Ultra-Monochromatic Far-Infrared Cherenkov Diffraction Radiation in A
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Cherenkov Radiation
TheThe CherenkovCherenkov effecteffect A charged particle traveling in a dielectric medium with n>1 radiates Cherenkov radiation B Wave front if its velocity is larger than the C phase velocity of light v>c/n or > 1/n (threshold) A β Charged particle The emission is due to an asymmetric polarization of the medium in front and at the rear of the particle, giving rise to a varying electric dipole momentum. dN Some of the particle energy is convertedγ = 491into light. A coherent wave front is dx generated moving at velocity v at an angle Θc If the media is transparent the Cherenkov light can be detected. If the particle is ultra-relativistic β~1 Θc = const and has max value c t AB n 1 cosθc = = = In water Θc = 43˚, in ice 41AC˚ βct βn 37 TheThe CherenkovCherenkov effecteffect The intensity of the Cherenkov radiation (number of photons per unit length of particle path and per unit of wave length) 2 2 2 2 2 Number of photons/L and radiation d N 4π z e 1 2πz 2 = 2 1 − 2 2 = 2 α sin ΘC Wavelength depends on charge dxdλ hcλ n β λ and velocity of particle 2πe2 α = Since the intensity is proportional to hc 1/λ2 short wavelengths dominate dN Using light detectors (photomultipliers)γ = sensitive491 in 400-700 nm for an ideally 100% efficient detector in the visibledx € 2 dNγ λ2 d Nγ 2 2 λ2 dλ 2 2 11 1 22 2 d 2 z sin 2 z sin 490393 zz sinsinΘc photons / cm = ∫ λ = π α ΘC ∫ 2 = π α ΘC 2 −− 2 = α ΘC λ1 λ1 dx dxdλ λ λλ1 λ2 d 2 N d 2 N dλ λ2 d 2 N = = dxdE dxdλ dE 2πhc dxdλ Energy loss is about 104 less hc 2πhc than 2 MeV/cm in water from € -
Transition and Diffraction Radiation by Relativistic Electrons in a Pre-Wave Zone
Proceedings of EPAC 2002, Paris, France TRANSITION AND DIFFRACTION RADIATION BY RELATIVISTIC ELECTRONS IN A PRE-WAVE ZONE S.N. Dobrovolsky, N.F. Shul'ga, NSC “KIPT”, Kharkov, Ukraine Abstract depended on the transversal size of target in the The long-wavelength transition radiation from the millimeter and submillimeter waverange. ultrarelativistic bunched electrons on the thin metallic The sufficiently different situation can happen when we transverse-limited target has been considered. We have have small detector, which is placed not far from the investigated the properties of transition radiation and target. Because the transition radiation is formed on the whole electromagnetic energy flux in a pre-wave zone. target's surface, the effect of interference between The general formula for spectral-angular density of radiation from various elementary radiators is possible. electromagnetic energy flux through the small-size Therefore, the conditions of near-field and far-field detector in the "forward" and "backward" direction is radiation will be determined by diameter of extended obtained and analysed. We have showed that the angular source of radiation. The longitudinal length of near-field distribution of electromagnetic energy flux in the "pre- radiation region has the same value as "coherent length'' wave zone" is strongly distorted in comparison to the case in the "forward” direction. But this interference effect will of transverse-unlimited detector. occur even for "backward" transition radiation alone. Longitudinal size of near-field region for "backward" 1 INTRODUCTION direction will be much larger, than "backward coherent length", which has size nearly λ . The investigation of The long-wavelength transition radiation by relativistic such effect in the case of infinite target was performed electrons has various applications in the modern physics recently for "backward" radiation in small-angle of accelerated particles. -
50 31-01-2018 Time: 60 Min
