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THE ANALYSIS OF LIFE STRUGGLE IN ANDY WEIR‘S NOVEL THE MARTIAN

A THESIS

ALEMINA BR KABAN

REG. NO. 140721012

DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH

FACULTY OF CULTURAL STUDIES

UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA

MEDAN 2018

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA THE ANALYSIS OF LIFE STRUGGLE IN ANDY WEIR‘S NOVEL THE MARTIAN

A THESIS

ALEMINA BR KABAN

REG. NO. 140721012

SUPERVISOR CO-SUPERVISOR

Drs. Parlindungan Purba,M.Hum. Riko Andika Pohan, S.S., M.Hum. NIP.1963021619 89031003001 NIP. 1984060920150410010016026

Submitted to Faculty of Cultural Studies University of Sumatera Utara Medan in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Sarjana Sastra from Department of English

DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH FACULTY OF CULTURAL STUDIES UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA MEDAN 2018

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Approved by the Department of English, Faculty of Cultural Studies University of Sumatera Utara (USU) Medan as thesis for The Sarjana Sastra Examination.

Head, Secretary,

Prof. T.Silvana Sinar,Dipl.TEFL,MA.,Ph.D Rahmadsyah Rangkuti, M.A. Ph.D. NIP. 19571117 198303 2 002 NIP. 19750209 200812 1 002

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Accepted by the Board of Examiners in partial fulfillment of requirements for the degree of Sarjana Sastra from the Department of English, Faculty of Cultural Studies University of Sumatera Utara, Medan.

The examination is held in Department of English Faculty of Cultural Studies University of Sumatera Utara on July 6th, 2018

Dean of Faculty of Cultural Studies

University of Sumatera Utara

Dr. Budi Agustono, M.S.

NIP.19600805 198703 1 001

Board of Examiners

Rahmadsyah Rangkuti, M.A., Ph.D ______

Drs. Parlindungan Purba, M.Hum. ______

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UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA AUTHOR’S DECLARATION

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TITLE OF THESIS : THE ANALYSIS OF LIFE STRUGGLE IN ANDY WEIR‘S NOVEL THE MARTIAN

QUALIFICATION : S-1/SARJANA SASTRA

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UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA ABSTRAK

Skripsi ini berjudul An Analysis of Life Struggle in The Martian karangan Andy Weirs. Skripsi ini menganalisa perjuang hidup untuk menghadapi masalah dibutuhkan penyesuaian untuk dapat menyelesaikan masalah itu juga dalam cerita novel. Penulis menggunakan teori Braun, Linder and Asimov (478-480) how people will react to all the stresses and problems is one aspect of the process called adjustment. Adjustment is the process for people to cope with the difficult situations in their struggle. There are three aspects of adjustment is problem solving,acceptance of situation and defense mechanisms. Teori ini digunakan untuk dapat menganalisis dan memecahkan masalah pada novel. Dalam melengkapi penelitian ini, penulis menggunakan metode analisis deskriptif qualitative method yang menggambarkan perjalanan hidup tokoh utamanya untuk mendukung analisis penulis didukung oleh referensi dan pendapat-pendapat kritikus sastra dalam mengungkapkan kebenaran analisis.

Kata kunci : Adjustment, problem solving,acceptance of situation and defense

mechanisms.

iii

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA ABSTRACT

This thesis is entitled An Analysis of Life in The Martian Struggle by Andy Weirs. This thesis analyzes life's struggles to deal with problems that need adjustments to be able to solve the problem in the novel. The author uses the theory of Braun, Linder and Asimov (478-480) how people will react to all the stresses and problems is one aspect of the process called adjustment. Adjustment is the process for people to cope with difficult situations in their struggle. There are three aspects of adjustment problem solving, acceptance of situation and mechanisms of defense. This theory is used to be able to analyze and solve problems in a novel. In completing this research, the author uses descriptive qualitative method analysis method which describes the life journey of the main character to support the writer's analysis supported by the references and opinions of literary critics in expressing the truth of the analysis.

Keywords:Adjustment, problem solving, acceptance of situation and defense

mechanisms

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

First of all, the writer would like to give the huge gratitude to Allah

SubhanahuwaTa’alafor blessings and bequest in the whole life, especially during the process of analyzing and finishing this thesis. Keep on trying and do not give up yet then Allah will let the way.

