DOCSLIB.ORG

Macromolecules

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Macromolecules Lesson Overview Carbon Compounds Lesson Overview 2.3 Carbon Compounds Lesson Overview Carbon Compounds THINK ABOUT IT In the early 1800s, many chemists called the compounds created by organisms “organic,” believing they were fundamentally different from compounds in nonliving things. We now understand that the principles governing the chemistry of living and nonliving things are the same, but the term “organic chemistry” is still around. Today, organic chemistry means the study of compounds that contain bonds between carbon atoms, while inorganic chemistry is the study of all other compounds. Lesson Overview Carbon Compounds The Chemistry of Carbon Carbon atoms have four valence electrons, allowing them to form strong covalent bonds with many other elements (including hydrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, sulfur, and nitrogen). Carbon atoms can also bond to each other (this gives carbon the ability to form millions of different large and complex structures). Living organisms are made up of molecules that consist of carbon and these other elements. Lesson Overview Carbon Compounds The Chemistry of Carbon Carbon-carbon bonds can be single , double , or triple covalent bonds. METHANE BUTADIENE ACETYLENE Lesson Overview Carbon Compounds The Chemistry of Carbon Chains of carbon atoms can be straight , branched , or even close up on themselves to form rings . BUTANE ISOOCTANE BENZENE Lesson Overview Carbon Compounds Macromolecules Many of the organic compounds in living cells are macromolecules. Macromolecule means “giant molecule” Macromolecules are made from thousands or even hundreds of thousands of smaller molecules. Lesson Overview Carbon Compounds Macromolecules Most macromolecules are formed by a process known as polymerization , in which large compounds are built by joining smaller ones together. The smaller units, or monomers , join together to form polymers . The monomers in a polymer may be identical or different. Lesson Overview Carbon Compounds Macromolecules Biochemists sort the macromolecules found in living things into groups based on their chemical composition. The four major groups of macromolecules found in living things are carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids, and proteins. Lesson Overview Carbon Compounds Carbohydrates – Elements Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen The ratio is usually 1 : 2 : 1 (C:H:O) Lesson Overview Carbon Compounds Carbohydrates – Monomer Monosaccharides (single sugar / simple sugar) Glucose Galactose (a component of milk) Fructose (found in many fruits) Lesson Overview Carbon Compounds Carbohydrates – Uses Living things use carbohydrates as their main source of energy. The breakdown of sugars, such as glucose, supplies immediate energy for cell activities. Plants, some animals, and other organisms also use carbohydrates for structural purposes. Lesson Overview Carbon Compounds Carbohydrates – Examples Disaccharide (two single sugar molecules) Sucrose (table sugar) – Glucose and fructose joined together Lesson Overview Carbon Compounds Carbohydrates – Examples Polysaccharides (many single sugar molecules) Glycogen (excess sugar storage in animals) o When the level of glucose in your blood runs low, glycogen is broken down into glucose, which is then released into the blood Starch (excess sugar storage in plants) Cellulose (polysaccharide found in plant cell walls that give the cells strength and rigidity) Lesson Overview Carbon Compounds Lipids – Elements Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen Lipids have a large number of C-H bonds and less oxygen than carbohydrates (Ex. C 57 H110 O6) Lesson Overview Carbon Compounds Lipids – Structure Unlike carbohydrates, lipids do not have a monomer . Lipids are formed when a glycerol molecule (backbone) combines with compounds called fatty acids. Lesson Overview Carbon Compounds Lipids – Structure If each carbon atom in a lipid’s fatty acid chains is joined to another carbon atom by a single bond, the lipid is said to be saturated. If there is at least one carbon -carbon double bond in a fatty acid, the fatty acid is said to be unsaturated. Lipids whose fatty acids contain more than one double bond are said to be polyunsaturated. Lesson Overview Carbon Compounds Lipids – Uses and Examples Lipids can be used to story energy, as insulation, or as a protective coating (cell membrane) Steroids synthesized by the body are lipids