Research Paper Diversity of Ethno Medicinal Plants in Wazirabad

Research Paper

Diversity of ethno medicinal Plants in Wazirabad District, Gujranwala, Punjab, Pakistan

Accepted 23rd June, 2018

ABSTRACT

Plants are vast natural sources of significant ethno medicinal organic and inorganic ecofriendly metabolic components that are being used as probes and Fozia Noreen1, Muhammad Tamoor2, remedious agents since ancient times for local remedies. This paper documents 2 2 Muhammad Adil , Usman Mushtaq the ethonobotanical uses of thirty-two (32) medicinal plants used by local people and Qamar un Nisa1 belonging to Wazirabad District, Gujranwala, Punjab, Pakistan. The parts of plant 1University of Sialkot, Sialkot, Punjab, most commonly used in the treatment of various diseases are roots, leaves, seeds Pakistan. as well as, whole plants. The people of the Wazirabad District still depend on the 2 Universty of Gujrat, Sialkot, Punjab, uses of local plants for handling of their prime health problems. The confidence on Pakistan. medicine based over these plants is associated with the traditional beliefs. *Corresponding author. E-mail: [email protected] Key words: Ethnomedicinal, medicinal plants, ethonobotanical uses, Pakistan.

INTRODUCTION

The region selected for the present study is in the Wazirabad city is at the border of district Silakot and northern Punjab province of Pakistan, Wazirabad district, Gujranwala and known as city of cutlery and surgical Gujranwala that is just in the east of the Chenāb River. instruments. The origin of Wazirabad cutlery industry can The Chenab river is spanned opposite to Wazirabad by the be traced back to the invasion of India by Alexander the Alexandra railway bridge. It is located about 108 mi (or 174 Great. km) south-east of Islamabad, that is capital town of the Wazirabad came into being later in 1636 upon country. The test area is situated at latitude 32.45 and construction of first ever residential building of the city, longitude 74.12 and at an elevation of 235 m above sea Musaman Burj or Saman Burj on the bank of Palkhu Nala by level. The climate of Wazirabad's is a desert one because a Minister of Mughal Emperor Shah Jehan named Hakim there is virtually no rainfall during the year, in Wazirabad. Ilm-ud-din. However, evidences of settling are also found in Anually recorded precipitation fall is about 105 mm and is 1542. The finest man of Maharaja’s administration from greatest in July with an average of 22 mm and the lowest in Europe, Avitabile was the Governor of Wazirabad in 1809. October with an average of 2 mm. Difference of In the era of British rule, Wazirabad is recognized as precipitation between the driest and wettest months is headquarter of the old Wazirabad District. A considerable recorded as 20 mm. The average recorded annual trade of timber, cloth, grain, and sugar are the significent temperature is 27.1°C that rises upto a maximum average entities of Wazirabad which comes down from temperature of 36.1°C in hottest month of June in a year, the Chenab and Jammu territory. Wazirabad is a city of and falls around 15.2°C in January. The variation in cutlery and surgical instruments. It is famous throughout temperatures throughout the year is 20.9°C. India for its good quality cutlery products and knives, even Under sub-humid climate, Wazirabad and Pindorian prior to independence. series are formed in these sediments (Rafique and Tahir, Currently, majority of the cutlery supplied in all major 1981). This thick deposit extends to more than 100 m depth cities of Pakistan comes from Wazirabad. It is also known and forms the unconfined aquifer of the Indus Plain for its quality exports in major international markets. Major (Shamsi and Hamid, 1961). dominating families of plants are Apiaceae, Poaceae, Academia Journal of Scientific Research; Noreen et al. 308

Table 1: Ethnomedicinal plants in Wazirabad District, Gujranwala, Punjab, Pakistan.

