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Journal of Medicinal Plants Studies Cryptic but Some Potential Journal of Medicinal Plants Studies Year: 2014, Volume: 2, Issue: 3 Pages: (44-50) ISSN: 2320-3862 Online Available at www.plantsjournal.com Journal of Medicinal Plants Studies Cryptic but some potential Insecticidal Plants of India Shweta Subramaniam 1, Sandeep Kaushik 1* 1. Department of Botany, University of Delhi, Delhi – 110007, India [Email: [email protected]] Plants have evolved a wide variety of chemical compounds which are known as secondary metabolites for protecting themselves against insect herbivory. These chemicals have evolved as a result of long period of coevolution which has taken place between the plants and the insect over a period of centuries. Plant based insecticides are safe for use and hence have been researched to develop insecticides for commercial utilization. The paper gives detailed information of sevenless known insecticidal plants of India. Keyword: Insecticidal Plants, Potential, Insects 1. Introduction release cyanide (Schardl & Chen, 2010) [1]. The Plant defense mechanisms against insect biochemicals have evolved as a result of long herbivory are diverse. These could be mechanical period of coevolution which has taken place or biochemical. Mechanical defense mechanisms between the plants and the insect over centuries. include the presence of trichomes, glands, thick The secondary metabolites protect the plants from cuticle, presence of wax, presence of spines on herbivore attacks. The better the plants are the leaves, etc. Some plants have evolved equipped with defensive chemicals, the more is defensive symbioses with microbes or the success of the plants to grow successfully and myrmecophily where they harbour protective ants produce offsprings. or recruit parasitoids and predators that attack the herbivores (Schardl. & Chen, 2010) [1]. Some The secondary metabolite also varies with the plants have interesting defence strategy wherein organs of the plant. The tissues such as stem and they attract predatory insect to protect branches which are generally tougher for the themselves from insect attacks, for example insect to feed have lesser quantity of secondary plants attract wasp, Opius dissitus, by releasing a metabolite; the leaves on the other hand have compound, (Z)-3-hexenol, and the wasps protect higher quantity of secondary metabolites. the plant frompredatory attack of pea leafminer Interestingly the reproductive organs such as pest, Liriomyza huidobrensis (Wei et al, 2007) [2]. seeds and vegetative reproductive organs such as rhizomes and other root stocks which are The biochemical defense mechanisms include the essential for the survival of species are richer in diverse chemicals which are synthesized by secondary metabolite. For example, the seeds of plants and stored in tissues. These organic Datura, rhizomes of aconite, have higher level of chemicals include alkaloids, glycosides, protection due to presence of higher dosages of proteinaceous compounds, organic acids, the toxic constituents (Subramaniam, 1993) [3]. alcohols, resins and resinoids (including phenolics), nitrate-nitrites, steroids, Some insects have a remarkable ability to feed on phenylpropanoids and compounds that act as plants having secondary metabolites and use the precursor which on damage of the plant tissue secondary metabolites to their advantage. The Vol. 2 Issue. 3 2014 www.plantsjournal.com Page | 44 Journal of Medicinal Plants Studies insects sequester the toxic constituents and store 3. Plants of less known potential insecticidal it in their body which protects them from their properties. predators. For example, the monarch butterfly, The morphology, distribution, insecticidal Danaus plexippuslarva feed on milkweeds properties and chemical constuituents are hereby (Ackery et al., 1984; Harborne 1986; 1989) [4, 5, 6] discussed and documented in this paper. and Cycnia tenera is a common feeder on Apocynum cannabinum (dogbane, Indian A. Abelmoschus moschatus Medic. hemp) which also produces a milky latex Syn.: Hibiscus abelmoschus L. containing cardenolides, toxic cardiac Common Name: Ambrette plant, Musk mallow glycoside that defend against herbivores. It also Family: Malvaceae feeds on milkweeds (Cohen & Brower 1983) [7]. Morphology: Erect annual or biennial hirsute herb 0.6-1.8 m and grows at a fast rate.Leaves The insecticidal properties of the plants which polymorphous: the lower, ovate and acute; the they have evolved over a period of time can be upper, palmately 3-7 lobed; flowers large bright used to advantage by utilizing these against insect yellow, usually solitary and axillary, sometimes pests. For example the insecticidal plants can be in few-flowered racemes; capsules ovate; the used for protecting the stored grains against seeds are