as well. Many steroids, such as hormones, serve as chemical messengers Examples of lipids include fats, oils, and waxes Lipids are nonpolar molecules; therefore, they are water insoluble Lesson Overview Carbon Compounds Nucleic Acids – Elements Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen Nitrogen Phosphorus Lesson Overview Carbon Compounds Nucleic Acids – Monomer Nucleotides Nucleic acids are polymers assembled from individual monomers known as nucleotides Nucleotides consist of a 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group (–PO 4), and a nitrogenous base. Individual nucleotides can be joined by covalent bonds to form a polynucleotide, or nucleic acid. Lesson Overview Carbon Compounds Nucleic Acids – Uses and Examples Nucleic acids store and transmit hereditary, or genetic, information. Examples include ribonucleic acid (RNA) and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). RNA contains the sugar ribose and DNA contains the sugar deoxyribose. Lesson Overview Carbon Compounds Protein – Elements Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen Nitrogen Lesson Overview Carbon Compounds Protein – Monomer Amino acids Amino acids are compounds with an amino group (–NH 2) on one end and a carboxyl group (–COOH) on the other end. Lesson Overview Carbon Compounds Protein – Monomer All amino acids are identical in the amino and carboxyl groups. Any amino acid can be joined to any other amino acid by a peptide bond formed between these amino and carboxyl groups. Amino acids differ from each other in a side chain called the R-group (or variable group), which have a range of different properties. Some R-groups are acidic and some are basic Some R-groups are polar and some are nonpolar Lesson Overview Carbon Compounds Protein – Monomer Covalent bonds called peptide bonds link amino acids together to form a polypeptide. A protein is a functional molecule built from one or more polypeptides. Lesson Overview Carbon Compounds Protein – Uses and Examples Proteins perform many varied functions, such as controlling the rate of reactions and regulating cell processes (enzymes), forming cellular structures, transporting substances into or out of cells, and helping to fight disease. Examples include enzymes, hemoglobin (transports oxygen), and actin / myosin (in muscle cells) Lesson Overview Carbon Compounds Proteins – Levels of Organization Proteins have four levels of structure. A protein’s primary structure is the sequence of its amino acids. Secondary structure is the folding or coiling of the polypeptide chain. Lesson Overview Carbon Compounds Proteins – Levels of Organization Tertiary structure is the complete, three-dimensional arrangement of a polypeptide chain. Proteins with more than one chain have a fourth level of structure, which describes the way in which the different polypeptide chains are arranged with respect to each other. For example, the protein shown, hemoglobin, consists of four subunits..
Load more

Recommended publications
  • INFORMATION to USERS the Most Advanced Technology Has Been
    INFORMATION TO USERS The most advanced technology has been used to photo­ graph and reproduce this manuscript from the microfilm master. UMI films the original text directly from the copy submitted. Thus, some dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from a computer printer. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyrighted material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are re­ produced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand comer and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. Each oversize page is available as one exposure on a standard 35 mm slide or as a 17" x 23" black and white photographic print for an additional charge. Photographs included in the original manuscript have been reproduced xerographically in this copy. 35 mm slides or 6" x 9" black and white photographic prints are available for any photographs or illustrations appearing in this copy for an additional charge. Contact UMI directly to order. Accessing the World'sUMI Information since 1938 300 North Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 USA Order Number 8820378 Stereochemical studies in anaerobic metabolism Zydowsky, Lynne Douthit, Ph.D. The Ohio State University, 1988 UMI 300 N. Zeeb Rd. Ann Aibor, M I 48106 PLEASE NOTE: In all cases this material has been filmed in the best possible way from the available copy. Problems encountered with this document have been identified here with a check mark V .
