Putu Ratih Kumala Dewi | The Use Of Multitrack Diplomacy in The Liberation Of 10 Indonesian Ship Crew From The Abu Sayyaf Group 2016 Article The Use of Multitrack Diplomacy in The Liberation Of 10 Indonesian Ship Crew From The Abu Sayyaf Group 2016 Putu Ratih Kumala Dewi 1 1 International Relations, Faculty of Political Sciences, Udayana University INFORMATION

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Indonesia was again shocked by the events of ship hijacking SUBMISSION TRACK and hostage-taking of 10 Indonesian ship crew by the Abu Sayyaf separatist group in the Southern Philippines. This is not the first time for Indonesia where its citizens are held Recieved : 22 June 2018 hostage by separatists, but the success of the Indonesian Final Revision : 07 September 2019 government in releasing hostages from Abu Sayyaf's group is Available Online : 30 November 2019 interesting to discuss because 10 Indonesian ship crew members who were hostages were able to be released less KEYWORD Indonesian Diplomacy, Abu Sayyaf, Multi-Track than 3 months after the hijacking, without ransom and Diplomacy, Total Diplomacy without firing contact. So the question arises as to how Indonesia’s diplomacy strategy is in the release of 10 KATA KUNCI Indonesian ship crew from the Abu Sayyaf group? In answering the above questions, the writer used the concept of Diplomasi Indonesia, Abu Sayyaf, Diplomasi diplomacy, multi-track diplomacy, and peacemaking. The Multi track, Diplomasi Total results of this study are the diplomacy strategy used by Indonesia is Total Diplomacy where in addition to running CORRESSPONDENCE the Track One Diplomacy also runs Track Two Diplomacy involving non-governmental elements unofficially that are E-mail : [email protected] non-governmental and professional actors also civilian population.

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Indonesia kembali dikejutkan dengan peristiwa pembajakan kapal dan penyenderaan 10 awak kapal Indonesia oleh kelompok separatis Abu Sayyaf di Filipina Selatan. Hal ini bukan pertama kalinya bagi Indonesia dimana warga negara ditawan oleh kelompok separatis, namun keberhasilan dari pemerintah Indonesia dalam membebaskan sandera dari kelompok Abu Sayyaf adalah hal yang menarik untuk didiskusikan karena 10 awak kapal Indonesia tersebut bisa dibebaskan kurang dari 3 bulan setelah pembajakan tanpa adanya uang tebusan kontak bersenjata. Pertanyaan yang muncul adalah bagaimana strategi diplomasi Indonesia dalam membebaskan 10 awak kapal Indonesia dari kelompok Abu Sayaf. Dalam menjawab pertanyaan tersebut penulis menggunakan konsep diplomasi, diplomasi multi-track dan peacemaking. Hasil dari penelitian ini adalah strategi diplomasi yang digunakan oleh Indonesia adalah total diplomasi dimana dilakukan track one diplomacy sekaligus dengan track two diplomacy yang melibatkan elemen- elemen non pemerintahan seperti aktor profesional dan masyarakat sipil

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Putu Ratih Kumala Dewi | The Use Of Multitrack Diplomacy in The Liberation Of 10 Indonesian Ship Crew From The Abu Sayyaf Group 2016 Introduction dissatisfied with the methods taken by their Indonesia was again shocked by the seniors at the MNLF so that in their small events of ship hijacking and hostage-taking groups of young people formed new groups of Indonesian crew members. On March and received sympathy from their 26, 2016, two Indonesian-flagged ships supporters. The aim of the Abu Sayyaf were hijacked by the Abu Sayyaf group group is clearly fighting for minority while sailing from Sungai Puting, South groups in the Philippines using violence. Kalimantan to Batangas, southern This separatist action was challenged by the Philippines. The two hijacked vessels were Philippine government. The country’s Brahma 12 and Anand 12 barges carrying government and military often deployed 10 Indonesian ship crew members. In the troops with complete war machines to hostage-taking of 10 Indonesian ship crew suppress the movement of these groups, members, the hijackers of the Abu Sayyaf which led to weapons contracts. group expressed demands to release 10 Although it started from a domestic Indonesian citizens on condition that the conflict in the Philippines, recently the ransom was 50 million pesos with a group has widened its network to Malaysia deadline of March 31, 2016.1 and Indonesia. The Abu Sayyaf group is The existence of the Abu Sayyaf thought to be responsible for a series of acts separatist movement group is a fragment of of hostage-taking, violence, and murder the conflicting Moro fighters in the especially foreign nationals and a series of Southern Philippines. The Southern criminal acts of terrorism and other Philippines is a region that is constantly criminal acts. The name of the Abu Sayyaf experiencing conflict. The conflict in group, which has been classified in the Philippine was closely related to the Foreign Terrorist Organizations, again competition of Islamic and Christian emerged after recently hijacking two ships religious missions post-13th century. The with 10 Indonesian ship crew carrying state’s discrimination against Muslim 7,000 tons of coal departing from minority groups becomes more pronounced Banjarmasin, South Kalimantan, to the when they refer to them as Moro, it is Philippines on March 15.2 identical to the Islamic group that used to The Indonesian government in occupy Spain. Starting from this, the seeking the release of 10 Indonesian ship conflict continued to rage. Religion and crew members prioritizes a humanitarian ethnic identity even occupy an important approach, religious closeness becomes a part of the conflict. Rebellion by Minority priority through persuasive efforts, Muslim groups in Mindanao, Southern negotiations, diplomacy, before deciding to Philippines, for example, is more due to take steps in military operations as a last being treated unfairly in economic and resort. Until May 12, 2016, 10 Indonesian political life, although there are elements of ship crew were released without ransom or religion that play a role. firing contact. People in the Abu Sayyaf group This is not the first time for were former members of the Moro Muslim Indonesia where its citizens are held Liberation Front (MNLF) who were hostage by separatists, but the success of the Indonesian government in releasing

