DOCSLIB.ORG

A Systematic Literature Review on COVID-19, Ghost Games, and Home Advantage in Football from a Behavioral Science Perspective

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
A Systematic Literature Review on COVID-19, Ghost Games, and Home Advantage in Football from a Behavioral Science Perspective Manuscript The Cauldron Has Cooled Down: A Systematic Literature Review on COVID-19, Ghost Games, and Home Advantage in Football from a Behavioral Science Perspective Michael Christian Leitner 1,2, Frank Daumann 3, Florian Follert 4 & Fabio Richlan 1,2 1 Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience (CCNS), University of Salzburg, Austria 2 Department of Psychology, University of Salzburg, Austria 3 Faculty of Social and Behavioural Sciences, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Germany 4 Faculty of Management, Seeburg Castle University, Austria Draft version 1.1, 29/05/2021 This paper has not been peer reviewed yet. Please do not copy or cite without author’s permission. The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest. Corresponding author: Michael C. Leitner / University of Salzburg / Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience / Department of Psychology / Hellbrunnerstrasse 34 / 5020 Salzburg / Austria [email protected] Michael Christian Leitner, Frank Daumann, Florian Follert & Fabio Richlan The Cauldron Has Cooled Down: A Systematic Literature Review on COVID-19, Ghost Games, and Home Advantage in Football from a Behavioral Science Perspective Abstract Research question: The phenomenon of home advantage (or home bias) is well-analyzed in the scientific literature and is traditionally an interdisciplinary topic. So far, the phenomenon has been difficult to study because, although there have always been single matches where the spectators were excluded, this never happened globally to all teams within a league or even across leagues. Thus, several studies examined the influence of supporters by comparing matches before the COVID-19 restrictions with so-called ghost games during the pandemic. Research method: To synthesize the existing knowledge after over a year of ghost games and to offer the scientific community and other stakeholders an overview regarding the numerous studies, we provide a systematic literature review that summarizes the main findings of 16 empirical studies and discusses the results accordingly. Results: Our findings - based on 16 studies - indicate that ghost games have a considerable impact on the phenomenon of home advantage. No study found an increased home advantage in ghost games. Rather, our results show that 13 (from 16 included) analyzed studies conclude – based on their individually examined data – a more or less significant decrease of home advantage in ghost games. Implications: We conclude that our findings are highly relevant from a both socio-economic and behavioral perspective and highlight the indirect and direct influence of spectators and fans on football. Our results have – besides for the scientific community – a high importance for sports and team managers, media executives, fan representatives and other persons responsible. Keywords: fans, home advantage, football, systematic literature review, COVID-19 2 Michael Christian Leitner, Frank Daumann, Florian Follert & Fabio Richlan The Cauldron Has Cooled Down: A Systematic Literature Review on COVID-19, Ghost Games, and Home Advantage in Football from a Behavioral Science Perspective Introduction Fans love football and especially the excitement and uncertainty of the game (Schreyer et al., 2018). They are also commonly referred to as the “12th man” (Saunders, 2020) and constitute an important part of the modern entertainment product “professional football” (Edensor, 2015). For the players, too, it obviously has a meaning whether they play in their home venue in front of their home crowd, on “their own corner” in the first or second half of a match, or on which goal the decisive penalty shootout in a play-off or cup competition takes place. From a scientific perspective, fans are seen as an (external) determinant in the production of sporting success and, consequently, of economic success (Dietl et al., 2005; Daumann, 2019). It can hardly be denied that football benefits greatly from active spectators (Rudolph et al., 2017), whether through ticket revenues or through the typical stadium atmosphere that gives the product its special marketability (Woratschek et al., 2019). These benefits are also accompanied by (external) costs – such as violence (Di Domizio & Caruso, 2015; Dunning et al., 1986; Mause 2020) – posing considerable challenges for sporting and political players that regularly have to be borne by the clubs and the general public. In the present review, we concentrate on the positive contribution of football fans and suggest interpreting fans as important production factors (Follert et al., 2020). In this context, the influence of fans on the game results mainly from the home advantage (Courney & Carron, 1992) (or home bias) which is well-documented in professional football and even reflected in the regulations of international competitions like UEFA Champions League1. The home advantage states that home teams win more than half of the games (excluding draws) when home and away games are evenly distributed in a season (Courney & Carron, 1992). Thus, a corresponding relative advantage of home teams over away teams can be assumed – albeit to varying degrees and based on different explanations (Buraimo et al., 2012; Courneya & Carron, 1992; Pollard, 2008; Ponzo & Scoppa, 2018; Schwartz & Barsky, 1977). One factor that can be analyzed in the current COVID-19 situation, leading to almost laboratory-like conditions in stadiums, is the influence of (missing) fans on various social and sporting aspects during a football match (Bryson et al., 2020). In particular, the influences of the audience on the behavior and decisions of the referees (Dohmen & Sauermann, 2016) and 1 In case of a tie on points after two matches, a goal scored away from home counts double. 