    [Show full text]
  • Carbon Compounds and Cells Are Very Large and Complex
    7/21/2009 How are the ingredients for life put together? • Most molecules that make up living things Carbon Compounds and Cells are very large and complex. • Now let’s learn abou t their s tru ctur e an d All living organisms are composed function. of cells, from just one to many trillions. Carbon compounds Carbon is unique among the elements. • Life as we know it is carbon based. • A carbon atom can • This means that most of the compounds form chemical bonds with other carbon you are made of contain the element atoms in long chains carbon. or rings. • Some carbon compounds contain several thousand carbon atoms. You use carbon compounds every day. The carbon compounds in living things are classified into four groups: • Carbon compounds are not only found in living things. 1. carbohydrates, • Plastic, rubber, and gasoline are carbon compounds. 2. lipids, • In fact, there are over 12 3. proteins, and million known carbon 4. nucleic acids. compounds! 1 7/21/2009 Compounds in a Person CARBOHYDRATES Is water a carbon compound? Plants and animals use carbohydrates. Carbohydrates are energy-rich compounds made from carbon, • Cells use carbohydrates to get and hyygdrogen, and oxyg en. store energy. • Plants conta in ce llu lose, a carbohydrate, which gives them a rigid structure. Glucose Carbohydrates are classified as sugars and starches. • Glucose is a simple sugar made of 6 • Sugars are simple carbon, 12 hydrogen, molecules which are and 6 oxygen atoms. smaller than starches. 2 7/21/2009 The sugar you use to sweeten food is called sucrose.
    [Show full text]
  • Article Is Available Online Standing That Under the Correct Conditions, Microbes Can Pro- At
    Biogeosciences, 15, 1733–1747, 2018 https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-1733-2018 © Author(s) 2018. This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. Molecular characterization of organic matter mobilized from Bangladeshi aquifer sediment: tracking carbon compositional change during microbial utilization Lara E. Pracht1, Malak M. Tfaily2, Robert J. Ardissono1, and Rebecca B. Neumann1 1Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, 98195, USA 2Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, 99354, USA Correspondence: Rebecca B. Neumann ([email protected]) Received: 29 June 2017 – Discussion started: 11 July 2017 Revised: 1 March 2018 – Accepted: 2 March 2018 – Published: 26 March 2018 Abstract. Bioavailable organic carbon in aquifer recharge In anaerobic environments, energy yields from redox reac- waters and sediments can fuel microbial reactions with im- tions are small and the amount of energy required to re- plications for groundwater quality. A previous incubation move electrons from highly reduced carbon substrates during experiment showed that sedimentary organic carbon (SOC) oxidation decreases the thermodynamic favorability of de- mobilized off sandy sediment collected from an arsenic- grading compounds with a low NOSC. While all compound contaminated and methanogenic aquifer in Bangladesh was types were eventually degraded during incubation, NOSC bioavailable; it was transformed into methane. We used and compound size controlled the rates of carbon transforma- high-resolution mass spectrometry to molecularly character- tion. Large, more thermodynamically favorable compounds ize this mobilized SOC, reference its composition against (e.g., aromatics with a high NOSC) were targeted first, while dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in surface recharge water, small, less thermodynamically favorable compounds (e.g., track compositional changes during incubation, and advance alkanes and olefinics with a low NOSC) were used last.