1 Simanjuntak, Rico Afrido. (2016). Bajak Kapal 2 Satria Hadi, Mahardika et.al. (2016) Markas RI, Kelompok Abu Sayyaf Kesulitan Dana. Abu Sayyaf Diserbu, 18 Tewas, Bagaimana Nasib10 Accessed on April 2016 from WNI?. Accessed on April 2016 from http://nasional.sindonews.com/read/1096507/14/baj https://m.tempo.co/read/news/2016/04/11/ ak- kapal-ri-kelompok-abu-sayyaf-kesulitan-dana- 078761438/markas-abu-sayyaf-diserbu-18- tewas- 1459225888 bagaimana-nasib-10-wni

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Putu Ratih Kumala Dewi | The Use Of Multitrack Diplomacy in The Liberation Of 10 Indonesian Ship Crew From The Abu Sayyaf Group 2016 hostages from Abu Sayyaf's group is This research use normative juridical interesting to discuss because 10 approach in analyzing and describe the Indonesian ship crew members who were responsibility of the Republic of hostages were able to be released less than Indonesia to the Indoensian citizen who 3 months after the hijacking, without were held hostage by the Abu Sayyaf ransom and without weapons contact. So Group in the Philippines. The results of this the question arises as to how Indonesia’s research showed that the Philippines had diplomacy strategy is in the release of 10 made efforts to release Indonesian citizens Indonesian ship crew from the Abu Sayyaf who were held hostage by the Abu Sayyaf group? Group through repressive efforts and There is no research that discusses cooperation. Indonesia also had made Indonesia's diplomacy strategy through efforts exemption of Indonesian citizen that multitrack diplomacy in the case of ship have been done in a coordinated manner hijacking and hostage-taking by Abu with other ministries or institutions and Sayaff Group. Here are some of previous approaches to the elements of non research. First research by Indah governmental engaged in southern Pratikasari and Sri Muryantini tittled The Philippines . In the framework of state Efforts Of Embassy Of The Republic Of responsibility, Indonesia and the Indonesia In Manila in The Liberation Of Philippines have full responsibility for its Indonesians From Abu Sayyaf Group. This implementation. paper discusses about the efforts of the The first paper used negotiation embassy of the republic of indonesia in strategy as concept, while this paper use manila in the release of indonesian ship multitrack diplomacy as concept to analyze crew who were held hostage by the abu how Indonesia use diplomacy strategy in sayyaf group during 2016. The autor use the release of 10 Indonesian ship crew from the negotiation strategy to explain the steps the Abu Sayyaf group. The second paper of negotiation process which as part of the use international law perspective while this diplomatic functions. This paper concludes paper use diplomatic perspective. that the policies made and carried out by the indonesian government and the Research Methods indonesian embassy in manila in performing its role as indonesian This scientific article used government representative in the descriptive writing method or library philippines to release the indonesian ship research. Data collection is more focused crew who were taken hostage by the abu on information or studies obtained from sayyaf group in the south philippines books, electronic newspapers, and region. An intensive negotiation process is publications from relevant agencies that are needed with the philippine government and relevant to events in this scientific article also with the abu sayyaf using the such as the Indonesian Foreign Ministry negotiation strategy in order to achieve a and the Philippine government. In addition, win-win solution without using weapons or the data obtained came from internet media ransom. as information support for analysis The second paper tittled State purposes. Responsibility To Indonesian Citizens The framework used to analyze the Hostaged By AbuSayyaf Group In problems in this scientific article is the Philippines According To International concept of diplomacy, multi-track Law Perspective by Early Wulandari, Agus diplomacy, and peacemaking. In these Pramono and Nuswantoro Dwi Warno. concepts, it is explained that the state in

