The Use of Taser Weapons by Western Australia Police
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CORRUPTION AND CRIME COMMISSION ® THE USE OF TASER WEAPONS BY WESTERN AUSTRALIA POLICE 4 October 2010 CCC Use of Taser (Cover).indd 1 24/09/2010 2:53:13 PM ISBN: 978-0-9805052-3-8 © 2010 Copyright in this work is held by the Corruption and Crime Commission (“the Commission”). Division 3 of the Copyright Act 1968 (Commonwealth) recognises that limited further use of this material can occur for the purposes of “fair dealing”, for example, study, research or criticism. Should you wish to make use of this material other than as permitted by the Copyright Act 1968 please write to the Commission at the postal address below. This report and further information about the Commission can be found on the Commission Website at www.ccc.wa.gov.au. Corruption and Crime Commission Postal Address PO Box 7667 Cloisters Square PERTH WA 6850 Telephone (08) 9215 4888 1800 809 000 (Toll Free for callers outside the Perth metropolitan area.) Facsimile (08) 9215 4884 Email [email protected] Office Hours 8.30 a.m. to 5.00 p.m., Monday to Friday. Special Needs Services If you have a speech or hearing difficulty, contact the Commission via the National Relay Service (NRS) on 133 677 for assistance or visit the NRS Website, www.relayservice.com.au. NRS is an Australia-wide telephone service available at no additional charge. The Commission Toll Free number is 1800 809 000. If your preferred language is a language other than English, contact the Translating and Interpreting Service (TIS) for assistance. TIS provides a free, national 24 hours a day, seven days a week telephone interpreting service on 13 14 50. TIS also provides on-site interpreters for face-to-face interviews on 1300 655 082. TASER® is a registered trademark of TASER International Inc., registered in the US. All rights reserved. TASER® X26™ is a trademark of TASER International Inc., registered in the US. All rights reserved. CCC Use of Taser (Cover).indd 2 24/09/2010 2:53:14 PM fit CORRUPTION AND CRIME COMMISSION Mr Malcolm Peacock Mr Peter John McHugh Clerk of the Legislative Council Clerk of the Legislative Assembly Parliament House Parliament House Harvest Terrace Harvest Terrace PERTH WA 6000 PERTH WA 6000 Dear Mr Peacock Dear Mr McHugh As neither House of Parliament is presently sitting, in accordance with section 93 of the Corruption and Crime Commission Act 2003 (“the CCC Act”), the Commission hereby transmits to you a copy of the Corruption and Crime Commission report entitled The Use of Taser Weapons by Western Australia Police, with accompanying DVD, and a copy of the Summary Report. The Commission notes that under section 93(3) of the CCC Act a copy of a report transmitted to a Clerk of a House is to be regarded as having been laid before that House. Yours faithfully LeALeAt, CkoeAsk-n-Ck44eiekz-A,ht14-L..-Vrt,%-P-14t-. The Hon. LW Roberts-Smith, RFD, QC COMMISSIONER 4 October 2010 ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS ACT Australian Capital Territory AWT Advanced Warrant Team “the Braidwood Inquiry” Braidwood Commission on Conducted Energy Weapon Use 2009 “the CCC Act” Corruption and Crime Commission Act 2003 CEW Conducted energy weapon CMC Crime and Misconduct Commission “the Commission” Corruption and Crime Commission COP Commissioner of Police CPC-RCMP Commission for Public Complaints Against the Royal Canadian Mounted Police ECD Electronic control device IAU Internal Affairs Unit IPCC Independent Police Complaints Commission NIJ National Institute of Justice NSW New South Wales “the NSW Ombudsman” Office of the New South Wales Ombudsman NTPF Northern Territory Police Force OC spray Oleoresin Capsicum spray OPCC Office of the Police Complaints Commissioner OPI Office of Police Integrity “the PIRT review” Post-Implementation Review on Tasers “the Police Manual” WAPOL Commissioner’s Orders and Procedures Manual QPS Queensland Police Service RCMP Royal Canadian Mounted Police SAPOL South Australia Police WAPOL Western Australia Police v GLOSSARY Arc display Activation of a Taser weapon without a cartridge fitted. This produces a spark and noise. Drive stun mode Also called “stun mode”. The delivery of electricity from a Taser weapon to a small surface area of the subject’s body, making direct contact with the person’s skin or clothing. Causes pain rather than incapacitation. Lock up Similar to a Watch House, but smaller, usually attached to a police station. Management Action Plan A disciplinary outcome within the Western Australia Police in which the subject officer is provided operational guidance and supervision. Mission creep The use of a weapon (or other application of force) in situations that extend beyond those for which the weapon was originally designed or introduced. Probe mode The firing of two darts or “probes” from a Taser weapon which deliver a 50,000 volt