    [Show full text]
  • The Elements.Pdf
    A Periodic Table of the Elements at Los Alamos National Laboratory Los Alamos National Laboratory's Chemistry Division Presents Periodic Table of the Elements A Resource for Elementary, Middle School, and High School Students Click an element for more information: Group** Period 1 18 IA VIIIA 1A 8A 1 2 13 14 15 16 17 2 1 H IIA IIIA IVA VA VIAVIIA He 1.008 2A 3A 4A 5A 6A 7A 4.003 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 2 Li Be B C N O F Ne 6.941 9.012 10.81 12.01 14.01 16.00 19.00 20.18 11 12 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 3 Na Mg IIIB IVB VB VIB VIIB ------- VIII IB IIB Al Si P S Cl Ar 22.99 24.31 3B 4B 5B 6B 7B ------- 1B 2B 26.98 28.09 30.97 32.07 35.45 39.95 ------- 8 ------- 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 4 K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr 39.10 40.08 44.96 47.88 50.94 52.00 54.94 55.85 58.47 58.69 63.55 65.39 69.72 72.59 74.92 78.96 79.90 83.80 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 5 Rb Sr Y Zr NbMo Tc Ru Rh PdAgCd In Sn Sb Te I Xe 85.47 87.62 88.91 91.22 92.91 95.94 (98) 101.1 102.9 106.4 107.9 112.4 114.8 118.7 121.8 127.6 126.9 131.3 55 56 57 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 6 Cs Ba La* Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt AuHg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn 132.9 137.3 138.9 178.5 180.9 183.9 186.2 190.2 190.2 195.1 197.0 200.5 204.4 207.2 209.0 (210) (210) (222) 87 88 89 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 114 116 118 7 Fr Ra Ac~RfDb Sg Bh Hs Mt --- --- --- --- --- --- (223) (226) (227) (257) (260) (263) (262) (265) (266) () () () () () () http://pearl1.lanl.gov/periodic/ (1 of 3) [5/17/2001 4:06:20 PM] A Periodic Table of the Elements at Los Alamos National Laboratory 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 Lanthanide Series* Ce Pr NdPmSm Eu Gd TbDyHo Er TmYbLu 140.1 140.9 144.2 (147) 150.4 152.0 157.3 158.9 162.5 164.9 167.3 168.9 173.0 175.0 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 Actinide Series~ Th Pa U Np Pu AmCmBk Cf Es FmMdNo Lr 232.0 (231) (238) (237) (242) (243) (247) (247) (249) (254) (253) (256) (254) (257) ** Groups are noted by 3 notation conventions.
    [Show full text]
  • Root Exudation Rates Decrease with Increasing Latitude in Some Tree Species
    Article Root Exudation Rates Decrease with Increasing Latitude in Some Tree Species Liu Yang 1 , Xiuwei Wang 1,* , Zijun Mao 2, Zhiyan Jiang 1, Yang Gao 2, Xiangwei Chen 1 and Doug P. Aubrey 3,4 1 Key Laboratory of Sustainable Forest Ecosystem Management-Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China; [email protected] (L.Y.); [email protected] (Z.J.); [email protected] (X.C.) 2 College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Resource Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China; [email protected] (Z.M.); [email protected] (Y.G.) 3 Savannah River Ecology Laboratory, University of Georgia, PO Drawer E, Aiken, SC 29802, USA; [email protected] 4 Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Georgia, 180 E. Green St., Athens, GA 30602, USA * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +86-451-8219-1829 Received: 17 August 2020; Accepted: 27 September 2020; Published: 28 September 2020 Abstract: Research Highlights: Understanding of the spatial variation of root exudation on a regional scale can help understand the response of plant physiological activities to environmental changes. Background and Objectives: Although root exudation has become an important topic in belowground ecology, its relationship with root traits and environmental factors is poorly understood. Our objective was to explore how root traits and environmental factors influence root exudation. Materials and Methods: We used a multi-factorial design consisting of three tree species spanning across sites located at three latitudes to assess root exudation dynamics, which was measured using a syringe-basis incubation system. Results: The strongest and clearest effect observed in our study was a decrease in root exudation rates of Korean pine (Pinus koraiensis Sieb.