3 Michael Christian Leitner, Frank Daumann, Florian Follert & Fabio Richlan The Cauldron Has Cooled Down: A Systematic Literature Review on COVID-19, Ghost Games, and Home Advantage in Football from a Behavioral Science Perspective on the behavior and motivation of the players (Ponzo & Scoppa, 2018) can be specifically investigated. After screening the broad relevant empirical literature as an outcome of the ghost games during the COVID-19 lockdowns, the additional benefit of another empirical study seems limited. For the international scientific community, it may be more important to bundle and synthesize the findings from this field. To this end, we provide a comprehensive overview of the empirical studies conducted so far during the match breakdown, the so-called “ghost games” period in the COVID-19 pandemic. These studies show that fans have to be considered as a significant production factor that can even influence the sporting outcome of a match. We aim to provide a comprehensive overview concerning the variety of empirical studies and to analyze their results from the view of behavioral economics. The paper follows the following structure: In section 2, we provide a theoretical background for our literature review where we highlight the crucial findings concerning home advantages in sports as well as the important role of spectators for the production of a typical stadium atmosphere particularly in professional football. In section 3 we present the results of a systematic literature review that offers an overview on the relevant empirical studies to the scientific community and other stakeholders in the sports industry. Based on our findings we discuss the main results and the limitations of our study. In section 4 we present several implications for further research and sports business before we highlight some conclusions in section 5. Theoretical background Home advantage in professional sports. Following the seminal work by Courneya and Carron (1992) we understand a home advantage as “the consistent finding that home teams in sport competitions win over 50% of the games played under a balanced home and away schedule” (p. 13). First empirical evidence for the home advantage in sport competition was provided by Schwartz and Barsky (1977) who analyzed the major leagues in baseball, football, hockey, and basketball as well as the U.S. college competition in football and basketball. In the literature on sport psychology and sport economics, the home advantage effect is attributed to various influencing parameters, which Courneya and Carron (1992) systematize as follows: ● Game location factors (crowd, learning, travel, rules) ● Critical psychological states (competitors, coaches, officials) 4 Michael Christian Leitner, Frank Daumann, Florian Follert & Fabio Richlan The Cauldron Has Cooled Down: A Systematic Literature Review on COVID-19, Ghost Games, and Home Advantage in Football from a Behavioral Science Perspective ● Critical behavioral states (competitors, coaches, officials) ● Performance outcomes (primary, secondary, tertiary) The game location factors comprise four determinants that can affect the visiting and home teams differently. This includes the crowd factor (1.), according to which the home team receives greater support at home than the visiting team. Under learning/familiarity factors (2.) it is assumed that the home team is better acquainted with the location and also has the possibility to redesign it at short notice. In football, the watering of the lawn is likely to be relevant here as an example. Under the heading travel factors (3.) hides the fact that the visiting team has to travel to the venue and thus has to take on inconveniences to which the home team is not exposed. Finally, under rule factors (4.), components of the set of rules
Load more

Recommended publications
  • New Documents on Mongolia and the Cold War
    Cold War International History Project Bulletin, Issue 16 New Documents on Mongolia and the Cold War Translation and Introduction by Sergey Radchenko1 n a freezing November afternoon in Ulaanbaatar China and Russia fell under the Mongolian sword. However, (Ulan Bator), I climbed the Zaisan hill on the south- after being conquered in the 17th century by the Manchus, Oern end of town to survey the bleak landscape below. the land of the Mongols was divided into two parts—called Black smoke from gers—Mongolian felt houses—blanketed “Outer” and “Inner” Mongolia—and reduced to provincial sta- the valley; very little could be discerned beyond the frozen tus. The inhabitants of Outer Mongolia enjoyed much greater Tuul River. Chilling wind reminded me of the cold, harsh autonomy than their compatriots across the border, and after winter ahead. I thought I should have stayed at home after all the collapse of the Qing dynasty, Outer Mongolia asserted its because my pen froze solid, and I could not scribble a thing right to nationhood. Weak and disorganized, the Mongolian on the documents I carried up with me. These were records religious leadership appealed for help from foreign countries, of Mongolia’s perilous moves on the chessboard of giants: including the United States. But the first foreign troops to its strategy of survival between China and the Soviet Union, appear were Russian soldiers under the command of the noto- and its still poorly understood role in Asia’s Cold War. These riously cruel Baron Ungern who rode past the Zaisan hill in the documents were collected from archival depositories and pri- winter of 1921.