8thAHMED BIN ABOOD MEMORIAL State Level Physics-Maths Knowledge Test-2018 Organized by Department of Physics Department of Mathematics Milliya Arts, Science and Management Science College, BEED Max. Marks: 50 31-01-2018 Time: 60 min Instructions:- All the questions carry equal marks. Mobile and Calculators are not allowed. Student must write his/her names, college name and allotted seat number on the response sheet provided. Student must stick the answer in the prescribed response sheet by completely blacken the oval with black/blue pen only. Incorrect Method Correct Method Section A 1) If the earth completely loses its gravity, then for any body……… (a) both mass and weight becomes zero (b) neither mass nor weight becomes zero (c) weight becomes zero but not the mass (d) mass becomes zero but not the weight 2) The angular speed of a flywheel is 3π rad/s. It is rotating at…….. (a) 3 rpm (b) 6 rpm (c) 90 rpm (d) 60 rpm 3) Resonance occurs when …. (a) a body vibrates at a frequency lower than its normal frequency. (b) a body vibrates at a frequency higher than its normal frequency. (c) a body is set into vibrations with its natural frequency of another body vibrating with the same frequency. (d) a body is made of the same material as the sound source. 4) The SI unit of magnetic flux density is…… (a) tesla (b) henry (c) volt (d) volt-second 5) Ampere’s circuital law is integral form of….. (a) Lenz’s law (b) Faraday’s law (c) Biot-Savart’s law (d) Coulomb’s law 1 6) The energy band gap is highest in the case of ……. -
Photon Mapping Superluminal Particles
EUROGRAPHICS 2020/ F. Banterle and A. Wilkie Short Paper Photon Mapping Superluminal Particles G. Waldemarson1;2 and M. Doggett2 1Arm Ltd, Sweden 2 Lund University, Sweden Abstract One type of light source that remains largely unexplored in the field of light transport rendering is the light generated by superluminal particles, a phenomenon more commonly known as Cherenkov radiation [C37ˇ ]. By re-purposing the Frank-Tamm equation [FT91] for rendering, the energy output of these particles can be estimated and consequently mapped to photons, making it possible to visualize the brilliant blue light characteristic of the effect. In this paper we extend a stochastic progressive photon mapper and simulate the emission of superluminal particles from a source object close to a medium with a high index of refraction. In practice, the source is treated as a new kind of light source, allowing us to efficiently reuse existing photon mapping methods. CCS Concepts • Computing methodologies ! Ray tracing; 1. Introduction in the direction of the particle but will not otherwise cross one an- other, as depicted in figure 1. However, if the particle travels faster In the late 19th and early 20th century, the phenomenon today than these spheres the waves will constructively interfere, generat- known as Cherenkov radiation were predicted and observed a num- ing coherent photons at an angle proportional to the velocity of the ber of times [Wat11] but it was first properly investigated in 1934 particle, similar to the propagation of a sonic boom from supersonic by Pavel Cherenkov under the supervision of Sergey Vavilov at the aircraft. Formally, this occurs when the criterion c0 = c < v < c Lebedev Institute [C37ˇ ]. -
Radiation by Charged Particles: a Review Contents F.Sannibale Contents
RadiationRadiation byby ChargedCharged Particles:Particles: aa ReviewReview Fernando Sannibale 1 Accelerator-Based Sources of Coherent Terahertz Radiation – UCSC, Santa Rosa CA, January 21-25, 2008 Radiation by Charged Particles: a Review Contents F.Sannibale Contents • Introduction • The Lienard-Wiechert Potentials • Photon and Particle Optics • The Weizsäcker-Williams Approach Applied to Radiation from Charged Particles • Incoherent and Coherent Radiation 2 Accelerator-Based Sources of Coherent Terahertz Radiation – UCSC, Santa Rosa CA, January 21-25, 2008 Radiation by Charged Particles: a Review Introduction F.Sannibale Introduction The scope of this lecture is to give a quick review of the physics of radiation from charged particles. A basic knowledge of electromagnetism laws is assumed. The classical approach is briefly described, main formulas are given but generally not derived. The detailed derivation can be found in any classical electrodynamics book and it is beyond the scope of this course. A semi-classical approach by Max Zolotorev is also presented that gives an "intuitive" view of the radiation process. 3 Accelerator-Based Sources of Coherent Terahertz Radiation – UCSC, Santa Rosa CA, January 21-25, 2008 Radiation by Charged TheThe FieldField ofof aa MovingMoving Particles: a Review F.Sannibale ChargedCharged ParticleParticle A particle with charge q is moving along the trajectory r' (t), the vector r defines the observation point P. R = r - r' is the vector with magnitude equal to the distance between the particle and the -