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Putu Ratih Kumala Dewi | The Use Of Multitrack Diplomacy in The Liberation Of 10 Indonesian Ship Crew From The Abu Sayyaf Group 2016 achieving its national interests through neutralizing hostile countries.7 Some diplomacy. experts conclude, the element of Diplomacy is an important political diplomacy, namely negotiations carried out activity and requires good resources and to achieve national interests with expertise. The aim is to enable the State to diplomatic actions taken to safeguard and secure its foreign policy without using advance national interests as far as possible violence, war, propaganda or law.3 can be carried out by means of peace, Diplomacy, in theory, is the practice of maintaining peace without destroying implementing relations between countries national interests is the goal of diplomacy. through official representatives. Diplomacy To achieve the objectives of according to R. P. Barston is the national interest, diplomacy is not only management of relations between countries carried out between countries but also or relations between countries with other between countries with other international international relations actors. As for a relations subjects, not only carried out by definition related to the method, diplomacy the state but also all subjects of represents political, economic and military international relations. This is reflected in pressure on countries involved in the concept of multi-track diplomacy. The diplomatic activities, which are formulated concept of multi-track diplomacy appears in the exchange of requests and concessions as a system of peacemaking.8 between negotiators. Multi-track diplomacy is a concept Diplomacy is also an operational developed and put into practice by Louise technique to achieve national interests Diamond and John W. McDonald, co- outside the jurisdiction of a country.4 While founders of the Institute for Multi-Track another understanding stated that Diplomacy. The concept is an expansion of diplomacy is closely linked to relations the original distinction made by Joseph between countries, is the art of prioritizing Montville in 1982, between track one the interests of a country through (official, governmental action) and track negotiations in peaceful ways if possible in two (unofficial, nongovernmental action) dealing with other countries5. Azeta Cungu approaches to conflict resolution. In multi- and Tanya Alfredson defined diplomacy track diplomacy, the implementation of strategies as a plan or method used to diplomacy is carried out through nine achieve foreign policy.6 tracks9, including: For any country, the purpose of 1. Government diplomacy is safeguarding political Track one or First Track Diplomacy, freedom and its territorial integrity. This namely diplomatic efforts carried out can be achieved by strengthening relations based on official government with friendly countries, maintaining close interactions. relations with countries that are aligned and 2. Professional conflict resolution Where on this path, a professional non- 3 Berridge, G.R.2002. Diplomacy Theory government is able to realize peace and Practice.New York: Palgrave. 4 Olton Roy and Jack C. Plano. 1999. Kamus Hubungan Internasional. Translated by 7 Roy, S.L. 1991. Diplomasi. Jakarta: Wawan Juanda. Jakarta: Putra A. Bardhin CV. The Rajawali Pers. second printed edition, p. 201 8 Diamond, Louise and John 5 Roy, S.L. 1991. Diplomasi. Jakarta: McDonald.1996. Multi-Track Diplomacy, A System Rajawali Pers. p.5 Approach to Peace. USA: Kumarian Press.p.12 6 (Alfredson, Tanya dan Cungu, 9 Diamond, Louise and John McDonald.. Azeta.2008.Negotiation Theory and Practice.Food Multi-Track Diplomacy, A System Approach to and Agriculture Organization of The United Nation. Peace. p.6 pp.26-108

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Putu Ratih Kumala Dewi | The Use Of Multitrack Diplomacy in The Liberation Of 10 Indonesian Ship Crew From The Abu Sayyaf Group 2016 through conflict resolution to analyze, On this path, it emphasizes the learning prevent, resolve, and accommodate process as a manifestation of the international conflicts by means of creation of peace. The study covered communication, understanding, and research related to educational building good relations in dealing with institutions both schools and problems together. Actors here universities and think tanks, namely certainly have great potential to create research, analysis and study programs, peace in a way without any as well as research centers of special intervention from the government interest groups. Think tanks, in this 3. Business case, have a lot of activities such as Where in creating peace, this path uses research and analysis of situations and trade which can also bring benefits. some conflicts related to case studies. Business becomes a potential land for In addition, activities carried out achieving peacebuilding through through seminars and workshops are economic aspects. Not only that, the used to explore a problem. Issues that relationship of international friendship exist in the education community are and understanding through informal also about how to get justice without communication can also support the need for violence. For example, various activities in realizing peace. An scholarship programs offered by example is a cooperation between certain institutions as training to Indonesia and China in a free trade improve critical thinking depend on the agreement. Through the agreement, it programs taken according to their can create a symbiosis of mutualism interests and talents between the two countries so that the 6. Activism potential for conflict in both countries This path emphasizes activism in terms can be avoided through cooperation. of human rights, the environment, 4. Private citizen social and economic justice, and The fourth track is private citizens. In advocacy for special interests this track, the achievement of peace is regarding certain policies taken by the carried out by private or personal government. The activism was citizens who contribute to development manifested in the form of protest, and peace activities. This pathway is education, advocacy, rules, support, usually carried out with diplomacy and supervision carried out by a citizen through 7. Religious exchange programs, private voluntary In this path, the activities carried out organizations, NGOs and various are oriented towards peace by spiritual interest groups. Usually, activities on and religious communities and anti- this path are not visible to the public violence. Usually, these movements and only through understanding the refer to pacifism, namely the belief that achievement of peace can be done. For conflict resolution by peaceful means example, student exchange programs is the most correct and a sanctuary is a offered by certain institutions with the place that is considered sacred and able mission of completing a social project to protect someone. An example is a that is beneficial not only to the social activity in the form of a country but also to the destination campaign or discussion by a religious country community 5. Research, training, and education 8. Funding

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Putu Ratih Kumala Dewi | The Use Of Multitrack Diplomacy in The Liberation Of 10 Indonesian Ship Crew From The Abu Sayyaf Group 2016 This is related to the realization of diplomacy through the communication peace through funding by certain activities made by it. The Track Two communities that able to provide Diplomacy is carried out by involving financial support for various activities People-to-People Diplomacy to pave the carried out by other channels. An way for negotiations and agreements in example is the Ford Foundation, which order to support the track’s diplomacy. is a foundation that is engaged in education and research where it Table 1. The track I and Track II concentrates on issues of security and Diplomacy public policy 9. Public opinion/communication Track I Track II In this path, the implementation of Actor Official Unofficial peace is carried out through representative, representatives, information which utilizes existing government, NGOs, local and organization regional leaders, media both through print media, Multinational, Elite, Grassroots groups electronics and others. The opponent leader dissemination of information carried Method Positive and negative Two-way out through certain media can be a incentives, mediation, discussions, means of education for example political support and educational economy workshops, through historical documentaries or the Grassroots need for information that can be reconciliation accessed quickly through print or Conflict Present in all areas Present in all internet. arena but more emphasis on areas but more The eight path starting from professional Peacemaking and involved in conflict resolution; business; private Peacekeeping when conflict an official actor prevention and citizens; research, training and education; decides to stop the peacebuilding activism; religious; funding; and public dispute, peace is when local and opinion/communication an be referred to as possible and there are regional actors the Track Two Diplomacy approaches, steps to negotiate in detect danger namely diplomatic efforts carried out by the agreement. signs related to violence and can non-governmental elements unofficially. immediately This effort must pave the way for support the negotiation and approval in the framework technique of of first track diplomacy by utilizing personal important information from the actors of reconciliation between opposing the Track Two Diplomacy. This is needed parties. in order to achieve success in carrying out foreign policy missions. Track Two Multi-track diplomacy is part of Diplomacy in its implementation involves peacemaking, so it is worth explaining the various actors with different backgrounds, meaning of peacemaking here. according to their respective fields, for Peacemaking in relation to multi-track example, business people or professionals, diplomacy has a more general meaning. ordinary citizens, academics (researchers, Peacemaking means not only a series of educators), NGOs, religious institutions and actions to achieve peace between opposing finance, and the ninth path is mass media. parties but also a series of actions to The mass media is considered to have a prevent, manage and resolve conflict; for very strategic function because it plays a reconciliation; to explore various issues role as a unifier of all actors of public related to general peace and more specific