    [Show full text]
  • Mercury Contamination in Man and His Environment
    TECHNICAL REPORTS SERIES No. 137 Mercury Contamination in Man and his Environment A JOINT UNDERTAKING BY THE INTERNATIONAL LABOUR ORGANISATION. THE FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS. THE WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION AND THE INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY J WJ INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY, VIENNA, 1972 MERCURY CONTAMINATION IN MAN AND HIS ENVIRONMENT TECHNICAL REPORTS SERIES No. 137 MERCURY CONTAMINATION IN MAN AND HIS ENVIRONMENT A JOINT UNDERTAKING BY THE INTERNATIONAL LABOUR ORGANISATION, THE FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS, THE WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION AND THE INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY VIENNA, 1972 MERCURY CONTAMINATION IN MAN AND HIS ENVIRONMENT IAEA, VIENNA, 1972 STI/DOC/lO/137 Printed by the IAEA in Austria July 1972 FOREWORD In May 1967, at a Symposium organized by the International Atomic Energy Agency in Amsterdam, the special problems of food and environ- mental contamination by mercury were discussed by world experts on the subject and by representatives of FAO, WHO and IAEA. One of the recom- mendations made by this meeting was that the international organizations of the United Nations family should assist in the collection and distribution of information on environmental mercury. Subsequently, the organizations concerned agreed that a handbook on mercury contamination would be es- pecially useful. This would deal with sources of mercury in relation to man and his environment; with physical and biological transfer processes that determine its distribution; with analytical methods for determining mercury and its compounds as environmental contaminants; with actual concentrations of mercury found in the environment, in living organisms and in man; and with its toxicology in animals and man.
    [Show full text]
  • Investigation of the Distribution of Organochlorine and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Compounds in the Lower Columbia River Using Semipermeable Membrane Devices
    U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey Prepared in cooperation with The Lower Columbia River Estuary Program and the National Stream Quality Accounting Network Program Investigation of the Distribution of Organochlorine and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Compounds in the Lower Columbia River Using Semipermeable Membrane Devices Water-Resources Investigations Report 99–4051 Investigation of the Distribution of Organochlorine and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Compounds in the Lower Columbia River Using Semipermeable Membrane Devices By Kathleen A. McCarthy and Robert W. Gale U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Water-Resources Investigations Report 99–4051 Prepared in cooperation with the Lower Columbia River Estuary Program and the National Stream Quality Accounting Network Program Portland, Oregon 1999 K. A. McCarthy and R. W. Gale—INVESTIGATION OF THE DISTRIBUTION OF ORGANOCHLORINE AND POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDRO- CARBON COMPOUNDS IN THE LOWER COLUMBIA RIVER USING SEMIPERMEABLE-MEMBRANE DEVICES—U.S. Geological Survey WRIR Report 99– U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR BRUCE BABBITT, Secretary U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Charles G. Groat, Director The use of firm, trade, and brand names in this report is for identification purposes only and does not constitute endorsement by the U.S. Geological Survey. For additional information write to: Copies of this report can be purchased from: District Chief U.S. Geological Survey U.S. Geological Survey Information Services 10615 SE Cherry Blossom Dr Box 25286 Portland, OR 97216 Federal Center E-mail:
    [Show full text]
  • Henry Gilman Papers, RS13/6/52, Special Collections Department, Citation: Iowa State University Library
    IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY Special Collections Department 403 Parks Library Ames, IA 50011-2140 515 294-6672 http://www.add.lib.iastate.edu/spcl/index.html RS 13/6/52 Henry Gilman (1893-1986) Papers, 1893-1993 RS 13/6/52 2 Descriptive summary creator: Gilman, Henry (1893-1986) title: Papers dates: 1893-1993 extent: 23.52 linear feet (47 document boxes and1 index card box) collection number: RS13/6/52 repository: University Archives, Special Collections Department, Iowa State University. Administrative information access: Open for research publication rights: Consult Head, Special Collections Department preferred Henry Gilman Papers, RS13/6/52, Special Collections Department, citation: Iowa State University Library. SPECIAL COLLECTIONS DEPARTMENT IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY RS 13/6/52 3 Biographical note Henry Gilman was born in Boston, Massachusetts on May 9, 1893. He received his B.S. (1915), M.S. (1916), and Ph.D. (1918) in Chemistry from Harvard University. He received the Sheldon Fellowship and studied in Europe at Zurich Polytechnikum, and at Oxford in London. Gilman began his career at the University of Illinois as an Instructor of Chemistry (1919). He joined the faculty of Iowa State College (University) as an Assistant Professor (1919-1920). He was promoted to Associate Professor (1920-1923) and Professor (1923-1986) and was honored by being named Distinguished Professor (1962). While at Iowa State, Gilman helped to develop the Chemistry Department into one of national renown. Gilman’s main area of research was in organometallic chemistry and he built a reputation as a pioneer in the field. He authored or co-authored over a thousand papers and edited a two-volume textbook, Organic Chemistry: An Advanced Treatise (call no.
