DOCSLIB.ORG

Conflict Financing and the Recurrence of Intra-State Armed Conflict

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Conflict Financing and the Recurrence of Intra-State Armed Conflict INSTITUT UNIVERSITAIRE DE HAUTES ÉTUDES INTERNATIONALES CONFLICT FINANCING AND THE RECURRENCE OF INTRA-STATE ARMED CONFLICT What can be done from the perspective of conflict financing to prevent the recurrence of intra-state armed conflict? THÈSE Présentée à l’Université de Genève Pour l’obtention Du grade de Docteur en relations internationales (Sciences politiques) Par Achim WENNMANN (Allemagne) Thèse Nº 753 Genève 2007 2 3 CONFLICT FINANCING AND THE RECURRENCE OF INTRA-STATE ARMED CONFLICT What can be done from the perspective of conflict financing to prevent the recurrence of intra-state armed conflict? © Copyright 2007 by Achim WENNMANN 4 5 INSTITUT UNIVERSITAIRE DE HAUTES ÉTUDES INTERNATIONALES CONFLICT FINANCING AND THE RECURRENCE OF INTRA-STATE ARMED CONFLICT What can be done from the perspective of conflict financing to prevent the recurrence of intra-state armed conflict? THÈSE Présentée à l’Université de Genève Pour l’obtention Du grade de Docteur en relations internationales (Sciences politiques) Par Achim WENNMANN (Allemagne) Thèse Nº 753 Genève 2007 6 7 Achim WENNMANN Sur le préavis de MM. Keith KRAUSE et Cédric DUPONT, Professeurs à l'Institut, et M. Mats BERDAL, Professor, School of Social Science and Public Policy, King’s College London, le Directeur de l'Institut universitaire de hautes études internationales, agissant au nom de la Commission mixte de l'Université et de l'Institut, composée des Doyens des Facultés de droit, des lettres, et des sciences économiques et sociales, autorise l'impression de la présente thèse sans entendre par là exprimer d'opinion sur les propositions qui y sont énoncées. Genève, le 3 décembre 2007 pour la Commission mixte: Professeur Philippe Burrin Directeur Thèse N° 753 8 9 To my family and Soledad Si la vida te da limones, haz limonada. 10 11 Table of contents INTRODUCTION 23 CHAPTER 1: Exploring conflict recurrence and financing 37 1.1. The Political Economy of Conflict 38 1.2. The recurrence of conflict 72 1.3. The financing of conflict 84 1.4. Conclusion 97 CHAPTER 2: The relationship between conflict financing and recurrence 99 2.1. Potential revenue sources to finance armed conflict 103 2.2. The cost to start and maintain armed conflict 113 2.3. Incentives to use armed force 139 2.4. Hypotheses 145 2.5. Conclusion 149 CHAPTER 3: Angola 151 3.1. Background 152 3.2. Conflict recurrence after the Bicesse Accords, 1992-1994 165 3.3. Conflict recurrence after the Lusaka Peace Process, 1995-2002 183 3.4. Risk of conflict recurrence in post-conflict Angola 205 3.5. Conclusion 210 CHAPTER 4: The Abkhazia conflict 215 4.1. Background 217 4.2. Armed conflict in Abkhazia, 1992-1994 230 4.3. The “Frozen Conflict”, 1994-2003 240 4.4. The Rose Revolution, 2003-2006 257 4.5. Conclusion 272 CHAPTER 5: Kosovo 277 5.1. Background 279 5.2. Parallel governance and non-violent resistance, 1989-1995 393 5.3. The rise of the KLA and armed conflict in Kosovo, 1995-1999 303 5.4. Kosovo under international administration, 1999-2006 314 5.5. Conclusion 330 CHAPTER 6: Analysis 335 6.1 Conflict financing and conflict recurrence 336 6.2. Implications for peacebuilding 356 6.3. Conclusion 367 CONCLUSION 369 APPENDIX 379 Appendix 1: List of interviews 379 Appendix 2: Maps 383 BIBLIOGRAPHY 393 12 13 Detailed table of contents Table of contents 11 Detailed table of contents 13 List of tables 17 Acknowledgements 21 INTRODUCTION 23 Conflict recurrence from the perspective of conflict financing 24 Towards a better understanding of conflict financing 25 A conceptual framework for the analysis of conflict dynamics 26 Methodology and case studies 29 Summary of the findings and contributions 31 Thesis overview 34 CHAPTER 1: Exploring conflict recurrence and financing 37 1.1. The Political Economy of Conflict 38 1.1.1. Globalisation, weak states and armed conflict 41 1.1.2. Economic agendas in armed conflict 49 1.1.3.