    [Show full text]
  • Aftermath: Accounting for the Holocaust in the Czech Republic
    Aftermath: Accounting for the Holocaust in the Czech Republic Krista Hegburg Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences COLUMBIA UNIVERISTY 2013 © 2013 Krista Hegburg All rights reserved Abstract Aftermath: Accounting for the Holocaust in the Czech Republic Krista Hegburg Reparations are often theorized in the vein of juridical accountability: victims of historical injustices call states to account for their suffering; states, in a gesture that marks a restoration of the rule of law, acknowledge and repair these wrongs via financial compensation. But as reparations projects intersect with a consolidation of liberalism that, in the postsocialist Czech Republic, increasingly hinges on a politics of recognition, reparations concomitantly interpellate minority subjects as such, instantiating their precarious inclusion into the body po litic in a way that vexes the both the historical justice and contemporary recognition reparatory projects seek. This dissertation analyzes claims made by Czech Romani Holocaust survivors in reparations programs, the social work apparatus through which they pursued their claims, and the often contradictory demands of the complex legal structures that have governed eligibility for reparations since the immediate aftermath of the war, and argues for an ethnographic examination of the forms of discrepant reciprocity and commensuration that underpin, and often foreclose, attempts to account for the Holocaust in contemporary Europe. Table of Contents Acknowledgments ii Introduction 1 Chapter 1 18 Recognitions Chapter 2 74 The Veracious Voice: Gypsiology, Historiography, and the Unknown Holocaust Chapter 3 121 Reparations Politics, Czech Style: Law, the Camp, Sovereignty Chapter 4 176 “The Law is Such as It Is” Conclusion 198 The Obligation to Receive Bibliography 202 Appendix I 221 i Acknowledgments I have acquired many debts over the course of researching and writing this dissertation.
    [Show full text]
  • Young Czechs' Perceptions of the Velvet Divorce and The
    YOUNG CZECHS’ PERCEPTIONS OF THE VELVET DIVORCE AND THE MODERN CZECH IDENTITY By BRETT RICHARD CHLOUPEK Bachelor of Science in Geography Bachelor of Science in C.I.S. University of Nebraska Kearney Kearney, NE 2005 Submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate College of the Oklahoma State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE July, 2007 YOUNG CZECHS’ PERCEPTIONS OF THE VELVET DIVORCE AND THE MODERN CZECH IDENTITY Thesis Approved: Reuel Hanks Dr. Reuel Hanks (Chair) Dale Lightfoot Dr. Dale Lightfoot Joel Jenswold Dr. Joel Jenswold Dr. A. Gordon Emslie Dean of the Graduate College ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank my advisor, Dr. Reuel Hanks for encouraging me to pursue this project. His continued support and challenging insights into my work made this thesis a reality. Thanks go to my other committee members, Dr. Dale Lightfoot and Dr. Joel Jenswold for their invaluable advice, unique expertise, and much needed support throughout the writing of my thesis. A great deal of gratitude is due to the faculties of Charles University in Prague, CZ and Masaryk University in Brno, CZ for helping administer student surveys and donating their valuable time. Thank you to Hana and Ludmila Svobodova for taking care of me over the years and being my family away from home in the Moravské Budejovice. Thanks go to Sylvia Mihalik for being my resident expert on all things Slovak and giving me encouragement. Thank you to my grandmother Edith Weber for maintaining ties with our Czech relatives and taking me back to the ‘old country.’ Thanks to all of my extended family for remembering our heritage and keeping some of its traditions.