La Universidad Nacional De Investigación Nuclear “Instituto De Ingeniería Física De Moscú”
la Universidad Nacional de Investigación Nuclear “Instituto de Ingeniería Física de Moscú” Año de fundaciónón: 1942 Total de estudiantes: 7 064 / Estudiantes extranjeros: 1 249 Facultades: 12 / Departamentos: 76 Profesores: 1 503 Profesor Docentes Doctor en ciencias Candidatos de las ciencias Profesores extranjeros 512 649 461 759 223 Principales programas de educación para los extranjeros: 177 Licenciatura Maestría Especialista Formación del personal altamente calificado 55 68 23 31 Programas educativos adicionales para los extranjeros: 13 Programa de preparación El estudio de la lengua rusa Programas cortos preuniversitaria como extranjera Otros programas 11 1 1 The history of the National Research Nuclear University MEPhI (Moscow Engineering Physics Institute) began with the foundation in 1942 of the Moscow Mechanical Institute of Ammunition. The leading Russian nuclear university MEPhI was later established there and top Soviet scientists, including the head of the Soviet atomic project Igor Kurchatov, played a part in its development and formation. Six Nobel Prize winners have worked at MEPhI over the course of its history – Nikolay Basov, Andrei Sakharov, Nikolay Semenov, Igor Tamm, Ilya Frank and Pavel Cherenkov. Today, MEPhI is one of the leading research universities of Russia, training engineers and scientists in more than 200 fields. The most promising areas of study include: Nanomaterials and nanotechnologies; Radiation and beam technologies; Medical physics and nuclear medicine; Superconductivity and controlled thermonuclear fusion; Ecology and biophysics; Information security. In addition, future managers, experts and analysts in the fields of management, engineering economics, nuclear law and international scientific and technological cooperation study at MEPhI. Programmes at MEPhI: 1 Meet international standards for quality of education. -
RUSSIAN SCIENCE and TECHNOLOGY STRUCTURE There Are Around 4000 Organizations in Russia Involved in Research and Development with Almost One Million Personnel
RUSSIAN SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY STRUCTURE There are around 4000 organizations in Russia involved in research and development with almost one million personnel. Half of those people are doing scientific research. It is coordinated by Ministry of industry, science and technologies, where strategy and basic priorities of research and development are being formulated. Fundamental scientific research is concentrated in Russian Academy of Sciences, which now includes hundreds of institutes specializing in all major scientific disciplines such as mathematics, physics, chemistry, biology, astronomy, Earth sciences etc. The applied science and technology is mainly done in Institutions and Design Bureaus belonging to different Russian Ministers. They are involved in research and development in nuclear energy (Ministry of atomic energy), space exploration (Russian aviation and space agency), defense (Ministry of defense), telecommunications (Ministry of communications) and so on. Russian Academy of Sciences Russian Academy of Sciences is the community of the top-ranking Russian scientists and principal coordinating body for basic research in natural and social sciences, technology and production in Russia. It is composed of more than 350 research institutions. Outstanding Russian scientists are elected to the Academy, where membership is of three types - academicians, corresponding members and foreign members. The Academy is also involved in post graduate training of students and in publicizing scientific achievements and knowledge. It maintains -
Development of Transition Radiation Detectors for Hadron Identification