sub-reniform, black and musk-scented. insect pests, protecting human beings against the Distribution: All over Deccan and Karnataka in insect vector borne diseases, protecting crop hilly regions and at foothills of Himalayas. plants against insect damage, protecting pets Insecticidal Properties: Seeds used for making against insect attack, etc. Thus, observing the less expensive sachet powders for placing among immense value and economic importance of these clothes as an insect repellent. Upper part of plant insecticidal plants an effort to divulge and and fruits mildly insecticidal property (Watt & document the morphology and functional Breyer-Brandwijk 1962, Cravo et al., 1992, properties of some of the important yet less Bown 1995) [8, 9, 10]. known plant species have been taken into Chemical Constituents: Steam distilled crushed account.Information on scientific name, common seeds yield a volatile oil, known as musk seed oil name, family, morphology, distribution and the or ambrette seed oil (Bown 1995) [10]. The oil insecticidal properties known till date have been contains 18.9% linoleic acid and contains a- compiled and presented. cephalin, phosphatidylserine, its plasmalogen and phosphatidylcholine plasmalogen. The 2. Materials and methods characteristic musk-like odor of the seed oil is Available literature on insecticidal plants were mainly due to the presence of a ketone, collected and analysed thoroughly in order to ambrettelide, a lactone of ambrettolic acid gain information on the extensively studied (Guenther, 1948; Krishna & Badhwar, 1966) [11, insecticidal plants. Based on the current 12]. The essential oil also contains trans-2-trans-6- knowledge on the potential insecticidal plants, farnesyl acetate and ambrettolide, cis-2-cis-6- seven plants were indentified as having enormous farnesyl acetate, cis-2-trans-6-farnesyl acetate, potential for their applicability as insecticides, but ethyl hexadecanate, ethyl laurate and trans-2- unexploited. This review presents literature trans-6-farnesol (Hort Abstr, 1993) [13]. Seeds collected for the little known potential contain gossypetine, hibiscine and a quercitine. insecticidal species and details about their scientific name, family, distribution, chemical B. Aconitum ferox Wall. ex Ser. constituents and their morphology. Common Name: Aconite, monkshood Family: Ranunculaceae Vol. 2 Issue. 3 2014 www.plantsjournal.com Page | 45 Journal of Medicinal Plants Studies Morphology: A deciduous perennial herb, up to white with red- or yellow-barred throats, in spikes 1 m high, erect stem bear racemes of large bluish with large bracts; fruit a capsule. purple flowers having numerous stamens, sepals Distribution: The plant is distributed throughout are petaloid, petals have nectarines, upper two India and in the lower Himalayan ranges, up to petals large. 1500 m. Distribution: Alpine Himalayas of Kashmir at Insecticidal Property: The plant has insecticidal altitude of 3,600 m. property (Rathi et al., 2008) [21]. An infusion of Insecticidal property: The roots are effective leaves used against white ants and red spiders of insecticide (IUCN, 2000) [14]. tea (Singh et al, 1965) [22]. The plant has feeding Chemical constituents: Roots contain aconite deterrence activity against Spodoptera litura alkaloid such as pseuaconitine, chasmaconitine, (Fab.) (Anuradha et al., 2010) [23] and Spodoptera indaconitine, bikhaconitine and littoralis (Sadek, 2003) [24]. diacetylpseuaconitine which is responsible for Chemical composition: Leaves contain an insecticidal properties (WOI, 1985) [15]. essential oil (0.075%) chiefly containing limonene and an alkaloid vasicine. Quinazoline C. Acorus calamus L. alkaloids- vasicoline, adhatodine, vasicolinone Common Name: Calamus, Sweet Flag and anisotine have been isolated from leaves. Family: Araceae Morphology: The plant is a semi-aquatic E. Agave americana L. perennial aromatic herb with creeping rhizome. Common Name: Century plant century Leaves erect, sword-shaped, up to 2 m long and plant, maguey or American aloe come from branched, underground rhizome. Family: Agavaceae Rhizome cylindrical, 1-2 cm thick and up to 1m Morphology: The plant is a stiff upright shrub, long. Flowers many yellow and green present on up to 1.3 m tall. Leaves are simple basally a spike-like spadix, having a spathe. arranged, leathery, prickly and succulent, Distribution: Found wild and also cultivated. lanceolate, flowers are in corymb like panicles, Insecticidal Property: Fragrant leaves deter corolla rotate, showy green or yellow, fruit a insects. Powdered rhizome used for killing fleas, capsule, brown or black. The plant is monocarpic. bedbugs, moths, lice and ant. Effective in killing Distribution: Native to America introduced and insect pests in stored rice without any residual naturalized
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