    [Show full text]
  • Strategy Football Development Department
    DELIVERING THE YOUTH STRATEGY FOOTBALL DEVELOPMENT DEPARTMENT May 2020 FB 05/20/04 DELIVERING THE YOUTH STRATEGY Success indicators used to assess performance are dictated by the key objectives and targets set out in the Irish Football Association Let Them Play youth football strategy which covers the charitable objectives of the foundation. Target one – Participation and Football For All Increase youth football participation rates by 100% by 2025, from 50,000 in 2015 to 100,000 by 2025. arch 202 M 0 1 2015: 50,000 participants December 2018: 72,000 1 March 2020: 77,804 2025 target: 100,000 Target two – Schools and Colleges Revamp schools’ and colleges’ football by increasing the percentage of schools where football is played from 45% in 2015 to 90% by 2020 and increase the amount of young people playing in schools and colleges arch 202 M 0 across Northern Ireland from 25,000 in 2015 to 60,000 by 2025. 1 2015: 25,000 young people playing in schools December 2018: 29,230 1 March 2020: 39,983 2025 target: 60,000 Target three – Club and Volunteer Development To embed a culture of club and volunteer development at grassroots level by 2025 that creates a fun, safe and inclusive environment throughout youth football. Supporting the development of youth football clubs that are run and managed by qualified, committed and Access NI authorised arch 202 volunteers who encourage parents and young people to be attracted to M 0 1 and remain in the sport. 2015: 41 Accredited clubs / 50 volunteers December2025 2018: target: 134 300 / 194 / 500 1 March 2020: 153 / 299 2025 target: 300 / 500 2 FOOTBALL DEVELOPMENT DEPARTMENT DELIVERING THE YOUTH STRATEGY Football Development Team Reflection and Learning in Lockdown The last few weeks have been some of the most challenging and difficult for the Irish FA Football Development Department.
    [Show full text]
  • The Big Scottish Football Quiz Answers
    THE BIG SCOTTISH FOOTBALL QUIZ ANSWERS Round One: Scottish Football General Knowledge Round 1. Which of these Scottish league grounds is furthest north? a. Arbroath b. Brechin City c. Forfar Athletic d. Montrose 2. Who was the last team to win the Scottish Junior Cup that wasn’t Auchinleck Talbot? a. Pollok b. Hurlford United c. Glenafton Athletic d. Musselburgh Athletic 3. Which of these players made their senior Scotland debut first? a. David Weir b. Craig Burley c. Colin Hendry d. Paul Lambert 4. Willie Miller had is birthday on Saturday there. What birthday did he celebrate? a. 55th b. 60th c. 65th d. 70th 5. Who did Rangers beat in the quarter finals of the UEFA Cup in 2008 when they made the final? a. Sporting CP b. Werder Bremen c. Fiorentina d. Panathinaikos 6. Who is the only team apart from Hibernian or Glasgow City to appear in a Women’s Scottish Cup Final since 2015? a. Motherwell b. Celtic c. Spartans d. Forfar Farmington 7. Who did Celtic sign Leigh Griffiths from? a. Hibernian b. Livingston c. Dundee d. Wolverhampton Wanderers 8. Who did Andy Robertson make his senior Scotland debut against? a. Czech Republic b. Poland c. England d. Norway 9. What was the name of the fictional Scottish football team in the film A Shot at Glory? a. Inverleven FC b. Greendale Thistle c. Earls Park d. Kilnockie FC 10. Who won the first ever Scottish Challenge Cup in 1991? a. Dundee b. Ayr United c. Hamilton Academical d. Stenhousemuir Round Two: Scottish Cup Final Questions 11.