4th International Conference on Particle Physics and Astrophysics (ICPPA-2018) IOP Publishing Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1390 (2019) 012126 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/1390/1/012126 Development of Transition Radiation Detectors for hadron identification at TeV energy scale N Belyaev1, M L Cherry2, F Dachs3,4, S A Doronin1,7, K Filippov1,7, P Fusco5,6, F Gargano6, S Konovalov7, F Loparco5,6, V Mascagna8,9, M N Mazziotta6, D Ponomarenko1, M Prest8,9, D Pyatiizbyantseva1, C Rembser3, A Romaniouk1, A A Savchenko1,10, E J Schioppa3, D Yu Sergeeva1,10, E Shulga1, S Smirnov1, Yu Smirnov1, M Soldani8,9, P Spinelli5,6, M Strikhanov1, P Teterin1, V Tikhomirov1,7, A A Tishchenko1,10, E Vallazza11, K Vorobev1 and K Zhukov7 1 National Research Nuclear University MEPhI (Moscow Engineering Physics Institute), Kashirskoe highway 31, Moscow, 115409, Russia 2 Dept. of Physics & Astronomy, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA 3 CERN, the European Organization for Nuclear Research, Espl. des Particules 1, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland 4 Technical University of Vienna, Karlsplatz 13, 1040 Vienna, Austria 5 Dipartimento di Fisica “M. Merlin” dell' Universit`ae del Politecnico di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy 6 Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy 7 P. N. Lebedev Physical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky prospect 53, Moscow, 119991, Russia 8 INFN Milano Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 3, 20126 Milano, Italy 9 Universit`adegli Studi dell'Insubria, Via Valleggio 11, 22100, Como, Italy 10 National Research Center Kurchatov Institute, Akademika Kurchatova pl. 1, Moscow, 123182, Russia 11 INFN Trieste, Padriciano 99, 34149 Trieste, Italy E-mail: [email protected] Abstract. -
Chdr-CHEESE Cherenkov DiRaction Radiation - Characteristic Energy Emissions on Surfaces Experiment
ChDR-CHEESE Cherenkov Diraction Radiation - Characteristic Energy Emissions on Surfaces Experiment Silas Ruhrberg Estévez, Tobias Baumgartner, Philipp Loewe, Lukas Hildebrandt, Thomas Lehrach, Tobias Thole, Benildur Nickel, Tristan Matsulevits, Johann Bahl Werner-von-Siemens-Gymnasium Berlin March 31, 2020 1 Introduction Beam diagnostics are crucial for smooth accelerator operations. Approaches in the past have mainly focused on technologies where the beam properties are signicantly aected by the measurement. Recently, groups have performed experiments for non-invasive beam diagnostics using Cherenkov Diraction Radiation (ChDR) [1]. Unlike regular Cherenkov Radiation, the charged particles (e.g. electrons and positrons) do not have to move inside of the medium, but it is sucient for them to move in its vicinity as long as they are faster than the speed of light in the medium. Changes to the beam properties due to ChDR-measurements are negligible and therefore ChDR could be used for non-invasive beam diagnostics in future colliders [2]. 2 Why we want to go We are a group of high school students from Berlin with a great interest in physics. We discovered our passion for particle physics after visiting both the BESSY II synchrotron in Berlin and the LHC at CERN as a part of our physics studies. Since then we continued pursuing an active interest in particle physics, and when we heard about the BL4S com- petition we decided that we wanted to take part in this once in a lifetime opportunity. We hope to gain rst-hand insights into particle physics and to be able to share these insights with our friends and fellow pupils to promote interest and contribute to understanding of physics at our school. -
One Century of Cosmic Rays – a Particle Physicist\'S View
EPJ Web of Conferences 105, 00001 (2015) DOI: 10.1051/epjconf/201510500001 c Owned by the authors, published by EDP Sciences, 2015 One century of cosmic rays – A particle physicist’s view Christine Suttona CERN, 1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland Abstract. Experiments on cosmic rays and the elementary particles share a common history that dates back to the 19th century. Following the discovery of radioactivity in the 1890s, the paths of the two fields intertwined, especially during the decades after the discovery of cosmic rays. Experiments demonstrated that the primary cosmic rays are positively charged particles, while other studies of cosmic rays revealed various new sub-atomic particles, including the first antiparticle. Techniques developed in common led to the birth of neutrino astronomy in 1987 and the first observation of a cosmic γ -ray source by a ground-based cosmic-ray telescope in 1989. 