“Greed and Grievance” 52 The Collier-Hoeffler Model on Civil War Onset 53 Achievements and limitations 56 The case study project on civil war onset 59 1.1.4. Beyond “Greed and Grievance” 60 Contextualising and broadening the analytical framework 61 Natural resources and armed conflict 64 The intersection of need, creed and greed 67 1.1.5. Elements for a framework of analysis 68 1.2. The recurrence of conflict 72 1.2.1. Empirical analysis of conflict recurrence 72 1.2.2. Conflict recurrence and perpetuation 76 1.2.3. Explaining conflict recurrence 79 The legacies of previous armed conflict 79 The post-conflict period 80 The failure of peace agreements 82 1.2.4. Conflict recurrence and financing 84 1.3. The financing of conflict 84 1.1.1. Historical aspects of conflict financing 85 1.1.2. The economy of insurgencies 89 1.1.3. Conflict financing after the end of the Cold War 93 1.1.4. Towards a comprehensive approach of conflict financing 96 1.4. Conclusion 97 14 CHAPTER 2: The relationship between conflict financing and recurrence 99 2.1. Potential revenue sources to finance armed conflict 103 2.1.1. Centralized war economy 104 2.1.2. Conflict goods 105 2.1.3. External assistance 108 2.1.4. Other methods 110 2.1.5. Potential revenue sources in post-conflict areas 112 2.2. The cost to start and maintain armed conflict 113 2.2.1. Conceptual and empirical aspects of the cost of armed conflict 114 2.2.2. Establishing cost drivers 116 2.2.3. Estimating the cost of armed conflict 120 CER 1: Weapons for the start-up of conflict 122 CER 2: Ammunition for the start-up of conflict 123 CER 3: Salaries for the maintenance of conflict 125 CER 4: Weapons for the maintenance of conflict 127 CER 5: Ammunition for the maintenance of conflict 130 2.2.4. Possibilities and limitations 133 2.3. Expected future benefits and opportunity costs of using armed force 139 2.3.1. Agency and the recurrence of armed conflict 139 2.3.2. Expected future benefits 141 2.3.3. Opportunity costs 143 2.3.4. Researchability 144 2.4. Hypotheses 145 2.5. Conclusion 149 CHAPTER 3: Angola 151 3.1. Background 152 3.1.1. The colonial war, 1961-1974 153 3.1.2. Civil war, 1975-1991 156 3.1.3. Renewed armed conflict, 1992-1994 159 3.1.4. Armed conflict renewed again, 1998-2002 160 3.1.5. Post-conflict Angola, 2002-2006 162 3.1.6. The role of oil and diamonds in Angola’s wars 164 3.2. Conflict recurrence after the Bicesse Accords, 1992-1994 165 3.2.1. Available revenue sources 165 3.2.2. The cost of conflict 171 3.2.3. Expected benefits and opportunity costs 179 3.2.4. Assessment 182 3.3. Conflict recurrence after the Lusaka Peace Process, 1995-2002 183 3.3.1. Available revenue sources 184 3.3.2. The cost of conflict 193 3.3.3. Expected benefits and opportunity costs 200 3.3.4. Assessment 202 3.4. Risk of conflict recurrence in post-conflict Angola 205 3.5. Conclusion 210 15 CHAPTER 4: The Abkhazia conflict 215 4.1. Background 217 4.1.1. The rise of nationalism in Georgia 218 4.1.2. The years of armed conflict, 1991-1994 219 4.1.3. Post-conflict development in Georgia and Abkhazia, 1994-2006 223 4.1.4. The