electric shock to the body by a series of brief, repetitive electrical pulses (one cycle is five seconds). These pulses prevent effective muscular activity. Red dot control/compliance Prior to deployment a red laser is projected from the Taser weapon to assist aiming. The application of this laser as a visual deterrent is referred to by WAPOL officers as “red dot control” or “red dot compliance”. Stun mode See “drive stun mode”. Serious injury/harm Severe pain or suffering whether physical or mental; loss of bodily function; incapacitation. Taser weapon deployment Firing or discharging the Taser weapon. Includes both probe and drive stun modes. Taser weapon threat Drawing the Taser weapon from its holster to threaten. Taser weapon use All Taser weapon use including both deployment and threat. Taser weapon An electronic control device which uses a high voltage, low power charge of electricity to induce involuntary muscle contractions that cause temporary incapacitation or to cause pain. vii TASER® is a registered trademark of TASER International Inc., registered in Australia. All rights reserved. Taser X26™ Specific model of Taser weapon manufactured by TASER International and currently used by the Western Australia Police. Threshold A point at which police officers can use a Taser weapon. A low threshold means Taser weapons can be used in a large number of situations, whereas a high threshold means Taser weapon use is more restricted. Use of Force report A mandatory document completed by a police officer who uses force as an option to resolve an operational incident. Use of force Any of the following: using or drawing a firearm or Taser weapon, OC spray or a baton, using handcuffs or empty hand techniques resulting in injury; using a motor vehicle, police dog or horse as a weapon; use of torches or shields as weapons. Watch House A secure and controlled environment where individuals are charged and held in temporary custody. viii TABLE OF CONTENTS ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS ...................................................... v GLOSSARY ............................................................................................... vii EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ........................................................................... xiii CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION AND OVERVIEW .......................................................... 1 1.1 Jurisdiction of the Commission ........................................................ 1 1.2 The Commission’s Role in Respect of Western Australia Police (WAPOL) .............................................................................. 2 1.3 Reporting by the Commission ......................................................... 4 1.4 Background ..................................................................................... 5 1.5 Objectives ....................................................................................... 6 1.6 Methodology and Limitations of the Study ....................................... 7 1.7 Structure of the Report .................................................................... 8 CHAPTER TWO LITERATURE REVIEW ............................................................................. 9 2.1 Taser Weapons ............................................................................... 9 2.2 Why Police Carry Taser Weapons .................................................. 9 2.3 Use of Taser Weapons in Australia ................................................. 10 2.3.1 New South Wales ............................................................... 10 2.3.2 Queensland ........................................................................ 11 2.3.3 Victoria ............................................................................... 13 2.3.4 Northern Territory ............................................................... 13 2.3.5 Other Australian States ...................................................... 14 2.3.6 Australian Non-Policing Organisations ............................... 15 2.4 Use of Taser Weapons Internationally ............................................ 16 2.4.1 United States of America ................................................... 16 2.4.2 Canada .............................................................................. 18 2.4.3 New Zealand ...................................................................... 22 2.4.4 United Kingdom .................................................................. 23 2.5 Risks of Taser Weapons Highlighted by the Literature .................... 25 2.5.1 Risk of Injury ...................................................................... 26 2.5.2 Risk of Incapacitation ......................................................... 27 2.5.3 Risk of Ignition ...................................................................