The writer grateful to the Dean of Faculty of Cultural Studies, University of Sumatera Utara, Dr. Budi Agustono, M.S. The gratitude is also expressed to the Head of English Department, Dr. Deliana, M.Hum and the Secretary of

English Department Rahmadsyah Rangkuti, M.A, Ph.D. The writer really proud from the bottom of the heart to be a student of this department.

The writer would like to express the biggest gratitude to Drs.

Parlindungan Purba, M.Hum as supervisor and Riko Andika Rahmad Pohan,

S.S., M.Hum as co – supervisor. The writer so thankful for helps, countless guidance, easiness, and contribution to this thesis.

The writer so blessed to address the countless grateful to her lovely family as they believe she to be anything and do the best to finish this thesis. They are the motivation and source of strength to finish this thesis immediately, especially the writer‟s father, Olakisat Kaban who teaches her how to be strong and stand in own feet. For the writer‟s mother, Ingan Pulung Br Bangun thanks for all of the patients, supports, prays, and advices. Thanks for always besides her thru ups and downs. And then big thanks for my husband, Edy Kepson Meliala, thanks for all of smile, laughs and spirit that always given to me. And special this thesis to my son Haga Meikrina Meliala

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Finally, may this thesis be advantageous for the readers. May the grace and love of the Almighty Allah SWT be with us all forever.Aamiin

Medan, January 05th, 2018

The writer

Alemina Br Kaban Reg. No. 140721012

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA TABLE OF CONTENTS

AUTHOR’S DECLARATION ...... i

ABSTRAK ...... iii

ABSTRACT ...... iv

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ...... v

TABLE OF CONTENTS ...... vii

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION ...... 1

1.1 Background of the Study ...... 1

1.2 Problem of the Study ...... 4

1.3 Objective of the Study ...... 4

1.4 Scope of the Study ...... 5

1.5 Significance of the Study ...... 5

CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE ...... 6

2.1 An Overview of Novel ...... 6

2.2 A Brief of Intrinsic Elements ...... 7

2.2.1 Theme ...... 7

2.2.2 Character ...... 8

2.2.3 Plot ...... 10

2.2.4 Setting ...... 11

2.2.5 Point of View ...... 12

2.3 Description of Life Struggle...... 14

2.4 Theory of Struggle for Life ...... 15

2.4.1 The Problem Solving...... 16

2.4.2 The Acceptance of Situation ...... 17

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA

2.4.3 The Defense Mechanisms ...... 17

2.5 Relevant Studies ...... 19 CHAPTER III METHOD OF RESEARCH ...... 21

3.1 Research Design ...... 21

3.2 Source of Data ...... 21

3.3 Data Collection Procedure ...... 22

3.4 Data Analysis ...... 22

CHAPTER IV ANALYSIS AND FINDINGS ...... 24

4.1 Watney‟s Struggle Adjustment in Terms of Problem Solving ...... 24

4.2 Watney‟s Struggle Adjustment in Terms of Acceptance of Situations ...... 32

4.3 Watney‟s Struggle Adjustment in Terms of Defense Mechanisms...... 35

CHAPTER V CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION ...... 40

5.1 Conclusion...... 40

5.2 Suggestion ...... 41

REFERENCES ......

APPENDIX......

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the study

Literature is an interesting subject to be studied. It discusses about the picture of human life. In studying of literature, the reader combine his emotion, imagination, and logical. It helps the reader think personally and intellectually.

The word „literature‟ is derived from the Latin „littera‟ which means „letter‟. It refers to the written of printed words. Literature is a written work and exists in our society as a communicative practice with our social life. Literature itself is a common term related to the fictitious world. Welleck and Warren (1965:94) said that: Literature is a social institution using as its medium language, a social creation such as traditional devices as symbolism an metre are social arisen only in society. But, furthermore, literature represents life and life is, in large measure a social reality even though the natural world and the inner or subjective world of the individual have also been objects of literary imitation.