role of external actors 225 4.1.5. Parallel economies and the Abkhazia conflict 229 4.2. Armed conflict in Abkhazia, 1992-1994 230 4.2.1. Available revenue sources 231 4.2.2. The cost of conflict 234 4.2.3. Expected benefits and opportunity costs 236 4.2.4. Assessment 238 4.3. The “Frozen Conflict”, 1994-2003 240 4.3.1. Available revenue sources 240 4.3.2. The cost of conflict 248 4.3.3. Expected benefits and opportunity costs 252 4.3.4. Assessment 256 4.4. The Rose Revolution, 2003-2006 257 4.4.1. Available revenue sources 258 4.4.2. The cost of conflict 263 4.4.3. Expected benefits and opportunity costs 266 4.4.5. Assessment 271 4.5. Conclusion 272 CHAPTER 5: Kosovo 277 5.1. Background 279 5.1.1. The demise of Yugoslavia 280 5.1.2. Repression and non-violent resistance in Kosovo, 1989-1995 282 5.1.3. The rise of the KLA, 1995-1998 285 5.1.4. Armed conflict, 1998-1999 286 5.1.5. Post-conflict Kosovo, 1999-2006 288 5.1.6. The diaspora and the Kosovo conflict 293 5.2. Parallel governance and non-violent resistance, 1989-1995 293 5.2.1. Available revenue sources 294 5.2.2. The cost of conflict 297 5.2.3. Expected benefits and opportunity costs 301 5.2.4. Assessment 301 5.3. The rise of the KLA and armed conflict in Kosovo, 1995-1999 303 5.3.1. Available revenue sources 304 5.3.2. The cost of conflict 307 5.3.3. Expected benefits and opportunity costs 310 5.3.4. Assessment 312 5.4. Kosovo under international administration, 1999-2006 314 5.4.1. Available revenue sources 314 16 5.4.2. The cost of conflict 320 5.4.3. Expected benefits and opportunity costs 323 5.4.4. Assessment 328 5.5. Conclusion 330 CHAPTER 6: Analysis 335 6.1. Conflict financing and conflict recurrence 336 6.1.1. Conflict financing and the feasibility and viability of rebellion 337 6.1.2. Understanding conflict financing 339 Revenue capture 339 Revenue management 340 The financial potential of revenue sources 341 6.1.3.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Mission Report 1
    Project: Eastern Partnership “Effective Project Management in the Water Sector in Georgia: Implementation of EU and EBRD Methodologies” MISSION REPORT NO. 1 Based on Initial Mission to Georgia from October 25th to October 30th 2015 NISPAcee Participants: Milan Oleriny, Leading Project Expert Ludmila Gajdosova, Project Expert ______________________________________________________________________________________ 1 C O N T E N T S 1. General Information, Contract base ......................................................................................... 3 2. Mission Diary ........................................................................................................................... 3 3. Contact Persons on Mission (in alphabetical order) ................................................................. 3 4. Goals and objectives during Mission ........................................................................................ 4 5. Actual situation in the Water Sector in Georgia ........................................................................ 4 6. Tasks &Recommendations for next Mission ............................................................................ 6 7. Tasks based on initial Mission ................................................................................................. 6 ______________________________________________________________________________________ 2 1. General Information, Contract base The initial Mission to Georgia took place based on a signed Contract between SlovakAid Bratislava
    [Show full text]