    [Show full text]
  • Considering the Creation of a Domestic Intelligence Agency in the United States
    HOMELAND SECURITY PROGRAM and the INTELLIGENCE POLICY CENTER THE ARTS This PDF document was made available CHILD POLICY from www.rand.org as a public service of CIVIL JUSTICE the RAND Corporation. EDUCATION ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENT Jump down to document6 HEALTH AND HEALTH CARE INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS The RAND Corporation is a nonprofit NATIONAL SECURITY research organization providing POPULATION AND AGING PUBLIC SAFETY objective analysis and effective SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY solutions that address the challenges SUBSTANCE ABUSE facing the public and private sectors TERRORISM AND HOMELAND SECURITY around the world. TRANSPORTATION AND INFRASTRUCTURE Support RAND WORKFORCE AND WORKPLACE Purchase this document Browse Books & Publications Make a charitable contribution For More Information Visit RAND at www.rand.org Explore the RAND Homeland Security Program RAND Intelligence Policy Center View document details Limited Electronic Distribution Rights This document and trademark(s) contained herein are protected by law as indicated in a notice appearing later in this work. This electronic representation of RAND intellectual property is provided for non-commercial use only. Unauthorized posting of RAND PDFs to a non-RAND Web site is prohibited. RAND PDFs are protected under copyright law. Permission is required from RAND to reproduce, or reuse in another form, any of our research documents for commercial use. For information on reprint and linking permissions, please see RAND Permissions. This product is part of the RAND Corporation monograph series. RAND monographs present major research findings that address the challenges facing the public and private sectors. All RAND mono- graphs undergo rigorous peer review to ensure high standards for research quality and objectivity.
    [Show full text]
  • The Rules of the Scottish Professional Football League, As Amended from Time to Time;
    At 8 October 2018 The Rules and Regulations of the Scottish Professional Football League Contents Rule Number Page No. Section A: General A1 Name 14 A2 Alterations to Rules 14 A3 Severability 14 A4-A18 Definitions and Interpretation 14-25 A19 Board and Chief Executive 26 A20-A21 General Meetings 26 A22-A23 Designation of Rules by Numbering and Lettering 26 Section B: Membership of the League B1-B3 Relationship between Clubs and the League 27 B4-B6 Agreement on Compliance with Applicable Rules, 27 Statutes and Regulations B7 Commitment to National Teams 28 B8-B9 Scottish Cup and League Cup Competitions 28 B10-B12 Other Football Competitions 28 Section C: The League and other Competitions C1-C7 Membership of the Company, Divisional Membership, 29 1 Promotion and Relegation C8-C12.4 League Ranking at the End of a Season 29-31 C13 Entitlement to Participate in Divisions 31-32 C14-C18 The Premiership 32-33 C19-C21 Promotion and Relegation as between 33 the Championship, League One and League Two C22-C28 The Premiership/Championship Play-Off Competition 33-35 C29-C32 The Championship/League One and League One/ 35-37 League Two Play-Off Competitions C33 Pyramid Play-Off Competition 37 C34 Allocation of Points in League Matches 37 C35-C37 Determination of League etc. Position in Case of 37-39 Equality of Points C38-C41 Champion Clubs 39 C42-C43 Football and Competition Rules 40 C44-C45 League Cup Competition 40 C46-C47 Reserve League 40 C48 Competitions 40 C49 Regulations 40 C50-C51 UEFA Competitions 40-41 C52 Club Ceasing to Operate, participate
    [Show full text]
  • Hungary and the Holocaust Confrontation with the Past
    UNITED STATES HOLOCAUST MEMORIAL MUSEUM CENTER FOR ADVANCED HOLOCAUST STUDIES Hungary and the Holocaust Confrontation with the Past Symposium Proceedings W A S H I N G T O N , D. C. Hungary and the Holocaust Confrontation with the Past Symposium Proceedings CENTER FOR ADVANCED HOLOCAUST STUDIES UNITED STATES HOLOCAUST MEMORIAL MUSEUM 2001 The assertions, opinions, and conclusions in this occasional paper are those of the authors. They do not necessarily reflect those of the United States Holocaust Memorial Council or of the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. Third printing, March 2004 Copyright © 2001 by Rabbi Laszlo Berkowits, assigned to the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum; Copyright © 2001 by Randolph L. Braham, assigned to the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum; Copyright © 2001 by Tim Cole, assigned to