Three important branches of literature: novel, poetry and drama. One of the important will be discussed is Novel. Nowadays, there are a lot of novel published to the public. Novel is literary work that very popular in the world. The term of novel can be defined as a literary composition. Some novels are fiction and some are based on true stories. As reading material, novel can be divided into two groups, namely, work seriously and entertainment work.In the novel of entertainment there are several types of detective novels, romance novels,

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA misterynovels, gothic novels, criminal novels, science fiction novels. In this novel including science fiction novels.

Science fiction is a genre of speculative fiction, typically dealing with imaginative concepts such as futuristicscience and technology, space travel, time travel, faster than light travel, parallel universes, and extraterrestrial life. Science fiction often explores the potential consequences of scientific and other innovations, and has been called a "literature of ideas". It usually avoids the supernatural, unlike the related genre of fantasy. Historically, science-fiction stories have had a grounding in actual science, but now this is only expected of hard science fiction.

The novel can give the meaning and readers can find the message from the novel “The Martian” by Andy Weir is a novel which talk about the first people to walk on mars. The novel talk how to get survive in all condition and make us to think adaptation in all places. It is an natural life struggle story on mars and make the writer want to analysis the stroy of main character watney on mars. In this novel, the writer focuses on analyzing the theme because it is common that an analysis of a novel is focused on one of those elements such as theme or characterization.

The writer is interested in this novel because the story deals with life in planet mars.There is no life like on earth butin this novel , Watney can adapt to the situation on mars. Being lost and left behind by friends Watney is trying to survive in Mars, so Watney makes a plan with the conditions that exist oin Mars.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA The writer is increasingly interested in analyzing this novel when Watney begins to create a goal or a system to be able to live on Mars. Watney strives to achieve her goal by taking advantage of the situation and conditions that exist in

Mars, with the inventory of materials owned and the equipment available.

Watneyhave ideasand with the knowledge he has as a botanist graduate. He made a potato plant for groceries while living in Mars.

Watney's effort and passion for achieving goals is not easy because of many disruptions and storms that attack his potato plants. But Watney tried to get back to plant the potatoes and to repair the damage caused by the storm. Watney also tried to contact his friends on earth with the equipment left behind with him on

Mars. Watney sent a message to a friend that he was alive and in Mars. Finally,

Watney can communicate with his friends and find a way to get back to earth. The effort and patience of Watney gets good results, so he can meet his friends and return to earth.

Watney points out that the difficulties in life can be passed if we are willing to try, be patient, persistent and enthusiastic. Motivation is what makes Watney survive the long time in Mars and struggle to get back to earth. Watney can to adjustment of all process in Mars .

Struggle is an effort or effort by a person or group of people to achieve something desired through the processes and obstacles faced that exist in the community environment. The struggle in one's life is very necessary in the life of

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA a man who lives in this realm, so it can be said to struggle or strive to achieve the desires or ideals that both material and material interests will achieve.

1.2 Problem of the Study

During the process of analysis, it is important to make the specification of problems that are going to be analyzed in order to avoid the ambiguity of the analysis and to support the writer to get clear description about the object of analysis itself. So in this analysis, writer finds and decides some problems that needed to answer further. They are:

1.How is life struggle in terms of adjustment to problem solving potrayed in the novel?

2. How is life struggle in terms of adjustment to acceptance of situation potrayed in the novel?

3. How is life struggle in terms of adjustment to defense mechanisms potrayed in the novel?

1.3 Objective of the Study

Objectives of analysis are the statements about activities and objects that are going to be analyzed based on the problem of analysis. The writer holds on these objectives in doing the analysis. There are two objectives found in this analysis, they are:

1. To find how is life struggle in terms of adjustment to problem solving potrayed in the novel.

2. To find how is life struggle in terms of adjustment to acceptance of situation potrayed in the novel.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA 3. To find how is life struggle in terms of adjustment to defense mechanisms potrayed in the novel.

1.4 Scope of the Study

In doing this research, the writer has to restrict the fields that are going to be analyzed in order to make sure that the analysis still stays in track. It also helps the writer choose which factors can be categorized into range of the study and which cannot. Therefore, this thesis focused on a life struggle in term of adjustment to the problem solving,acceptance of situation and defense mechanisms potrayed in the novel The Martian by Andy Weir.