    [Show full text]
  • La Synthése D'acides, D'esters Et De La Diéthylcétone À
    Elenco Pubblicazioni Prof. Gian Paolo Chiusoli G.P. Chiusoli “La Synthése d’acides, d’esters et de la diéthylcétone à partir de l’éthyléne, de l’oxyde de carbone et de composés à l’hydrogéne mobile”. Chimie & Industrie, 70, 53 (1953) G.P. Chiusoli “Sintesi industriali di composti piridici” La Chimica e l’Industria, XXXVI, 699 (1954) G.P. Chiusoli, F. Minisci, A. Quilico “Ricerche sulla apertura ossidativa di sistemi aliciclici - Nota I. Acidi bibasici C10 derivati dalla decalina”. Gazz. Chim. Ital. 87, 90 (1957) G.P. Chiusoli, F. Minisci, A. Quilico “Ricerche sulla apertura ossidativa di sistemi aliciclici - Nota II. Acidi bibasici C9 e C8 da acidi cicloesanon e ciclopentanonpropionici”. Gazz. Chim. Ital. 87, 100 (1957) G.P. Chiusoli, F. Minisci “Sulla reattività dei radicali liberi con ossido di carbonio e ossido d’azoto”. Rend. Accad. Naz. Lincei Classe Sci. Fis. Mat. Nat. Ser. VIII, XXIII, 140 (1957) G.P. Chiusoli, F. Minisci “Reazioni radicaliche dell’ossido di carbonio: acidi carbossilici da CO e perossidi”. Gazz. Chim. Ital. 88, 43 (1958) G.P. Chiusoli, F. Minisci “Reazioni radicaliche dell’ossido d’azoto: acidi azotati da NO e perossidi”. Gazz. Chim. Ital. 88, 261 (1958) G.P. Chiusoli “Reazioni radicaliche dell’ossido di carbonio: preparazione di semiesteri e di acidi bibasici da perossidi di eteri cicloalifatici”. Gazz. Chim. Ital. 89, 1338 (1959) G.P. Chiusoli “Reazioni dell’ossido di carbonio: la funzione del nichel carbonile in alcune nuove sinyesi” Gazz. Chim. Ital. 89, 1332 (1959) G.P. Chiusoli “Preparazione della β-vinilacrilammide e dell’acido β-vinilacrilico” Gazz. Chim. Ital.
    [Show full text]
  • Formation of Alkyl-And Dialkylcarbenes. the 3
    AN ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS OF DALE MC CLISH CROUSE for the M.S. in CHEMISTRY (Nañae) (Degree) (Major) Date thesis is presented September 2, 1966 Title FORMATION OF ALKYL- AND DIALKYLCARBENES. THE 3- CYCLOHEXENYL CARBINYL CARBENE SYSTEM. Redacted for Privacy Abstract approved (Major professor) The 3- cyclohexenyl carbinyl carbene species was formed by the thermal decomposition of the p- toluene sulfonylhydrazone sodium salt and by oxidation of the hydrazone. Several oxidizing agents were studied. The products were investigated under aprotic and protic conditions and at various temperatures. The diazocompound was formed as an intermediate and found to be relatively stable although extremely sensitive to the conditions. When the diazo- compound was decomposed, the azine and the hydrocarbon products, both major and minor, were characterized. Under aprotic condi- tions the hydrocarbon yield was small and showed a large amount of (3- insertion. The ß- to y- insertion ratio decreased as the system became protic. A comparison of the two methods of carbene forma- tion is presented. FORMATION OF ALKYL- AND DIALKYLCARBENES. THE 3- CYCLOHEXENYL CARBINYL CARBENE SYSTEM by DALE MC CLISH CROUSE A THESIS submitted to OREGON STATE UNIVERSITY in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE June 1967 APPROVED: Redacted for Privacy Assistant Professor of Chemistry In Charge of Major Redacted for Privacy Chairman of department of Chemistry Redacted for Privacy Dean of Graduate School Date thesis is presented September 2, 1966 Typed by Gwendolyn Hansen ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I wish to express my appreciation to Dr. F. Thomas Bond for his wealth of ideas concerning the research and his help in writing this thesis.