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Putu Ratih Kumala Dewi | The Use Of Multitrack Diplomacy in The Liberation Of 10 Indonesian Ship Crew From The Abu Sayyaf Group 2016 types of conflicts; to educate and research Islamic and Christian mission/post 13th these issues; to build direct theory and century. The state’s discrimination against practice; to influence policy; to provide Muslim minority groups becomes more information; to facilitate dialogue; pronounced when they refer to them as negotiation and mediation, and all of these Moro, it means identical to the Islamic actions are based and aimed at building group that used to occupy Spain. This is better relations between the State and the where the conflict continues to rage. community. 10The concept of peacemaking Religion and ethnic identity even occupy an in this paper is to see how Indonesia’s important part of the conflict. Rebellion by chosen diplomatic strategy in liberation Minority Muslim groups in Mindanao, efforts 10 Indonesian ship crew who are Southern Philippines, for example, is more prisoners are intended to realize due to being treated unfairly in economic peacemaking by achieving conflict and political life, although the most crucial resolution, facilitating dialogue, negotiation thing is concerning religion. The conflict in and mediation in achieving the ultimate the Philippines continued after Spain came goal of releasing hostages without using to power then switched power to America, violence. Japan and until the Philippines proclaimed This concept of diplomacy, multi- itself an independent country on July 4, track diplomacy and peacemaking will be 1946. The conflict in the Philippines began used to analyze how the diplomatic strategy with colonization carried out by Arabs and used by Indonesia in achieving its national later by Christians, which is the second interests, in this case, is to save 10 difference the religion, until now still Indonesian ship crew who become competing for the attention of the prisoners. indigenous population. Islamic Arabs shifted to the South of the Philippines when Result and Discussion Christians occupied the North of the Philippines. The South, which was initially Abu Sayyaf Group in International dominated by Muslims, was disturbed by Relations the presence of Christianity to this area. The Abu Sayyaf group is a militant During Marcus’s reign, the initial conflict group that was founded in the early 1990s11 occurred as a result of murder at and operates in the Southern Philippines. Corregidor. Philippine Muslim volunteers, This religious-based militant group strives trained in guerrilla tactics by an official to establish an independent Islamic state in force, were killed at the behest of the army Western Mindanao and the Sulu area, commander. They refused to be sent to where the southern Philippines is the region Sabah to conduct military information. with the highest Muslim population12. The Because this event formed the Moro Southern Philippines is a region that is National Liberation Front (MNLF), the constantly experiencing conflict. The MNLF was a very influential movement in conflict stems from the competition of promoting Moro Muslim freedom. The other two groups are the Moro Islamic

10 Diamond, Louise and John Liberation Front (MILF) and most recently McDonald.1996. Multi-Track Diplomacy, A System the Abu Sayyaf which was formed in Approach to Peace. USA: Kumarian Press. p13. 198913.The three groups of the movement 11 Sholahuddin, “NII sampai JI, Salafy Jihadisme di Indonesia”. (, 2011), Jakarta: Komunitas Bambu. p.25 12 Manalo, Eusoquito P. (2004). The 13 Anonim.2016. Bapak Pedang Lupa Philippine Response to Terorism: The Abu Sayyaf Indonesia. Accessed on May 2016 Group,” Thesis: Noval Postgraduate School. p.32. from