1.5 Significance of the Study

This thesis is intended to be helpful to understand more about novel The

Martian by Andy Weir. Having read this thesis, the readers are expected to find out that life struggle Mark in the novel. To explain the readers to know more about survive in Mars .

The writer hopes this analysis would be useful to readers to enlarge their knowledge especially for literature student who have interest in this analysis.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

2.1 An Overview of Novel

Novel is one of prose forms as literary work which is more interesting and easier to be analyzed than other branches of literature. (Taylor, 1985:160).

According to Safra (2003:810): “The word novel is derived from novella that is an invented prose narrative of considerable length and a certain complexity that deals imaginatively with human experience usually though a connected sequence of events involving a group of persons in a specific setting”.

Acorrding Wellek & Warren (1956). As an intrinsic element, the element also comprises a number of extrinsic elements. The element in question (Wallek &

Warren, 1956: 75-135), among others, is the state of individual subjectivity authors who have attitudes, beliefs, and outlook on life all of which will affect the work that he wrote. In short, elements of the author biographies will also determine the pattern works it produces. Extrinsic ele ment next is psychology, psychology of the author either in the form (which includes the process of creativity), psychology readers, as well as the application of psychological principles in the works. The division of the intrinsic elements of the structure works belonging traditional Martial Arts is the division based on the form and content elements-a dichotomous division of real people with little objection received.

Novels as a part of the fiction can be defined as a work of prose fiction, which tells story or uses incidents to dramatize human experience and individual

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA character. Novel is narrative kind of writing which is focused on sequence of events, time, and solution certain more than a thousand words and have the aspect of novel. Novel is narrative text informing of prose with a long shape that including some figures and fiction event.

2.2 A Brief of Intrinsic Elements

2.2.1 Theme

A literary work is constructed by intrinsic elements and it is influenced by the intrinsic elements. The intrinsic approach in a literary work consists of five elements, such as theme, plot, setting, character, and point of view. Theme in literary work is one of the constructive element that construct the literary work as wholeness, even the existence of theme depends on other constructive elements

(plot, setting, character, and point of view).

There are many definitions of theme. Theme is the meaning of the story.

Every fiction has a theme, but to understand what the theme is not easy. In general, theme does not express explicitly by the author. The reader should read and understand what the story tells about. In order to get what is the theme, the reader needs some interpretation. Theme is the central of unifying element of the story which ties together all of the other elements of fiction such as plot, character, setting, point of view, etc. It used by the author to tell the story. Blaze

O. Bonazza, Emily Roy, and Sandra Roy (1982:10) said that:

The theme is about struggle for life. In those thesis tells about life struggling

Watney in Mars and Watney can survive in mars. His ability to survive rests more

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA on his ability to plan ahead, to creatively develop solutions to the issues he encounters, to tolerate risk, and his determination to do everything he can to stay alive. Without realizing that he could grow the potatoes, and without conceiving and executing a plan to retrieve the Pathfinder radio, for example, Watney‟s survival and rescue would have been impossible.

2.2.2 Character

In fiction, a character may be defined as a verbal representation of a human being. Through action, speech, description, and commentary, authors portray character that are worth caring about, rooting for, and even loving, although there are also characters you may laugh at, dislike, or even hate.

Characters may be flat, minor characters; or round and major. The main character in a story is generally known as protagonist, the character who opposes him is the antagonist. Character is revealed by how a character responds to conflict.Abraham

(1981 : 20) states that character is people who appeared in a narrative drama, and the readers interpret it as the person who has a moral quality and certain tendency such as being expressed in what they did.

According to Abraham statement, literary readers can say that novel is an epic story dealing with the human characters. Actually the characters in the novel are very important matters for the movement of the story. Beside that, they are also the creation of the author to his or her story that are interesting to read.

Gray (1988 :71) says: Characters are the invented, imagery persons in a dramatic or narrative work, which are given human qualities

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA and behavior that we learn about them through dialogue, action, and description.

When author create charaters, they select some aspects of ordinary people, develop some of this whilst playing down others, and put them together theyplease. They result is not an ordinary people, but a fictional character that only exist in the world. On the basis of importance, we can distinguish two types of character, main and minor character.

