda e Pantesco. Va precisato che probabilmente l’asino Pantesco risente di una Forte contrazione della Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria tel.: +39 075 585 7704 7 via S.Costanzo, 4 06126 Perugia fax: +39 075 585 7764 email: [email protected] popolazione e dei riproduttori. Con componenti meno esplicative dal punto di vista della variabilità assorbita (PC3, PC4 etc., non mostrati) il cluster principale tende a separarsi un po’ meglio ma, data la scarsità di marcatori, tendiamo a prendere questi risultati con molta cautela. Le analisi sugli asini si Fermano qui, quindi, per scarsità di marker (solo 532): la non corretta ibridazione con il genoma di asino ha fatto si che la stragrande maggioranza dei marcatori fosse monomorFica, ovvero, senza variazione. Questo Fenomeno è dovuto con tutta probabilità al all’Ascertainment bias, o “distorsione di accertamento”, visto che i marker utilizzati sono stati scoperti e caratterizzati in cavallo. Analisi Struttura Il soFtware Admixture è stato utilizzato per analizzare la struttura delle popolazioni interessate dal progetto e ricostruirne l’ascendenza. In breve, l’analisi assegna al genoma di ogni individuo la popolazione ancestrale di appartenenza. Il numero di popolazioni (K) testato è predeFinito: per ogni K il soFtware cerca K gruppi con i dati a disposizione. In questo modo si possono identiFicare animali, e più in generale le razze, meticce o "pure", ovvero che hanno componenti genomiche ancestrali riconducibili ad un pool o a più di uno.
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