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Putu Ratih Kumala Dewi | The Use Of Multitrack Diplomacy in The Liberation Of 10 Indonesian Ship Crew From The Abu Sayyaf Group 2016 have the same goal of wanting to establish The group under the leadership of an Islamic theocracy in Southern Janjalani runs a state formation namely the Philippines and economic development in Islamic Theocratic State of Mindanao their region. (MIS) and includes religious beliefs that The first Abu Sayyaf group cry out intolerance with the aim of emerged in 1989 under the leadership of spreading Islam through Jihad17, where all Abdurajak Janjalani. Abdurrajak Janjalani Filipino Christians are targeted. In the is a former MNLF member who did not search for its object, this group has approve of the peace process between the determined its ideology firmly and the MNLF and the Government of the Republic operational agenda is bound to a merging of the Philippines through the Tripoli business purpose that forces the domination Agreement14. In the Tripoli Agreement, it of Islam in the world through armed was not agreed on independence but agreed resistance18. on the existence of a special autonomous The Janjalani group, or MCFF, region for Moro residents in the Southern became known as the Abu Sayyaf group in Philippines15. This caused the purpose of August 1991 when they carried out a the establishment of an Islamic state to be bombing of “M/V Doulos”, a Christian sacrificed by the MNLF. This caused missionary ship anchored in Zamboanga, Abdurrajak Janjalani and his followers to Southern Philippines19. Between 1991 and leave the MNLF membership. 1998, this militant group began to expand Before leaving the MNLF, and develop its capabilities, judging by its Abdurrajak Janjalani and his followers movement the group was neat in carrying formed the Mujahideen Commando out a series of small attacks on foreign Freedom Fighters (MCFF) in 1989 and in nationals. In the first few years, the Abu 1991 formally separated themselves from Sayyaf group committed kidnappings of the MNLF.MCFF or known as the Janjalani local residents, and their level of ability Group, this group developed into what we increased due to a large number of their know as the Abu Sayyaf group Abdurrajak members being recruited from groups that Janjalani using the nickname “Abu Sayyaf” were not in line with the struggles of to honor the leader of the Afghan MNLF or MILF20. Mujahideen forces, Abdul Rasul Sayyaf Currently, the Abu Sayyaf Group, where he had joined the Mujahideen forces led by Khadafi Janjalani, is known to be a led by Abdul Rasul Sayyaf in Afghanistan very radical Islamic separatist group in the when against the Soviet Union.16 Southern Philippines. They carried out various acts of violence, such as bombings, kidnappings, killings and extortion in http://www.republika.co.id/berita/koran/teraju/16/04 21 /18/o5u41p1-bapak-pedang-lupa- Indonesia seeking to establish an Islamic state . The 14 Wahjudi, Garnijanto Bambang. 2003 “Kerjasama Regional ASEAN Menghadapi Isu 17 Hasbullah, Moeflich. (2003) “Asia Terorisme Internasional (Penaganan Aksi Teroisme Tenggara konsentrasi Baru Kebangkitan Islam. Internasional di Filipinai Bagian Selatan Oleh Bandung: Fokusmedia.p.242 ASEAN Tahun 2000 dan 2001)”, Jakarta: 18 Manalo, Eusoquito P. (2004). The Universitas Indonesia.p85. Philippine Response to Terorism: The Abu Sayyaf 15 Atkinson, Garrett. 2012. Abu Sayyaf: The Group,” Thesis: Noval Postgraduate School.p32. Father of the Swordsman”, A review of the rise of 19 (Atkinson, Garrett. Abu Sayyaf: The an Islamic insurgency in the southern Philippines. Father of the Swordsman”p.7 p6. 20 Manalo, Eusoquito P. The Philippine 16 Atkinson, Garrett. 2012. Abu Sayyaf: The Response to Terorism: The Abu Sayyaf Group.p.35 Father of the Swordsman”, A review of the rise of 21 Council of Foreign Relations. (2009. ) an Islamic insurgency in the southern Philippines. Abu Sayyaf Group (the Philippines, Islamist p.7. separatists). Accessed on April 2016 from

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Putu Ratih Kumala Dewi | The Use Of Multitrack Diplomacy in The Liberation Of 10 Indonesian Ship Crew From The Abu Sayyaf Group 2016 Abu Sayyaf group in the Philippines has Terrorism is a terrorist movement carried deeply troubled Filipinos with bombings, out within the territorial boundaries of a kidnappings, and execution of hostages. country and carried out by individuals or The Abu Sayyaf group is classified in the groups with specific political, economic or Foreign Terrorist Organizations by the religious objectives. International terrorism United States government.22 is a terrorist movement that is associated According to Charles W Kigley Jr. with attacks on third-party arrangements and Eugene R Wirtkopf, terrorism is a use (Third Party Target) in territories or foreign of the threat of violence, a battle method or territories and can also be supported and a strategy to achieve certain goals, which sponsored by a State.25 So, in domestic are intended to create a state of fear on the terrorism, there is no foreign element, both part of the victim23. Ranstop argues that victims and trans-national terrorism, or religious fanaticism is a major motive of what is called international terrorism, terrorism, and expressly stated by the which involves foreign elements, both diversity of beliefs, such as Islam, Judaism, involving (in part) the perpetrators and Christianity, and other beliefs, often take some victims, even though the incident is in acts of terrorism. He argues that religious the region certain territorial countries. terrorism is a type of political violence Domestic Terrorism and International motivated by a sense of spiritual crisis and Terrorism can only be distinguished, but a reaction to social and political change24. often both cannot be separated According to Ronald Gottersman, The Abu Sayyaf group is a terrorist there are two types of terrorist based in the Philippines and operates within organizations, namely domestic and the territory of the Philippines, but in international. Terrorists from domestic type carrying out its actions this group often organizations carry out their activities only involves foreign elements. In the case of in the country where they live. Whereas Brahma 12 hijacking and Anand 12 barges terrorists from international type in Philippine territorial, there were foreign organizations attack their enemies elements, the victims were 10 Indonesian anywhere and anytime. While Atif M Mir ship crew who were hostages. So the Abu distinguishes the scope of movements in Sayyaf Group could be categorized as an two parts, namely domestic terrorism and international terrorist group. International Terrorism. Domestic In the development of International Relations studies, terrorist groups are http://www.cfr.org/philippines/abu- sayyafgroup- International relations actors who are Philippines-islamist-separatists/p9235 22 included in non-state actors. In general, the Foreign Terrorist Organizations (FTOs) presence of international terrorism dilators are foreign organizations referred to by the Foreign Minister in accordance with Clause 219 of the lies behind goals that are ethnic, political, 26 Immigration and Citizenship Act (INA), as religious and racial. According to Kegley , amended. The FTO plays an important role in the there are other non-state actors who fight in fight against terrorism and is an effective way to international relations: ethnonational limit support for terrorist activities and pressure groups to quit the terrorism business. US State Department. 2003. “Patterns of Global Terrorism 25 Wahjudi, Garnijanto Bambang. 2003 2003. Accessed on April 2016 at “Kerjasama Regional ASEAN Menghadapi Isu http://www.state.gov/j/ct/rls/other/des/123085.htm Terorisme Internasional (Penaganan Aksi Teroisme 23 Kegley, Jr., Charles and Eugene R. Internasional di Filipinai Bagian Selatan Oleh Wittkopf,. 2001. World Politics: Trend and ASEAN Tahun 2000 dan 2001)”, Jakarta: Transformation. Bedford: St. Martins, p.222 Universitas Indonesia.p.81 24 Manalo, Eusoquito P. (2004). The 26 Kegley, Jr., Charles and Eugene R. Philippine Response to Terorism: The Abu Sayyaf Wittkopf,. 2001. World Politics: Trend and Group,” Thesis: Noval Postgraduate School. p.31. Transformation. Bedford: St. Martins,