The main character in a story is Mark Watney. Watney with her humorous and unyielding character he is determined to survive on Mars. A barren, arid and impossible place for the growth of crops may be a sort of challenge as well as a determinant of the astronaut's survival.

The main character of the novel, and the only person whose thoughts and feelings are revealed extensively through the voice log segments that make up most of the book, Mark Watney is a botanist and mechanical engineer by trade.

He is the lowest ranked member of the Ares 3 team, a group of six astronauts who set out for Mars in the Hermes spacecraft, landed successfully, but had to abort the mission and evacuate. Watney, who is supposedly killed during the emergency evacuation that also disables the main communications channels with Earth, is left behind. Yet he survives, and the ongoing story of how he manages to keep himself alive with very limited resources makes up much of the novel.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Watney is an extrovert with a colorful vocabulary and a penchant for coarse language. He is also intelligent, creative, and a natural risk taker. Although he has occasional bouts of doubt and fear, he is incredibly resilient with a strong survival instinct. His skills as a mechanical engineer and botanist save his life repeatedly while on Mars, where he experiences several different kinds of accidents and equipment failures.

Watney has parents, but is not shown interacting with siblings. He does not have a romantic partner back on Earth.Besides Mark Watney, the Hermes crew carried five other astronauts. Few of them are referred to by their first name more than once or twice in the book, because when speaking to each other they maintain the military style habit of using last names. All of them outrank Mark

Watney. They are not described in detail until later in the book, partly because decision makers at NASA decide not to tell them that Watney is alive until there‟s a plan to save him.

2.2.3 Plot

Plot is one of the elements of fiction and organized the sequence of events and actions that make up the story. A novelist uses plot to arrange the sequence of events. In most stories, these events arise out of conflict experienced by the main character.

Stanton (1965: 14), suggested the plot is a story that contains the sequence of events, but each incident is only connected in cause and effect, an event which caused or led to the occurrence of other events. Kenny (1966: 14), promoted to the

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA plot as the events shown in the story is not simple, because the author set the events based on the relation of cause and effect.

This story aboutthe 'first Martian' started when the mission of Ares III was forced to be canceled because of the emergence of a storm prepared to sweep the vast land of Mars. The safety of the crew is threatened, mission commander

Melissa Lewis asks immediately to take off from Mars and leaves a crewman,

Mark Watney who has been assumed dead. Surprisingly, Mark was alive but lost contact with NASA. While waiting for a pickup through Ares IV that arrived 3 years later, he survived through his expertise in botany.

2.2.4 Setting

Setting is a key role in plot, as in man vs. nature or man vs. society stories.

In some stories the setting becomes a character itself. In such roles setting may be considered a plot device or literary device .

Background elementscan be dividedinto threemainelements, namely a place, time, andsocial. Backgrounds on the location of the place suggest the occurrence ofthe eventsrecounted ina work offiction.Elementsmaybeusedwherethe places witha certain name,initials, there may be certainlocations.Withoutexact name .Background of timeassociatedwith the problem of "when" ofeventsrecounted ina work offictionproblem

"when"isnormallyassociatedwiththefactual, the time to doorbe associatedwithhistorical events.Socialbackground suggested onmattersrelatingto the conductof sociallife ofthe communityina place thatis told.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA When the reader reads a novel, they actually are faced a world that had been completed by the character andthe events in the novel. But of course, those things are less complete because the characters need living space, place and time, like human‟s living in the real world.

In other hand, novel not only needs characters, story and plot, but also setting. Setting usually directs to the definition of place, connection of time and social environment where the event happens. Setting gives the basic of story correctly and clear. The setting is important to give realistic impression to the readers, created a certain situation at a glanced is really happened. So, the readers feel easier to create their imagination and participation to criticize the story.

The Setting in this novel is Mark Watney gets stuck on Mars for almost two years. Two years. That's not a vacation: that's a relocation. Over the course of those treacherous months, Mark becomes acquainted with the red planet.

2.2.5 Point of View

Point of view is idea which an author presents a story. There are three points of view:

1. First person point of view

In first person point of view the narrator is talking to the reader using phrases such as the reader may notice or reader, you may think. Often the writer will not talk to reader but will use pronouns I, me, or we. In this point of view the

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA reader only gets the viewpoint f one character and does not know what the other character are thinking. A story told in the first point of view is told by a character within the story. The firs person can be a major character or a minor character.