  • Film Education (Levan Koghuashvili, Maia Gugunava, Tato Kotetishvili) 139 1001 Ingredients for Making Films from Nana Jorjadze 146
    ~ editors letter ~ The year of 2015 started with our becoming members of the Creative Europe, while by the end of the year, with the purpose of supporting the cinema industry, Geor- gian government introduced a cash rebate system, we have been working on since 2009. I believe both of these initiatives will make a huge contribution to the develop- ment of our industry. 1 In 2016, movies of different genres will be released. It is notable that three feature films among those are directed by women. Projects we are currently working on are very important. We have announced new types of competitions on script development, including comedy and children’s movies, adaptation of Georgian prose of the 21st century, scripts dedicated to the 100th anniver- sary of Georgia’s independence, and animation. Winners are given long- term work- shops by European script doctors, so 2016 will be dedicated to the script development. The young generation has become active in the field: we had premieres of six short films and a short film by Data Pirtskhalava “Father” was the winner of the main prize in this category at Locarno International Film Festival. Other films – “Ogasavara”, “Fa- ther”, “Exit”, “Preparation”, “The First Day” – are also participating at different festivals. Masters of Georgian cinema are also making films side-by-side with the young genera- tion. I have to mention a film by Rezo Esadze “Day as a Month” with its extraordinary nar- rative structure and visualaspect, which will take its noteworthy place in our film collection. One of the most important goals this year will be to return Georgian cinema heritage from archives in Moscow and design a suitable storage facility for it.
    [Show full text]
  • MUNICIPAL WATER and WASTEWATER SECTOR in GEORGIA Status Report
    MUNICIPAL WATER AND WASTEWATER SECTOR IN GEORGIA Status Report By David Melua 2015 Municipal Water and Wastewater Sector in Georgia, status Report Table of Content Current situation page 3 Institutional Setting page 6 Legal framework page 16 Key findings and conclusions page 21 Abbreviations GWP – Georgian Water and Power GEL – Georgian Lari GUWSC – Georgian United Water Supply Company USAID – US agency for international Development EIB – European Investment Bank ADB – Asian Development Bank A.R. - Autonomous Republic KfW - Kreditanstalt für Wiederaufbau MDF – Municipal Development Fund WED – Water Framework Directive AA – association Agreement 2 Municipal Water and Wastewater Sector in Georgia, status Report 1. Current Situation About 95% of the urban and 35% of the rural population is supplied by centralised water service. This indicates high network coverage by international standards. The actual performance of this system is a problem, however. Poor quality of the distribution network results in a water loss rate of 10-51%, and 40% water loss in Tbilisi. All urban households suffer interrupted supply, receiving water much less than 24 hours a day, in some cities as little as 8-10 hours a day. In rural areas the supply system often does not function at all. This affects mainly people living on higher floors of buildings, because of low pressure in the sys- tem. The major reason for that is the shortage of electricity supply due to a lack of payment and also physical shortages. The majority of the connected urban households can have potentially good water quality, as the main source is groundwater. Groundwater sources provide about 90% of the water supply apart from Tbilisi.