the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum; Copyright © 2001 by István Deák, assigned to the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum; Copyright © 2001 by Eva Hevesi Ehrlich, assigned to the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum; Copyright © 2001 by Charles Fenyvesi; Copyright © 2001 by Paul Hanebrink, assigned to the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum; Copyright © 2001 by Albert Lichtmann, assigned to the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum; Copyright © 2001 by George S. Pick, assigned to the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum In Charles Fenyvesi's contribution “The World that Was Lost,” four stanzas from Czeslaw Milosz's poem “Dedication” are reprinted with the permission of the author. Contents
    [Show full text]
  • Pan European Analysis on the Fluidity of Football Matches
    CIES Football Observatory Monthly Report n°64 - April 2021 Pan European analysis on the fluidity of football matches Drs Raffaele Poli, Loïc Ravenel and Roger Besson 1. Introduction Figure 1: study sample AUT Bundesliga 309 matches This report analyses different indicators regard- ing the fluidity in matches played since the 1st of BEL Pro League 491 matches July 2019 in a total of 37 European competitions: BLR Premier League 360 matches 30 top divisions of UEFA member associations, BUL First League 347 matches the five second divisions of the countries host- ing the big-5 leagues, as well as the Champions CRO 1. HNL 286 matches League and the Europa League. The data used are CZE Fortuna League 459 matches sourced from our partners InStat. DEN Superliga 348 matches The study first looks at the percentage of effec- ENG Premier League 642 matches tive playing time, i.e. the time during which the ENG/2 Championship 954 matches ball was in play, in each of the 37 competitions ESP Primera Division 628 matches taken into account, and then analyses in more depth the underlying reasons for stoppage time: ESP/2 Segunda Division 764 matches the interruptions due to the ball going out of play, FIN Veikkausliiga 220 matches as well as resulting from fouls committed by FRA Ligue 1 557 matches players. FRA/2 Ligue 2 559 matches GER Bundesliga 512 matches GER/2 2. Bundesliga 513 matches GRE Super League 403 matches HUN NB I 341 matches ISR Ligat ha'Al 396 matches ITA Serie A 623 matches ITA/2 Serie B 644 matches NED Eredivisie 446 matches NOR Eliteserien 379 matches POL Ekstraklasa 447 matches POR Primeira Liga 495 matches ROM Liga I 459 matches RUS Premier League 394 matches SCO Premier League 363 matches SRB Super Liga 466 matches SUI Super League 290 matches SVK Fortuna liga 289 matches SVN 1.
    [Show full text]
  • In What Competitions Are Concussion Substitutes Currently Active?
    Last updated: April 2021 • U.S. Soccer, MLS and NWSL trial concussion substitutes Concussion Substitutes Tracker In what competitions are concussion substitutes currently active? For more information please speak with your account manager or email [email protected] Stats Perform Betting In what competitions is this rule currently in-use? Last updated: March 2021 When When League / competition Country League / competition Country introduced? introduced? UEFA Under 21 Championships – Premier League England 6 February 2021 Europe 24th March 2019-21 Women’s Super League England 6 February 2021 FIFA Club World Cup World February Women’s Championship England 6 February 2021 Scottish Premiership Scotland 25th February From 5th round FA Cup England Scotland Championship Scotland “” [9th Feb] 2021-22 season SSE Airtricity Premier Ireland Scottish League One Scotland “” [19th March] 2021-22 season SSE Airtricity First Division Ireland Scottish League Two Scotland “” [19th March] 2021-22 season SSE Airtricity Women’s National League Ireland Eredivisie Holland February 2021 [27th March] Presidents Cup Ireland 12 March 2021 Eerste Divisie Holland February 2021 Senior Men’s FAI Cup Ireland 2021-22 edition KNVB Cup Holland February 2021 Senior Women’s FAI Cup Ireland 2021-22 edition For more information please speak with your account manager or email [email protected] Stats Perform Betting In what competitions is this rule currently in-use? Last updated: March 2021 When League / competition Country introduced? Portuguese Championship Portugal February 2021 Portuguese Cup Portugal February 2021 Revelation League Portugal February 2021 National Women’s Championships Portugal February 2021 U.S. Soccer U.S April 2021 MLS U.S April 2021 NWSL U.S April 2021 For more information please speak with your account manager or email [email protected] Stats Perform Betting.
