South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands Marine Protected Area Management Plan 2

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1 2 3 1. Introduction

4 Table 1. The largest Marine Protected Areas in the world. Note that different levels of protection are afforded in the different MPAs. * denotes MPAs that are entirely no-take zones.

5 2. Background

Figure 2.1. Light-mantled sooty albatross with Figure 2.2. Saunders Island in the South the twin peaks of Mt Paget in the background. Sandwich Islands.

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Figure 2.3. The Scotia Sea region of the Southern Ocean illustrating the mean locations of the principal fronts of the ACC and current

7 Figure 3.1 Antarctic krill, Euphausia superba, a key part of the foodweb in South Georgia waters.

Figure 3.2 Schematic representation of the Southern Ocean foodweb, illustrating the key position of krill

8 Figure 3.3 The copepod Calanus propinquus

Figure 3.4 The planktonic amphipod Themisto gaudichaudii, an important alternative to krill Figure 3.5 The head and tentacles of a colossal for many predators squid caught in South Georgia waters

9 Figure 3.7 An unidentified anemone from the sub-tidal zone on the north coast of South Georgia

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Figure 3.6 Diver in forest of giant kelp in sub- tidal zone on South Georgia

10 Figure 3.8 Nudibranch Flabellina falklandica photographed in shallow water

Figure 3.9 A glass sponge, common from shallow depths to deep-water around South Georgia

11 Figure 3.10 The reduced impact areas in the South Georgia toothfish fishery. Limited fishing is allowed in the RIAs in order to tag toothfish.

12 Figure 3.11 A fin whale (Balaenoptera physalis) seen near Shag Rocks.

13 Figure 3.13 Gentoo penguin with a pair of chicks.

Figure 3.12 King penguin feeding a chick (left), with a map of a typical foraging trip.

Figure 3.14 The macaroni penguin colony "Big Mac" on Bird Island.

14 Figure 3.15 A pair of chinstrap penguins ashore at Grytviken to moult.

Figure 3.16 Black-browed albatross, white- chinned petrels and giant petrels foraging behind a trawler.

15 Figure 3.18 Cape or pintado petrel nesting on a rocky ledge.

Figure 3.17 Grey-headed albatross in flight.

Figure 3.19 Brown skua and chick at St Andrews Bay.

16 Figure 4.1 The wrecks of the old whale catchers Albatross and Dias at Grytviken.

17 Figure 5.1 Patagonian toothfish (Dissostichus eleginoides), pictured at 1000 m deep.

Figure 5.2 Catches of Patagonian toothfish in South Georgia waters since the fishery began.

18 Figure 5.4 A toothfish longliner (autoliner).

Figure 5.3 Seabird mortality associated with the Patagonian toothfish fishery in South Georgia waters.

19 Figure 5.6 Toothfish being gaffed on board a longliner.

Figure 5.5 Scematic representation of the three methods of toothfish longlining.

20 Figure 5.8 An icefish trawler in Cumberland Bay.

Figure 5.7 Mackerel icefish caught in South Georgia waters. Figure 5.9 Catches of mackerel icefish in South Georgia waters.

21 Figure 5.11 Typical krill trawler in Cumberland Bay

Figure 5.10 Catches of Antarctic krill in CCAMLR Area 48.

Note early catches were not reported by sub- Area

22 Figure 5.12 Catches of Antarctic krill in South Georgia waters.

Figure 5.13 A pelagic trawl being hauled on the deck of a krill trawler.

23 Figure 5.14 The stone crab Paralomis spinosissima at a baited camera.

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Figure 5.15 A typical jigging vessel.

24 Figure 6.1 Numbers of vessels visiting Cumberland Bay since 1990.

Figure 6.2 A cruise ship at anchor off the king penguin colony at Salisbury Plain.

25 Figure 6.4 An Antarctic fur seal entangled in a piece of fishing net.

Figure 6.5 An albatross foot foul-hooked with a longline hook.

Figure 6.3 The wreck of the fishing vessel Lyn in Cumberland Bay.

26 Figure 6.6 A gentoo penguin that has been "oiled".

27 Figure 7.1 The retreat of the Neumeyer Glacier. Reproduced from Cook et al., 2010

28 29 Figure 8.1. Chart illustrating the location of the South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands Marine Protected Area and the additional No-take Zones. The section of the Maritime Zone south of 60 oS is not part of this MPA, but no fishing is licensed in this zone.

30 Figure 8.2. Distribution of depths in the South Figure 8.3. Percentage of each 100 m depth zone Georgia and South Sandwich Islands MPA. The in No-take Zones in the South Georgia and South area is divided into 100 m depth categories. Sandwich Islands MPA.

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31 Figure 8.4. Chart illustrating the South Georgia and Clerke Rocks No-take Zones.

Figure 8.5. Distribution of depths in the South Georgia and Clerke Rocks No-take Zones.

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32 Figure 8.6. Chart of the Shag Rocks No-take Zone.

Figure 8.7. Distribution of seafloor areas in each 10 m depth band in the Shag Rocks No-take Zone.

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; Figure 8.8. Chart illustrating the South Sandwich Islands No-take Zones.

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Figure 8.9. Seafloor area in each 100 m depth Figure 8.10. View of the chinstrap penguin colony band in the South Sandwich Islands No-take on Zavodovski Island. Zones.

34 Figure 9.2. The longliner Elqui being scuttled near the Falkland Islands after being found guilty of illegal fishing in South Georgia waters

Figure 9.1. The fishery patrol vessel Pharos SG in Cumberland Bay

35 Figure 10.1 Stamp produced to coincide with the first tow of the CPR by the FPV Pharos Figure 10.2 The seal study beach on Bird Island

36 Figure 10.3 The penguin weigh-bridge at a macaroni penguin colony on Bird Island.

37 59/60, 189-198

38 59/60, 208-221

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39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 Marine mammals in South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands waters with data from Shirihai, H. and Jarrett, B. (2006). Y = present; B = breeding; P= probably present; PB = probable breeder.

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