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter 1 Organic Compounds: Alkanes
    Chapter 1 Alkanes Chapter 1 Organic Compounds: Alkanes Chapter Objectives: • Learn the differences between organic and inorganic compounds. • Learn how to identify isomers of organic compounds. • Learn how to write condensed, expanded, and line structures for organic compounds. • Learn how to recognize the alkane functional group in organic compounds. • Learn the IUPAC system for naming alkanes and cycloalkanes. • Learn the important physical and chemical properties of the alkanes. Mr. Kevin A. Boudreaux Angelo State University CHEM 2353 Fundamentals of Organic Chemistry Organic and Biochemistry for Today (Seager & Slabaugh) www.angelo.edu/faculty/kboudrea Organic chemistry nowadays almost drives me mad. To me it appears like a primeval tropical forest full of the most remarkable things, a dreadful endless jungle into which one does not dare enter, for there seems to be no way out. Friedrich Wöhler 2 1 Chapter 1 Alkanes 3 What Do We Mean By “Organic”? • In everyday usage, the word organic can be found in several different contexts: – chemicals extracted from plants and animals were originally called “organic” because they came from living organisms. – organic fertilizers are obtained from living organisms. – organic foods are foods grown without the use of pesticides or synthetic fertilizers. • In chemistry, the words “organic” and “organic chemistry” are defined a little more precisely: 4 2 Chapter 1 Alkanes What is Organic Chemistry? • Organic chemistry is concerned with the study of the structure and properties of compounds containing carbon. – All organic compounds contain carbon atoms. – Inorganic compounds contain no carbons. Most inorganic compounds are ionic compounds. • Some carbon compounds are not considered to be organic (mostly for historical reasons), such as CO, CO2, diamond, graphite, and salts of carbon- 2- - containing polyatomic ions (e.g., CO3 , CN ).
    [Show full text]
  • Organosilicon Reagents in Natural Product Synthesis
    GENERAL I ARTICLE Organosilicon Reagents in Natural Product Synthesis Hari Prasad Berzelius, the Swedish chemist in 1807 introduced the term 'organic compounds' as those substances derived from once living organisms (organized systems). Carbon exhibits the property of catenation (formation of chains) and forms a plethora of compounds on earth. Silicon on the other hand which is placed below carbon in the periodic table does not Hari Prasad S teaches exhibit this property. This article is a brief account of some post graduate students of the several reagents and classes of compounds encoun­ medicinal organic tered in organosilicon chemistry. chemistry and organic spectroscopy at the Introduction Chemistry Department, Central College, Banga­ Silicon is the second most abundant element on the surface of lore University, Banga­ the earth, after oxygen. It is the mildest of metals. Silicon does lore. His research includes synthetic and not occur free in nature, but is found as silica (quartz, sand) or as mechanistic organic silicates (feldspar, kaolinite), etc. In the periodic table, it be­ chemistry. longs to group 14, and is placed below carbon. It has atomic number 14 and comprises three isotopes 28 (92.18%), 29 (4.17%) and 30 (3.11 %). Industrially, silicon is prepared by the carbon reduction of silica in an electric arc furnace. Si02 + 2C ---..~ Si +2CO Silicon is purified by the zone melting method of refining. Organosilicon Based Reagents Organosilicon compounds do not occur free in nature, and are prepared synthetically. The property of catenation (formation of alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, etc.) observed in carbon chemistry is absent in silicon chemistry.
    [Show full text]