S/No Scientific name Family English name Common name Parts used Medical applications Treatment of fever Mouth ulcer and urinary track 1 Solanum Nigrum Solanaceae Petty morel Makoh Whole plant infections 2 Abdominal treatment, hypertension, retention of Eleusine Indica Poaceae Yard grass Hazar dani Whole plant urine and to stop bleeding Flowers/ 3 Vachellia Nilotica Fabaceae Gum Arabic tree Kekar Loss of viscosity of semen fruit For digestive and nerve system, stomach crump, 4 Ocimum Basilicum Lamiaceae Sweet basil Rehan Leaves treatment of fever and abdominal treatment Skin treatment, dental care, strength of urtine 5 Ficus Benghalen-sis Moraceae Strangler fig Bargad Stem muscle during pregnancy Leaves and 6 Eclipta prostrate Asteraceae False daisy Bhangra Hair growth, liver disorder, cough and asthma flowers 7 Ziziphus jujuba Rhamnaceae Red date / jujube Tamri Whole plant Muscular strength and old ulcer 8 Ficus religiosa Moraceae Sacred fig Pipal Fruit Breast abscess 9 Foeniculum vulgare Apiaceae Fennel Soond Roots Breast enlargement and cancer treatment 10 Allium sativum Amaryllidace-ae Garlic Lasan Stem Cancer treatment, low blood pressure 11 Millettia pinnata Fabaceae Millettia pinnata Beech Friut Regulate blood sugar Menstrual pains, diarrhea, fever, insomnia, anti 12 Cuminum cyminum Apiaceae Cumin Safaid zeera Seed diabetes 13 Shpaerathus indicus Not found Sphaerathus Mundi booti Flower Headache , swelling ,cough, skin diseases 14 Vachellia Nilotica Fabaceae Babul tree Kikar ki phaliyan Friut Diarrhea, control hair fall and teeth disorderness 15 Mentha longifolia Lamiaceae Mint Podina Leaves Stomach disorderness and help in digestion Protect cells from damages; reduce heart attack , 16 Punica granatum Lythraceae Pomegran-ate Anar Covers heart stroke, Dental care 17 Vitis Vinifera Vitaceae Grapes Angoor Fruit High fever, vomiting, weight loss, heart diseases 18 Phoenix dactylifera Arecaceae Date khajoor Fruit Respiratory diseases, Fever , diarrhea 19 Ficus carica Moraceae Fig Anjeer Fruit Diabetes, allergies Blood sugar level; control cholesterol level; 20 Momordica charantia Cucurbitaceae Bitter gourd karayla Fruit glowing skin and lustrous hairs 21 Chlorophytum borivilianum Asparagaceae White musli Safaid musli Stem Interaction with sexuality; stress and cancer 22 Daucus carota subsp. sativus Apiaceae Carrot Gajjar Stem Cardiovascular disorder 23 Crocus sativus Iridaceae Saffran Zafran Stem Alzheimer, Asthma 24 Viola odorata Violaceae Sweet violet Banafsha Whole Plant Lowering the cholesterol level, blood cleanser Fresh wound treatment; help in digestion and skin 25 Cordia dichotoma Boraginaceae Glue berry Lasora Fruit diseases 26 Withania coagulans Solanaceae Vegetable rennet Paneer Flower Ulcer and liver complaints 27 Silybum marianum Asteraceae Milk thistle Uonth ghatara Whole Plant Liver damages, Hepatitis, Diabetes Academia Journal of Scientific Research; Noreen et al. 309

28 Plantago psyllium Plantaginaceae Psyllium Isabgol Seed Stomach, diarrhea 29 Ziziphus jujuba Rhamnaceae Jujube Annab Fruit Anti-carcinogenic, insomnia and lactation 30 Trachyspermum ammi Apiaceae Carom seeds Ajwain Seed Stomach disorderness and obesity 31 Glycyrrhiza glabra Fabaceae Licorice Malati Roots Ulcer, chest infection and digestion Stomach disorderness, cough and increases urine 32 Pimpinella anisum Apiaceae Anise Sonf Seed flow