    [Show full text]
  • THE URBAN INSTITUTE 2100 M STREET, NW WASHINGTON, DC 20037 Maria C
    THE URBAN INSTITUTE 2100 M STREET, NW WASHINGTON, DC 20037 Maria C. Andrade-Stern Direct Diat (202) 261 -5396 Senior Contract Administrator FAX: (202) 728-0231 mandradea ui.urban.org July 15,2003 Mr. Gary Kinney Contracting Officer USAlD Caucasus 20 Telavi Street Tbilisi, 380003, Georgia RE: Contract No. EEU-I-00-99-00015-00,TO No. 809 UI Project 06901-012, Georgia Local Governance Reform lnitiative Quarterly Task Order Progress and Cost Report, April to June 2003 Dear Mr. Kinney: Please find the enclosed Quarterly Task Order Progress and Cost Report, April to June 2003, Georgia Local Governance Reform Initiative. This report is required by Sections F.5 and F.6 of our Local Government Assistance lnitiative Indefinite Quantity Contract. Please direct any technical questions to Dr. William E. Krause at [email protected] or (995) 32-22-5868. Questions of a contractual nature should be addressed to me at (202) 261-5396. Sincerely, Maria C. Andrade-Stern Enclosures Joe Taggart (CTO, USAlD Caucasus) Mike Keshishian (USAIDNV) William E. Krause (UIKbilisi) USAlD Development Clearinghouse IAC Deliverables File (06901-01 2) IAC Chron File QUARTERLY TASK ORDER PROGRESS AND COST REPORT APRIL TO JUNE2003 GEORGIA LOCAL GOVERNANCE REFORM INITIATIVE Prepared for Prepared by William E. Krause The Urban Institute Georgia Local Governance Reform Initiative United States Agency for International Development Contract No. EEU-1-99-000 15-00, Task Order No. 809 THE URBAN INSTITUTE 2100 M Street, NW Washington, DC 20037 (202) 833-7200 June 2003 www.urban.org UI Project 0690 1-012 TABLE OF CONTENTS I . HIGHLIGHTS ......................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Press Release
    Press Release 28 October, 2018 Opening and Setting Up of Polling Stations The International Society for Fair Elections and Democracy (ISFED) is monitoring the October 28, 2018 Presidential Elections in all electoral districts around Georgia. ISFED Observation Mission consists of 800 short-term observers deployed at precincts, 73 observers deployed at district electoral commissions and 78 mobile groups. PVT and Incident Centers are o in the central office with 15 operators and 10 lawyers. ISFED’s observation of the Presidential Elections is based on the Parallel Vote Tabulation (PVT) methodology, which enables us to timely detect violations, systematically evaluate the entire Election Day process and verify the accuracy of the official election results. In this statement, ISFED presents information about opening of polling stations and commencement of voting. Key Findings Almost all ISFED observers had the opportunity to access and monitor their polling stations. However, several cases were identified of interrupting observer’s right to monitor the election process. One case of an attempt to pressure upon observer was identified. Based on the information provided by ISFED observers, the opening and setting up process at the majority of polling stations took place without substantial violations. However, cases of procedural violation of casting of lots and inadequate handling of electoral documentation was observed at several polling stations. Party activists and so-called “coordinators” are mobilized at polling stations. They meet voters before entering the PECs in order to record voters in their list. ISFED observers identified cases of inappropriate communication, including cases where party activists were campaigning and telling voters to bring supporters.
    [Show full text]
  • International Students Guide
    INTERNATIONAL STUDENTS GUIDE Caucasus University CAUCASUS UNIVERSITY 1 CONTENTS W E L C O M E ............................................................................................................................. 3 Facts and Figures About Caucasus University (CU) ...................................................................... 6 Campus History And Location .......................................................................................................8 Accommodations ........................................................................................................................... 9 Your First Few Days .................................................................................................................... 10 Practical Information .................................................................................................................... 10 Visa ........................................................................................................................................... 10 Residence Permit .......................................................................................................................11 Traveling Options ...................................................................................................................... 11 Budgeting .................................................................................................................................. 12 Health & Insurance ......................................................................................................................13
    [Show full text]
  • Reflecting Back and Looking Forward
    Episode Number: 5 ​ Episode Title: Reflecting Back and Looking Forward (Live Recording) ​ Interviewees: Holly and Susan, Jen Morris, Nino Naneishvili, ​ ​ ​ Listeners Date of Interview: 28.12.2020 ​ Date of Podcast publication: 31.12.2020 ​ Holly Taylor-Zuntz 0:04 Welcome to Voices Of The Ancestors, where we explore Georgian polyphonic songs, and the women who sing them. Susan Thompson 0:19 Hello, welcome to this experimental episode recorded at the turning of the year, we reflect on the highlights and lowlights of starting ‘Voices Of The Ancestors’ in 2020. Our listeners joined us and share their dream guest ideas. The very first guest, Jen Morris, and Nino Naneishvili from Episode Three, talk about the unexpected consequences of being on the podcast. Nino has a beautiful perspective on how the podcast shines a light on traditional musicians in Georgia. If this is the first time you've listened to the podcast, I'm so glad you found it. If you can, I propose listening to episodes one and three before the rest of this one. This episode is an experimental live, the sound is different to our normal episodes. And we hope you enjoy the interactivity between the guests and listeners and appreciate the varied sound from around the world. Music: Makharia by Ialoni ​ ​ ​ Holly Taylor-Zuntz 1:25 So welcome, everyone, to our first ever live podcast recording. It's a little bit of an experiment. But here we are on zoom, and with a live audience and some special guests who you're going ​ ​ to be hearing from very shortly.