    [Show full text]
  • NENT Group Acquires Exclusive Nordic Media Rights To
    • NENT Group acquires exclusive Nordic media rights to Bundesliga, Ligue 1, Eredivisie, Belgian First Division A and Scottish Premiership until 2021 • Leagues include some of Europe’s biggest clubs and over 30 Nordic players • NENT Group also secures exclusive Nordic media rights to 2019 Copa América Nordic Entertainment Group (NENT Group) has acquired the exclusive Nordic media rights to Germany’s Bundesliga, France’s Ligue 1, The Netherlands’ Eredivisie, Belgium’s First Division A and the Scottish Premiership until 2021, as well as the 2019 Copa América. NENT Group will show up to 1,500 live games a season from the five leagues on its TV channels and streaming services. Football fans in Denmark, Finland, Norway and Sweden will be able to enjoy exclusive weekly coverage of top clubs such as Bayern Munich, Borussia Dortmund, Paris Saint- Germain, Olympique de Marseille, Ajax and Celtic on NENT Group’s TV channels and streaming services. The European leagues in which these clubs play feature more than 30 Nordic players and attract large and growing interest across the region. NENT Group will also show the 2019 Copa América, which starts in Brazil on 14 June 2019 with the final on 7 July 2019 at Rio de Janeiro’s legendary Maracanã stadium. The South American equivalent of the UEFA European Championship, the Copa América is set to showcase global superstars such as Lionel Messi, Neymar, Edinson Cavani and Paulo Dybala. Anders Jensen, NENT Group President and CEO: “This is a fantastic and unrivalled offering of international football for our viewers. NENT Group is already the home of the most live football in the region and our coverage will now get even bigger and better.
    [Show full text]
  • PMA Polonica Catalog
    PMA Polonica Catalog PLACE OF AUTHOR TITLE PUBLISHER DATE DESCRIPTION CALL NR PUBLICATION Concerns the Soviet-Polish War of Eighteenth Decisive Battle Abernon, De London Hodder & Stoughton, Ltd. 1931 1920, also called the Miracle on the PE.PB-ab of the World-Warsaw 1920 Vistula. Illus., index, maps. Ackermann, And We Are Civilized New York Covici Friede Publ. 1936 Poland in World War I. PE.PB-ac Wolfgang Form letter to Polish-Americans asking for their help in book on Appeal: "To Polish Adamic, Louis New Jersey 1939 immigration author is planning to PE.PP-ad Americans" write. (Filed with PP-ad-1, another work by this author). Questionnaire regarding book Plymouth Rock and Ellis author is planning to write. (Filed Adamic, Louis New Jersey 1939 PE.PP-ad-1 Island with PE.PP-ad, another work by this author). A factual report affecting the lives Adamowski, and security of every citizen of the It Did Happen Here. Chicago unknown 1942 PA.A-ad Benjamin S. U.S. of America. United States in World War II New York Biography of Jan Kostanecki, PE.PC-kost- Adams , Dorothy We Stood Alone Longmans, Green & Co. 1944 Toronto diplomat and economist. ad Addinsell, Piano solo. Arranged from the Warsaw Concerto New York Chappell & Co. Inc. 1942 PE.PG-ad Richard original score by Henry Geehl. Great moments of Kosciuszko's life Ajdukiewicz, Kosciuszko--Hero of Two New York Cosmopolitan Art Company 1945 immortalized in 8 famous paintings PE.PG-aj Zygumunt Worlds by the celebrated Polish artist. Z roznymi ludzmi o roznych polsko- Ciekawe Gawedy Macieja amerykanskich sprawach.
    [Show full text]