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Integrated Wind Energy/Desalination System: October 11, 2004

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Integrated Wind Energy/Desalination System: October 11, 2004 A national laboratory of the U.S. Department of Energy Office of Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy National Renewable Energy Laboratory Innovation for Our Energy Future Integrated Wind Energy/ Subcontract Report NREL/SR-500-39485 Desalination System October 2006 October 11, 2004 — July 29, 2005 GE Global Research Niskayuna, New York NREL is operated by Midwest Research Institute ● Battelle Contract No. DE-AC36-99-GO10337 Integrated Wind Energy/ Subcontract Report NREL/SR-500-39485 Desalination System October 2006 October 11, 2004 — July 29, 2005 GE Global Research Niskayuna, New York NREL Technical Monitor: Scott Schreck Prepared under Subcontract No. YAM-4-33200-09 National Renewable Energy Laboratory 1617 Cole Boulevard, Golden, Colorado 80401-3393 303-275-3000 • www.nrel.gov Operated for the U.S. Department of Energy Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy by Midwest Research Institute • Battelle Contract No. DE-AC36-99-GO10337 NOTICE This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States government. Neither the United States government nor any agency thereof, nor any of their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United States government or any agency thereof. The views and opinions of authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the United States government or any agency thereof. Available electronically at http://www.osti.gov/bridge Available for a processing fee to U.S. Department of Energy and its contractors, in paper, from: U.S. Department of Energy Office of Scientific and Technical Information P.O. Box 62 Oak Ridge, TN 37831-0062 phone: 865.576.8401 fax: 865.576.5728 email: mailto:[email protected] Available for sale to the public, in paper, from: U.S. Department of Commerce National Technical Information Service 5285 Port Royal Road Springfield, VA 22161 phone: 800.553.6847 fax: 703.605.6900 email: [email protected] online ordering: http://www.ntis.gov/ordering.htm This publication received minimal editorial review at NREL Printed on paper containing at least 50% wastepaper, including 20% postconsumer waste Contents Acronyms and Abbreviations..................................................................................................... x 1 Executive Summary ............................................................................................................ 1 2 Introduction......................................................................................................................... 3 2.1 Motivation for Wind Desalination ............................................................................... 5 2.2 Scope of Program......................................................................................................... 8 3 Model Description............................................................................................................. 10 3.1 Overview of Required Models................................................................................... 10 3.2 Component Model Description.................................................................................. 10 3.2.1 Wind Model........................................................................................................ 10 3.2.2 Wind Turbine Model (wind input to power output) ........................................... 13 3.2.3 Variable Speed Drive and Motor Model............................................................. 21 3.2.4 Reverse Osmosis Membrane Module................................................................. 22 3.2.5 Reverse Osmosis Vessels and Banks.................................................................. 26 3.2.6 Energy Recovery ................................................................................................ 27 3.2.7 Water Pumps....................................................................................................... 28 3.2.8 Energy Storage ................................................................................................... 29 3.2.9 Valves ................................................................................................................. 29 3.2.10 Flow Junction ..................................................................................................... 29 3.2.11 Flow Network..................................................................................................... 30 4 Cost of Water Calculation................................................................................................. 31 4.1 Steady-State Cost Model............................................................................................ 31 4.1.1 Capital Costs....................................................................................................... 31 4.1.2 Operating Costs .................................................................................................. 33 4.1.3 Total Cost ........................................................................................................... 35 4.1.4 Example Calculations ......................................................................................... 35 4.1.5 Results ................................................................................................................ 41 4.2 Cost of Water and Wind Statistical Representation................................................... 43 4.3 Grid Power Prices ...................................................................................................... 45 5 Wind Desalination Configurations.................................................................................... 47 5.1 Overall System Requirements.................................................................................... 47 5.1.1 Design Goals and Design Process Overview...................................................... 47 5.1.2 Constraint Description........................................................................................ 50 5.2 Seawater..................................................................................................................... 50 5.2.1 SW-WE-a1 System Design................................................................................. 52 iii 5.2.2 Cost of Water Analysis .......................................................................................60 5.2.3 Design Space Analysis........................................................................................61 5.2.4 SWWE-a3 Nominal Design ................................................................................77 5.2.5 Cost of Water Analysis .......................................................................................80 5.2.6 Design Space Analysis........................................................................................81 5.3 Brackish Water...........................................................................................................92 5.3.1 BW-WE-a1 Nominal Design ..............................................................................93 5.3.2 Cost of Water Analysis .......................................................................................98 5.3.3 Design Space Analysis........................................................................................99 6 Wind Desalination Design Optimization.........................................................................114 6.1 Overview of Wind Desalination Topologies............................................................114 6.1.1 Grid-Isolated and Design Choices/Optimization Opportunities .......................114 6.1.2 Grid-Connected and Design Choices/Optimization Opportunities ...................115 6.2 Grid-Isolated Results................................................................................................115 6.2.1 Plant Sizing Analysis with Regard to Cost-of-WaterCOW ..............................115 6.2.2 Sizing Energy Storage.......................................................................................124 6.2.3 Plant Operation Concepts..................................................................................125 6.3 Grid-Connected Results............................................................................................126 6.3.1 Wind-Reverse Osmosis Viability Analysis.......................................................126 6.3.2 Cost of WaterCOW Results ..............................................................................127 6.3.3 Plant Operation Concepts..................................................................................130 7 Conclusions .....................................................................................................................131 8 Future Work.....................................................................................................................133 9 Toray Membrane America Design Guidelines ................................................................134 10 References .......................................................................................................................135
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