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Putu Ratih Kumala Dewi | The Use Of Multitrack Diplomacy in The Liberation Of 10 Indonesian Ship Crew From The Abu Sayyaf Group 2016 groups, religious movements, and terrorists. Sayyaf Group, they tried to liberate this Ethno-national groups are human area by opposing Christians by terrorizing associations that place their national them by committing violence. identity ahead of state identity. Ethno- International terrorism national groups feel that ethnic, regional, organizations do not aim or aspire to form a ethnic, and language similarities are very new state or new government but rather important, and they have the potential to how to create chaos and uncontrolled have ethnocentrism. Thus, ethnonational conditions of a government that is the groups are very likely to carry out target so that the government submits and separatist rebellions because the state is surrenders to its idealism. To achieve its considered no longer important to them. goal of establishing an Islamic state in the Religious movements assume that southern Philippines, the Abu Sayyaf group their beliefs or religions must be shared by resisted by means of violence. The Abu the whole world.27 Religious movements Sayyaf group carried out bombings, assume that their religious identity is far kidnappings, and execution of hostages. more important than others, so they will This group carried out acts of terror by retain their identities as much as possible so carrying out bombings in areas of the they are not rivaled by others, including the Philippines, hijacking foreign vessels, state. If the state is considered to have the kidnapping and taking hostages of foreign potential to damage their religious identity, nationals including Indonesian citizens. religious movements can carry out separatist movements to save their religious The Multitrack Diplomacy in identity. Indonesia’s Pro-People Diplomacy Terrorist groups are one of the Skill in diplomacy is the main actors besides the government whose requirement of a diplomat involved in activities are troubling the international international politics, which is basically community and creating chaos in the used to reach an agreement, compromise, country.28 Terrorist groups have one and resolve problems where the characteristic, which often uses violence government’s goals are mutually and threats to convey their intentions. conflicting. Talking about diplomatic Terrorist groups often conflict with the activities will definitely lead to diplomats state. and foreign ministries. Because the State When looking at these non-state created this department to deal with matters actors, the Abu Sayyaf group is a terrorist relating to other countries. But along with group based on religious movements. Until the times, the scope of issues, actors, and now the existence of the Abu Sayyaf Group the agenda of diplomacy in international remained in the Philippines, trying to relations is increasingly complex and establish an Islamic state was their ideal. growing. The task of diplomacy is no The number of Christians who live on the longer the task of the government but can island of South Mindanao and resulted in be done by the private sector / non- the removal of Muslims from this island to government. the coastal areas of the island. Because they Traditional diplomacy that only felt they had been marginalized by the Abu involves the role of the government (first track diplomacy) in carrying out diplomatic 27 Kegley, Jr., Charles and Eugene R. missions, will not be effective in order to Wittkopf,. 2001. World Politics: Trend and convey diplomatic messages to a country. Transformation. Bedford: St. Martins, 28 Kegley, Jr., Charles and Eugene R. Therefore, public diplomacy activities Wittkopf,. World Politics: Trend and involving public participation are needed in Transformation.

Andalas Journal of International Studies| Vol VIII No 2 Nov 2019 197 DOI: https://doi.org/10.25077/ajis.8.2.188-202.2019

Putu Ratih Kumala Dewi | The Use Of Multitrack Diplomacy in The Liberation Of 10 Indonesian Ship Crew From The Abu Sayyaf Group 2016 order to complement traditional diplomatic must be carried out in order to improve the activities. The idea of open diplomacy and achievement of the performance of total diplomacy is an alternative that is used Indonesia's foreign policy30. The to answer challenges and opportunities in implementation of this strategic plan is bilateral and multilateral cooperation that through an operational program in the form support Indonesia's current foreign policy. of a Total Diplomacy policy. The involvement of non-state actors in A total diplomacy is a tool and diplomatic activities carried out and method used in diplomacy by involving all developed by non-governmental elements stakeholders. From the point of commonly referred to as the Track Two implementation of diplomacy, the ability to Diplomacy involving non-governmental anticipate the possibility of threats, people as diplomacy is non-governmental challenges, and disturbances and take organizations (NGOs), educator figures, U advantage of all opportunities as part of the niversity institutions, religious leaders, struggle to achieve the National Interest businesspeople, and individuals. target, which is referred to as Total In achieving its national interests, Diplomacy. Total diplomacy has a dual Indonesia has had a Grand Strategy in purpose, namely first: to mobilize all diplomacy called “Pro-People Diplomacy”, national forces and second: that the or also known as “Down to Earth implementation of diplomacy must reflect Diplomacy”. The Ministry of Foreign the aspirations of the community as part of Affairs of the Republic the National Interest.31 of Indonesia (MoFA) in 2015-2019 The Abu Sayyaf group is a non- strategic plan stated that Pro-People state actor and diplomacy can be used not Diplomacy consisting of "diplomacy for the only among fellow countries but also with people and don to earth diplomacy" in the non-state actors. The results of the analysis sense of increasing foreign performance, conducted by the author indicate that will increase the amount of funds needed, Indonesia’s diplomacy strategy in the and increase its benefits by the people.29 In release of ten Indonesian ship crew from the 2015-2019 period, Indonesian the Abu Sayyaf group is to use multi-track diplomacy will highlight its character as a diplomacy, also called total diplomacy maritime nation, Indonesian diplomacy will under the Indonesian government, but be connected with the interests of the involving all elements of the nation people (diplomacy for the people), Indonesian diplomacy will be down to The diplomacy strategy undertaken by earth, and Indonesian diplomacy will be Indonesia is: carried out decisively and with dignity.  Track One Diplomacy The achievement of the Ministry of In the first track, this was carried out by the Foreign Affairs Strategic Goals and the government. Although the implementation success of foreign policy implementation as of the total diplomacy strategy involved a whole are strongly influenced by many parties, it was still led by the domestic and foreign conditions. Therefore, government. In this track one, the ranks the role, involvement and synergy of all involved from the government are the components of stakeholders and the use of Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the TNI and all lines of strength (multi-track diplomacy) the National Police where police officers