The narrator may or may not be reliable.

2. Third point of view

Third person point of view can be recognized by the author‟s use of

thepronouns he, she, it or they. The narrator is not a part of he action, and can

be in the mind of one or more characters at once but it still limited.

The third person point of view narrator allows the reader access to the thought of he main character. However, the third person point of view narrator can only relay one character‟s perspective to the reader. In this way, the third person point of view narrator is like the first person narrator. The viewpoint recreates how an individual experiences the world.

3. Omniscient point of view

Omniscient literary means all knowing. Very few characters have this godlike knowledge of what everyone is thinking at all time. Limited omniscient may seem like a contradiction in terms. This occurs when point of view switches from character or is not assigned to one character. Thus while no character knows everything is happening the reader knows than any one character.

In a novel written from the point of view of an omniscient narrator want the reader knows what each character does and think. The reader maintains this knowledge as the plot from place to place or time to time.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA An omniscient narrator can also provide the reader with direct assessment of action, character, and environment.

The point of view used is from Mark Watney itself about his feelings so knowing he is alive and left alone on Mars. There is also the point of view of the third person who knows everything about their situation at NASA, from receiving the news of Watney's death to deciding to save him instead of letting him wait for up to 4 years.

2.3 Description of Life Struggle

According to Marsam (2000: 181) The struggle comes from the word that

means struggle a fight for survival or independence of the State. The struggle in

this research effort is mean as a woman in order to defend the rights and dignity

of women who are oppressed due to arbitrary injustice of considerable cultural

flourishing in society. Meaning struggle is hard work and efforts in achieving a

good thing as the key to success.

In life people meet many problems, either easy or difficult problems. What

they need is happiness. Nobody wants to be sad all the period of time. People

will give such effort to reach his/her dreams; moreover they will struggle for

their needs. The effort will appear naturally when she/he is under pressure of

their situation of life or some difficult problems. According to McKechnie

(1806), struggle is “great effort or series of effort”. While Abate defines struggle

as “make violent or determined efforts under difficulties” (1514). Based on the

explanation above, struggle for life is a series of determined effort that human

does under difficult condition of her life.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA People will learn the positive things even though they failed in certain

problems of life. When negative things and the most difficult problems come

people will keep struggle for their satisfying goals. According to

McKechnie(367), struggle is a task or goal requiring much effort to accomplish

or achieve. People struggle because they have goal that motivate them. They

have dreams to achieve. Therefore, they will give the greatest effort to

accomplish the dreams. It keeps them struggling, even in the most difficult

situation. When people fail to reach their goal, they will struggle from the

unpleasant experience. They can learn positive things from their struggle. Each

person believes that he needs struggle since he realizes that all of his efforts will

satisfy him.

2.4 Theory of Struggle for Life

Braun, Linder and Asimov (478-480) state that everybody always has problems in their life. The problems can be simple or difficult. Sometimes, they affect their way of thinking in facing life. Therefore, they need to struggle to overcome their problems. Struggle can be one of the reasons why people want to protect their life. According to Bernard (64), “Individuals also may consciously and rationally implement strategies that enable them to cope with stresses and problems in life”.

Braund, Linder and Asimov (479-480) say that there are many things happening in life. These life events will push and force people to struggle in life; they can be death of spouse, divorce, personal injury or illness, gaining a new

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA family member, family members leaving home, etc. People need to adjust their life in dealing with the problems and challenges in their life.

According to Braun, Linder and Asimov (478-480) how people will react to all the stresses and problems is one aspect of the process called adjustment.

Adjustment is the process for people to cope with the difficult situations in their struggle. Adjustment is a process of coping with events, problems, challenges and hard situations happen in life.There are three aspects of adjustment is problem solving,acceptance of situation and defense mechanisms.

2.4.1. The Problem Solving.

When people try to deal with their problems, they will seek out the solutions. By facing different problems in life, people will automatically develop their problem solving skill. If we have to deal with many situations, our problem solving skills will be developed. We must deal with the problems and try to find the solution whether it is a bad or good solution.