Fabaceae, Moraceae and Solanaceae. Apiaceae The Fabaceae family is the most common family applications, regarding the use of medicinal plants family is family of flowering plants consisting of found in tropical rainforests and in dry forests by the local people (Table 1). Different categories of four hundred and thirty-four (434) genera including (Burham and Johnson, 2004). The Fabaceae or people including family heads, Charvahas, Gujars, 3,780 species. It has a potential source of natural Leguminosae family commonly known as the hakims, old experienced and knowledgeable agrochemicals as well as, their biological activities legume, pea, or bean family, are a large and informants were also interviewed repeatedly for such as radical scavenging, diuretic, economically important family of flowering plants. sketching the better image of local beliefs, habits gastrointestinal, anti-obesity, anti-tumor, anti- It includes trees, shrubs and herbaceous plants, and uses of plant (Figure 1). microbial, anti-inflammatory and analgesic perennials or annuals, which are easily recognized properties. Apiaceae extracts contains polyphenolic by their fruits (legume), compounds and stipulated compounds such as flavonoids, tannins, and leaves. The group is widely distributed and is the RESULTS AND DISCUSSION phenolic acids. third-largest land plant family in terms of number of Phenolic compounds can reduce the causes and species, behind only the Orchidaceae and In the ethnomedicinal study of thirty-two (32) effects of skin aging, skin diseases and damage such Asteraceae, with seven hundred and thirty (730) plants of twenty-one (21) families among which 15 as wounds and burns. Plants from this family are genera and over 19,400 species (Judd et al., 2002; are used in treatments of different types of stomach also known to be used as household remedies since Kajita et al., 2001; Kajita et al., 2001; Lewis et al., disorders, four (4) are considered analgesic, 4 in centuries. In order to validate the ethno-medicinal 2005; Magalion and Sanderson, 2001; Sprent, 2009; case of different types of ulcers and six (6) in claims of plants of the Apiaceae family many Stevens, 2008). various types of cardiovascular issues as well as, experimental and biological investigations have different diseases like cancer, insominia and been made. Chemical composition and biological diabetes. activities of essential oils and different extracts of MATERIALS AND METHODS Seeds of the family Apiaceae are found wildly some Apiaceae species, illustrates their potential for effective in the treatment of diarrhea, fever, the development of pharmaceutical, cosmetic The present survey was conducted during the menstural pains, stomach disorders and obesity, products and other industrial uses. month of April, 2018. During this course of ethno roots for breast enlargement and cancer treatment Moraceae, the mulberry family of the rose order botanical survey several local medicine men were and stem for insominia and anti-diabetic problems. (Rosales), with about 40 genera and some 1,000 interviewed for developing a detailed profile of Modern work also supports work of this family for species of deciduous or evergreen trees and shrubs traditional uses of ethnomedicinal plants species anti-tumor, anti-microbial, anti-inflammatory, were distributed mostly in tropical and sub-tropical from the test areas. The collected plants were analgesic, radical scavenging, diuretic, regions. Plants of the family contain a milky latex properly numbered and identified by consulting gastrointestinal and anti-obesity issues. Fruits and and have alternate or opposite leaves and small, literature. flowers of the Fabaceae family is found wildly petal-less male or female flowers. The fruits of Detailed file was collected from field work. The applicable in cases of loss of viscosity of semen, many species are multiple because fruits from traditional informations of thirty-two (32) plants regulation of blood sugar, diarrhea, control of hair different flowers become joined together (Bouchra species are tabulated, along with their botanical fall, dental disorders, ulcers, chest infections and et al., 2017). names, families, parts used and their traditional digestion problems. Seeds, roots and fruits of Academia Journal of Scientific Research; Noreen et al. 310

Use of various parts of plants for ethnomedicinal plants Roots Covers 6% 3% Whole Plant Seeds 16% 13%

Stems 16% Flower/Fruits 36% Leaves 10%

Figure 1: Pie chart of various parts of plants in ethnomedicinal applications.

Apiaceae are used in the treatment of menstural pains, helpful in new roots drug development. These botanical diarrhea, fever, insominia, diabetes, breast enlargement, facts have significant roles to play in the health of humans. cancer treatment, stomach disorders and cough. Further phytochemical and pharmacological investigations Solanaceae family is found useful for mouth ulcer, urinary about the medicinal use of these plants may be a step track infections and liver complains. Ethnomedicinal plants towards new drug development. are found effective in a lot of medical issues based over traditional beliefs. The information generated from the study regarding the medicinal plants used by the local REFERENCES people need a thorough phytochemical and pharmacological analysis, which may be a step towards the Bouchra SA, Thierry T, Zeinab SA, Hijazi OM (2017). The Apiaceae: new drug development. Ethnomedicinal family as source for industrial uses, Industrial Crops and Products. 109(15):661-671. Comparison of remedial data of these ethnomedicinal Burham RJ, Johnson KR (2004). South American Pleobotany and the palnts with recent studies have provided some supporting Origins of neotropical rain forests. Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. London. B. 359: evidences of medicinal strength. Data of few families is 1595-1610. provided as supporting material. Judd WS, Campbell CS, Kellog EA, Stevens PF, Donoghue MJ (2002). Plant Systematics: a phylogenetic approach, Sinauer Axxoc. pp.287-292. ISBN 0-87893-403-0. Kajita T, Ohashi H, Tateishi Y, Bailey CD, Doyle JJ (2001). Rbcl and legume Conclusion phylogeny, with particular reference to Phaseoleae, Millettieae and allies. Systematic Botany. 26: 515-536. Kirtikar KR, Basu BD (1987). Indian Medicinal Plants. Lalit Mohan Basu, The collected informations of ethnomedicinal plants of M.B. 49, Leader Road, Allahbad, India. Vols. Pp.1-4. Wazirabad of some particular families and generas provide Lewis G, Schrire B, Mackinder B, Lock M eds (2005). Legumes of the World. valueable informations about medicinal applications of Royal Botanical Gardens, Kew, UK. plants. Ethno-botanical names along with details of their Magalion SA, Sanderson KR (2001). Absolute diversification rates in angiosperm clades. Evolution. 55(9): 1762-1780. common names, botanical names and families could be Rafique M, Tahir MA (1981). PAKISTAN GEOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 36:8. Academia Journal of Scientific Research; Noreen et al. 311

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