29 The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Indonesia . 2015. Rencana Strategis 30 Ibid. p 57 tahun 2015-2019. Jakarta: Kementerian Luar 31 Emilia, Ranny. 2013. Praktek Diplomasi. Negeri. P.i Jakarta: Baduose Media. p.284

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Putu Ratih Kumala Dewi | The Use Of Multitrack Diplomacy in The Liberation Of 10 Indonesian Ship Crew From The Abu Sayyaf Group 2016 are in the Philippines and have been military force continued to echo. TNI coordinating so far. troops have also been prepared around the Since the Abu Sayyaf group Kalimantan region awaiting orders to carry announced that it is responsible for ship out military forces. Indonesia also had the hijacking and hostage-taking where 10 of opportunity to offer the Philippines to seek them are Indonesian citizens, Indonesian permission to use military force to release Foreign Minister Retno Marsuri then flew 10 Indonesian ship crew. The offer was to the Philippines on April 1-2, 2016 and made by the Indonesian Minister of coordinated with the Philippines. From Defense Ryamizard Ryacudu. But the meetings with key parties in Manila, there request was rejected by the Philippines were 4 points taken home, namely: First, because, in the Philippine constitution, intensifying communication and military forces (other countries) were not coordination with the Philippine permitted in the Philippines without an government to release Indonesian hostages. agreement. But the Philippine Minister of Second, reiterating the importance of the Foreign Affairs and the commander of the safety of the 10 Indonesian citizens. Third, Philippine armed forces clearly made a convey appreciation for the cooperation commitment to resolve this problem and that has so far been given by the Philippine continue to communicate with the authorities in the context of coordinating Indonesian Foreign Ministry. the release of hostages. And fourth,  Track Two Diplomacy communicate with other relevant parties. Foreign Minister, Retno Marsudi stated that In an effort to release the hostages, the efforts to release 10 Indonesian citizens the TNI also carried out intelligence held by the Abu Sayyaf group involved operations under the coordination of the many parties, not only the government to Ministry of Foreign Affairs. This team was the government but also other informal led by retired Major General Kivlan Zen. networks.33 In addition to the team on track The team has 7 people and is part of the one, there are also other teams engaged in intelligence operations of the Indonesian the effort to release ten Indonesian citizens Army Strategic Intelligence Agency. This who are held hostage, namely: team collaborated with Philippine 1. Yayasan Sukma (Sukma Intelligence and included PT. Patria Foundation) formed by Surya Maritime Lines Ship owner company. Paloh According to Kivlan on March 27, 2016, The Sukma Foundation sent a team the shipowner's company sent a number of consisting of retired Major General teams to negotiate. Kivlan went down to Supriadin, Ahmad Baedowi, Samsu Rizal the Philippines because he had contact with Panggabean, and Desi Fitriani, Metro TV a number of Moro figures. He was once a journalist. Supriadin is a former member of the peacekeeping force to guard commander of the military regional the ceasefire between the Philippine command of Iskandar, a young Acehnese government and the MNLF rebels led by and now a member of the House of Nur Misuari in 1995-1996.32 Representatives from the Nasdem Party TNI readiness can further faction. Ahmad Baedowi is the director of strengthen the roles of diplomacy carried out by the Foreign Ministry. During the 33 negotiation process, the insistence on using Shemi, Helmi . 2016 Tetap Pakai Diplomasi Total, Pemerintah Kembali Fokus pada 4 Sandera. Accessed on April 2016 from 32 Tempo. 2016. Berebut Panggung http://www.arah.com/article/2768/menlu-retno- Pembebasan Sandera. 9-16 Mei 2016. Jakarta : pembebasan-sandera-gunakan-dua-acuan- Tempo, p.31 utama.html

Andalas Journal of International Studies| Vol VIII No 2 Nov 2019 199 DOI: https://doi.org/10.25077/ajis.8.2.188-202.2019