    [Show full text]
  • Caucasus University
    Caucasus University A GUIDE FOR INTERNATIONAL STUDENTS Contents W E L C O M E ................................................................................................................................................ 3 Facts and Figures about Caucasus University (CU) ....................................................................................... 4 Campus Location: .......................................................................................................................................... 7 Accommodations .......................................................................................................................................... 9 Your First Few Days ..................................................................................................................................... 10 Practical Information .................................................................................................................................. 11 Visa .......................................................................................................................................................... 11 Residence Permit .................................................................................................................................... 12 Flight Options .......................................................................................................................................... 12 Budgeting ...............................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Tbilisoba Kicks Off This Weekend
    Issue no: 987 • OCTOBER 6 - 9, 2017 • PUBLISHED TWICE WEEKLY PRICE: GEL 2.50 In this week’s issue... FOCUS ON THE FALL OF SOKHUMI A look at then and now...PAGE 4,6 Georgia Supports Sovereignty & Territorial Integrity of Spain NEWS PAGE 3 Headaches in Abkhazia POLITICS PAGE 9 Russia Makes Turkmenistan Proposals in Oil & Gas BUSINESS PAGE 10 German Embassy Marks 27th Anniversary of Unifi cation of Germany Photo by Mike Goldwater SOCIETY PAGE 15 Textile from Georgia - New Album on Tbilisoba Kicks off This Weekend Georgian BY NINO GUGUNISHVILI Costume Published he two-day annual celebration of CULTURE PAGE 19 Tbilisoba (Tbilisi Day), fi rst held in October 1979, this year starts on Sat- urday October 7 in various locations throughout the capital. TThe program announced by Tbilisi City hall begins at 12PM on Saturday, and is to offer guests a plethora of activities: from pavilions representing the capitals twinned with Tbilisi set up in Europe Square, a fair and exhibition of classic and new cars on Metekhi Bridge, to children’s culinary classes, archeology for chil- in New Tifl is until 9PM. numerous concerts during the Tbilisi City Fest, dren and quizzes to be held in the New Tifl is, A festival of sweets and master-classes from with and City Hall’s Big Band concert alongside Agmashenebeli area and a kite festival and famous chefs is promised for the New Tifl is area, dance performances, and electronic music con- master-classes for little ones in Rike Park. Adults and a fruit festival is to be held on Sioni Street.