1. Introduction remove the air led to the discovery of “cathode rays” emitted from the cathode at one end of the tube. In 1879, in “There are more things in heaven and earth than are the course of investigations in England, William Crookes dreamt of in your philosophy ...” (Hamlet, William discovered that the speed of the discharge along the length Shakespeare). of a vacuum tube decreased as he reduced the pressure. This indicated that ionization of the air was causing the The modern fields of cosmic-ray studies and experimental discharge. particle physics have much in common, as they both The last few years of the 19th century saw a burst investigate the high-energy interactions of subatomic of discoveries that not only cast light on the effect that particles. -
Development of a Transition Radiation Detector and Reconstruction of Photon Conversions in the CBM Experiment
Melanie Klein-Bösing Development of a Transition Radiation Detector and Reconstruction of Photon Conversions in the CBM Experiment — 2009 — Experimentelle Physik Development of a Transition Radiation Detector and Reconstruction of Photon Conversions in the CBM Experiment Inauguraldissertation zur Erlangung des Doktorgrades der Naturwissenschaften im Fachbereich Physik der Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftlichen Fakultät der Westfälischen Wilhelms-Universität Münster vorgelegt von Melanie Klein-Bösing aus Telgte — 2009 — Dekan: Prof. Dr. J. P. Wessels Erster Gutachter: Prof. Dr. J. P. Wessels Zweiter Gutachter: PD Dr. A. Khoukaz Tag der Disputation: Tag der Promotion: Contents Introduction 5 1 Theoretical Overview 9 1.1 ParticlesandForces............................. 9 1.1.1 LeptonsandQuarks .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 10 1.1.2 Hadrons............................... 12 1.1.3 Interactions............................. 12 1.2 Quark-GluonPlasmaandHadronGas . 15 1.2.1 The Phase Diagram of StronglyInteractingMatter . .... 15 1.2.2 Chiral-SymmetryRestoration . 17 1.3 RelativisticHeavy-IonCollisions. ..... 18 1.3.1 ExplorationoftheQCDPhaseDiagram . 20 1.3.2 SignaturesforaPhaseTransition. 23 2 ProbingHeavy-IonCollisionswithDileptonsandPhotons 29 2.1 Dileptons .................................. 29 2.1.1 PreviousExperimentalResultsonDileptons . .... 32 2.2 DirectPhotons ............................... 37 2.2.1 ThermalPhotons .......................... 38 2.2.2 Non-ThermalPhotons . 41 2.2.3 Previous Experimental Results on Direct Photons . ..... 41 3 Interaction of Charged Particles and Photons with Matter 47 3.1 EnergyLossofChargedParticles. .. 47 3.2 Additional Mechanisms for Radiative Energy Loss of Charged Particles . 52 3.2.1 CherenkovRadiation . 52 1 2 Contents 3.2.2 TransitionRadiation . 54 3.3 InteractionofPhotonswithMatter . ... 59 4 The CBM Experiment 65 4.1 The Future Facility for Antiproton and Ion Research (FAIR) ....... 65 4.2 Physics Goals and Observables of the CBM Experiment . ...... 68 4.3 DetectorConcept ............................. -
Nobel Physics Prize Winners (બૌતિકળાસ્ત્ર નોફર ારયિોતક) YEAR NAME CONTRY 1901 તલલ્શભે કોનાડડ યોન્િે狍ન જભડની એ囍વ યે ની ળોધ ભાટે 1902 Hendrik A
Nobel Physics Prize Winners (બૌતિકળાસ્ત્ર નોફર ારયિોતક) YEAR NAME CONTRY 1901 તલલ્શભે કોનાડડ યોન્િે狍ન જભડની એ囍વ યે ની ળોધ ભાટે 1902 Hendrik A. Lorentz નેધયરેન્્વ Pieter Zeeman નેધયરેન્્વ 1903 Antoine Henri Becquerel ફ્ા廒વ તમયે કયયૂ ી નોફર યુ કાય પ્રાપ્િ કયનાય તિ-ત્ની ફ્ા廒વ ભેડભ ક્યયૂ ી ભેડભ કયયૂ ી નોફર યુ કાય પ્રાપ્િ કયનાય ોરેન્ડ - ફ્ા廒વ પ્રથભ ભરશરા ફની. 1904 John W. Strutt ગ્રેટ બ્રિટન 1905 Philipp E. A. von Lenard જભડની 1906 Sir Joseph J. Thomson ગ્રેટ બ્રિટન 1907 Albert A. Michelson યનુ ાઇટેડ ટેટવ 1908 Gabriel Lippmann ફ્ા廒વ 1909 Carl F. Braun જભડની Guglielmo Marconi ઇટરી 1910 Johannes D. van der નેધયરેન્્વ Waals 1911 Wilhelm Wien જભડની 1912 Nils G. Dalen લીડન 1913 Heike Kamerlingh નેધયરેન્્વ Onnes 1914 Max von Laue જભડની 1915 વય તલબ્રરમભ રોયેન્વ િેગડ ગ્રેટ બ્રિટન વૌથી નાની લમે રપબ્રઝ囍વન 廒ુ નોફર ભેલનાય 1916 1917 Charles G. Barkla ગ્રેટ બ્રિટન 1918 ભે囍વ કે.ઈ.એર.પ્રા廒ક જભડની 囍લાટ廒 ભની ભશત્લની ળોધ ભાટે 1919 જોશન્વન ટાકડ જભડની 1920 Charles E. Guillaume ફ્ા廒વ 1921 આલ્ફટડ આઈન્ટાઇન જભડની - અભેરયકા ASHWIN DIVEKAR Page 1 1922 તનલ્વ ફોશય ડન્ે ભાકડ 1923 યોફટડ એ. તભબ્રરકન અભેરયકા 1924 Karl M. G. Siegbahn લીડન 1925 狇મ્વ ફ્ા廒ક જભડની Gustav Hertz જભડની 1926 Jean B. Perrin ફ્ા廒વ 1927 Arthur H. Compton અભેરયકા ચાલ્વડ ટી.આય.