Putu Ratih Kumala Dewi | The Use Of Multitrack Diplomacy in The Liberation Of 10 Indonesian Ship Crew From The Abu Sayyaf Group 2016 community education. While Samsu Rizal Cross. Outside the formal path, Hamid sent is a lecturer in the Department of an Informal envoy. He appointed someone International Relations and Master of Peace who had a network with the Moro group. and conflict resolution at Gajah Mada The team formed by Jusuf Kalla monitored University.34 In its movement to do the movements of the hostages including diplomacy with the Abu Sayyaf group, the the condition of his health. According to Sukma team also involved 2 NGOs which Hamid, it is important to ascertain the were community empowerment and anti- condition and position of the hostages violence NGOs in Mindanau, Southern while still in the hands of the hostage Philippines. Sukma’s team also coordinated takers.35 with the Indonesian government through Edi Mulya who was Minister of Embassy The diplomacy carried out by the Counselors in the Philippines. Sukma team and Jusuf Kalla’s formation The Sukma team conducted team showed the involvement of non- diplomacy using educational, cultural and government actors as part of total religious approaches to key informal people diplomacy. Where the two teams involved in the Philippines. By cooperating with the non-governmental parties and professional informal figure, the Sukma Foundation people who were experts in their fields team made a negotiation map by means of which were representations of track 2 and kinship at 3 points, namely: Sulu, the involvement of private citizens who Zamboanga, and Manila. A number of their were representations of track four. Not only information and contacts were involved. In involves professionals, diplomacy carried his attempt to negotiate Baedowi received out by a citizen through private voluntary the first telephone call and spoke with Al- organizations, NGOs and various interest Habsi. Al-Habsi gave his telephone to groups. Actors here have great potential to Julian Philips crew of the Brahma ship 12. create peace in a way without intervention In the conversation, Julian said a ransom of from the government. 50 million pesos had to be received on The advantage of this track is that it Monday, April 18, 2016. If money was not can show the issues faced clearly and be handed over, Al-Habsi would execute 1 in able to find alternative and improvised 10 hostages. Sukma’s team continued to ways to solve problems that may not be move to the Philippines and met with reached by the government36 and the Informal figures in Sulu. After being freedom to conduct any positive activities helped by several informal figures, Al- with the aim of peace without government Habsi also compromised the deadline he intervention.37 delivered. Baedowi and Desi met this But the weakness is that achieving figure in the southern city of Jolo, Sulu. consensus takes a long time and is not 2. The team formed by Vice bound by law because of the limited President Jusuf Kalla legitimacy possessed by a non-government Jusuf Kalla assigned Hamid Awaludin to actor and tends to be individualistic and take care of the hostages. Hamid is the

Chairperson of the Foreign Relations 35 Tempo. 2016. Berebut Panggung Division of the Central Indonesian Red Pembebasan Sandera. 9-16 Mei 2016. Jakarta : Cross. Hamid uses a network of Tempo. p.32 36 International Red Cross and Philippine Red Diamond, Louise and John McDonald.1996. Multi-Track Diplomacy, A System Approach to Peace. USA: Kumarian Press. p.52 34 Tempo. 2016. Berebut Panggung 37 Diamond, Louise and John McDonald. Pembebasan Sandera. 9-16 Mei 2016. Jakarta : Multi-Track Diplomacy, A System Approach to Tempo, p.30 Peace. p.60

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Putu Ratih Kumala Dewi | The Use Of Multitrack Diplomacy in The Liberation Of 10 Indonesian Ship Crew From The Abu Sayyaf Group 2016 subjective in responding to something Conclusion because it only looks at the personal side. To release 10 Indonesian ship crew not from the results of discussion or mutual who were held hostage by the Abu Sayyaf agreement38 because the two teams moved group, the Indonesian government used individually although still coordinating diplomatic channels and not a path of with the government to achieve the goal of violence. The strategy chosen is Total peacemaking. Diplomacy which is the embodiment of Activities on both lines are not multi-track diplomacy. Track one and track visible to the public and only through two approaches showed that this liberation understanding the achievement of peace effort involves many parties and all people can be done. This shows that diplomacy of the nation. Total diplomacy is not only carried out with the Abu Sayyaf group was focused on government-to-government also carried out with a closed diplomacy diplomacy (track one), namely the Foreign method. Closed diplomacy is done to Ministry, TNI and Polri, but also involves prevent diplomatic efforts from failing in informal networks such as professional the early stages of premature eyebrows non-government ; private citizens such as given the possibility of rejection by various the foundation major retired generals parties outside the government, or even Supriadin, Ahmad Baedowi, Samsu Rizal objections by other countries. If later the Panggabean, and Desi Fitriani journalist results are ready, the results of this Metro TV ; and also involved 2 NGOs diplomacy will be announced openly. which were community empowerment and Multitrack diplomacy that involve anti-violence NGOs in Mindanau, Southern Track One and the track two show that this Philippines; and a team formed by Vice liberation effort involves many parties, all President Jusuf Kalla who assigned Hamid elements of the nation. Total diplomacy is Awaludin. not only focused on the government to In its implementation, various government diplomacy but also involves parties in the track two diplomacy continue informal networks such as non-government to coordinate with the government, and the professionals and private citizens, all of government remains the leader in this which are opened for one purpose. In the diplomacy, all of which are carried out for strategy of total diplomacy, two references one purpose of peacemaking, namely, to are used by the government, namely, the repatriate hostages safely. safety of hostages and opening the communication with as many parties. Safety of Indonesian citizens is a top priority and the Indonesian government opens communication with many parties. The process of releasing the hostages through a long process with a situation in a very dynamic field with a very high level of compilation.

38 Diamond, Louise and John McDonald.1996. Multi-Track Diplomacy, A System Approach to Peace. USA: Kumarian Press. p.60

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Putu Ratih Kumala Dewi | The Use Of Multitrack Diplomacy in The Liberation Of 10 Indonesian Ship Crew From The Abu Sayyaf Group 2016

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