    [Show full text]
  • LDA Georgia Newsletter February 28, 2017
    LDA Georgia Newsletter February 28, 2017 Meeting with Ambassador of France to Georgia LDA Georgia’s Executive Director, Nino Khukhua, and Youth for Europe project members met with Pascal Meunier, Ambassador of France to Georgia, Kutaisi City Hall representatives, and ALDA Eastern Partnership (EaP) Coordinator, Nino Tvaltvadze. During the meeting, the Ambassador introduced current and future activities of the French Embassy in Georgia, and listened to the Youth for Europe project presentation. Khukhua presented LDA Georgia’s mission and strategic goals. Tvaltvadze presented ALDA’s mission in EaP countries, and its long-term cooperation with France and Georgia. There are plans for joint educational youth projects with the cooperation of the French Embassy. https://www.facebook.com/LDAGeorgia/ EaP Civil Society Forum Georgian National Platform Coordinating Council Meeting in Kutaisi LDA Georgia hosted the meeting that was focused on European integration and the general objectives and tasks of the National Platform. Attendees included members of the National Platform Coordination Council and regional NGO and media organizations. Speakers were: Kakha Gogolashvili, Chairman of the National Platform; Lasha Tugushi, Project Director of “Strengthening and Capacity Building of Georgian National Platform for the Eastern Partnership;” Archil Karaulashvili, First Deputy Minister of European and Euro-Atlantic Integration of Georgia; Givi Tchitchinadze, Governor of Imereti Region, and his administration members; Nino Khukhua, Executive Director, LDA Georgia; and Nino Tvaltvadze, Coordinator of EaP of ALDA. https://www.facebook.com/LDAGeorgia/ Memorandum of Understanding An MOU was signed by the Imereti Governor, Georgian National Platform of the EaP Civil Society Forum, and LDA Georgia, addressing the EU integration process.
    [Show full text]
  • Local and Regional Democracy in Georgia
    35th SESSION Report CG35(2018)18final 7 November 2018 Local and regional democracy in Georgia Monitoring Committee Rapporteurs:1 Michail ANGELOPOULOS, Greece (L, EPP/CCE) Stewart DICKSON, United Kingdom (R, ILDG) Recommendation 426 (2018) ................................................................................................................... 2 Explanatory memorandum ....................................................................................................................... 5 Summary This report follows the third monitoring visit to Georgia since it ratified the European Charter of Local Self-Government in 2004. The report highlights the substantial progress achieved by Georgia in the field of local democracy since the previous Congress monitoring and post-monitoring visits. The rapporteurs positively note the integration of the subsidiarity and commensurability principles and the clause of general competence into the constitution. They also welcome such important measures as the development of a comprehensive reform strategy for decentralisation and modernisation of local government, the introduction of direct election of mayors, strengthening of the financial capacity of local self- government and the constitutional status of the Autonomous Republic of Adjara, the modernisation of the auditing system and the official recognition of the representative position of the National Association of Local Authorities of Georgia (NALAG). However, the rapporteurs express their concerns about difficulties faced by some opposition
    [Show full text]
  • Transcript Episode 8
    Episode Number: 8 Episode Title: From Georgia to Great Britain and back Interviewee: Tamara Vephkvadze Date of Interview: 16th February 2021 Date of Podcast publication: 11th March 2021 Holly Taylor-Zuntz 00:00 Welcome to Voices of the Ancestors, where we explore Georgian polyphonic songs Susan Thompson and the women who sing them. Holly Taylor-Zuntz Hello and welcome to Voices of the Ancestors with me, Holly Taylor-Zuntz Susan Thompson And me Susan Thompson Holly Taylor-Zuntz And today I am speaking to you from my quarantine hotel in Tbilisi, Georgia. Susan Thompson It’s so exciting Holly – I never thought I’d hear you say that, it’s just brilliant. But I’m not in your quarantine hotel, I'm in our lovely new apartment here in Tbilisi, but one of the downsides of a new apartment is sometimes you have unexpected noises, so I think our new neighbours might have been drilling to put up a shelf or something like that when we were doing this recording. Holly Taylor-Zuntz 0:57 Yeah, I mean you just got a laugh haven't you - I mean we find the one time when we’re all free to record and then this drill decides to add its voice to our vibrations. But don't worry it does go away after about 10-minutes just in time for our guests to tell a lovely story about Katie Melua. Our guest today is Tamara Vepkhvadze and we wanted to interview her because we were so intrigued by her story. She's a Georgian woman, but it wasn't until she was in London that she started singing Georgian songs, as she would say ‘in voices’ or ‘in harmony’ and there was a real spontaneous energy to our interview so we wanted to reflect that in the music that we've used in the episode.
    [Show full text]