Problem solving when people will seek for the solution when she/he is in troubles or difficult conditions. They will struggle for the best solutions.

Therefore, people‟s problem solving skill may develop when they face problems and difficulties.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA 2.4.2 The Acceptance of Situation.

Sometimes it is better for people to accept the problems and its consequences, as if there is no solution for it. However people need to be careful with the unconsidered acceptance. Sometimes in some case, people accept the consequences that are avoided.We do not need to response too much toward our problems. It is better for us to accept the problem and its consequences. However, we still must be careful about unconsidered acceptance.

Acceptance of the situation is problems and life events bring their consequences; either negative or positive. In certain situation where there is no more solution,people are challenged to be brave and honest to accept every situation even though it must be avoided.

2.4.3 The Defense Mechanisms

This defense is important to reduce the stress and under pressure feeling dealing with the situation. Meanwhile, there is a danger too if it is overused. This defense will create certain disturbance.

These defense mechanisms are very helpful in decreasing people‟s stress and anxiety while trying to deal with the difficult situations. But in some cases, it has adanger too. Bernard (64) states that human uses some strategies to protect his ego. He can fight by his repression, perceptual, denial and intellectualization. He can learn the positive things from his struggle. Each person realizes that he needs to struggle because he will be satisfied by his effort. Therefore, struggle for life is needed to attain the target of life and overcome the problems of life.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Struggle can be interpreted as a person‟s strategy to protect him from problems in life. According to Bernard, in some condition people have rationally and consciously implement strategies which enable them to survive toward stresses or problems of life. When they try to face problems, they usually will seek for some strategies or ideas to survive toward their problems. Although sometimes it is difficult and feel painful, people will keep trying to find ways to resolve problems in life by struggling Weiner, Bernard, 1980: 481.Struggle is such a mission or goal that requires much effort to accomplish or achieve. People do struggle because they have their own goal that can motivate them to achieve their dream. For that reason, people usually will give their best effort to achieve the dreams. Automatically it will make them struggling, even in the worst situation.Sometimespeopleget fail in theway to reach their goal, but they will keep struggling from the unpleasant experience. They will learn the positive things from what it done by struggling.

We go through many, many changes as we move from infancy through childhood to adulthood. The one that came to mind for me the other day as I was holding a friend's new born baby in my arms and thinking about the psychological distance between his infant mind and my own, was a consciousness of all the personality defenses and coping strategies we learn while growing up; how important these things are for keeping us safe from the more predatory elements of our world, but also the openness we can lose as these defenses get built.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Personality defenses (coping techniques, defense mechanisms) are important things in that they strongly influence the ease with which people are able to form and maintain healthy relationships and reject unhealthy relationships. Developing organically in response to frustrating, difficult and painful situations and experiences, they function as the human equivalent of a computer firewall, helping to defend against hurtful and abusive relationships, while hopefully also allowing healthy and nurturing relationships to pass. Discriminating when to be defensive and when not to be defensive is key for health. You need defense to keep you safe from those who would mess with you, but you also need to know when to relax and let your defenses down so as to retain the capability for innocence, openness and healthy relationships. Defenses are important, an immune system unto themselves. They're worth spending an essay talking about.

2.5 Relevant Studies

 Chatarina, Setyastuti. 2008. “An Analysis of Maria”s Struggle for A Bitter Life As See in PauloCoelho’s Eleven Minutes”, in thesis from SANATA DARMA YOGYAKARTA UNIVERSITY. This is the study about the major character Maria in the novel. She is considered as a women who struggle for a bitter life.

 Tiana ,Puspita Dewi. 2009. “THE SPIRIT TO STRUGGLE AGAINST RACISM IN AMIRI BARAKA’S POEMS ENTITLED NOTES FOR ASPEECH AND KA’BA”,in this thesis from SEMARANG UNIVERSITY. This thesis about to reveal the form of racism occurred an spirit to struggle against racism in two poems of Amiri Baraka entitled Notes for A Speech, and Ka’ba, since those poems describe about racism deals with Black People including African as their ancestor and ethnicity.

 Sudarni, Eka. 2016. ”STRUGGLE OF WOMAN IN THE NOVEL SING ME TO SLEEP BY ANGELA MORRISON (THE ANALYSIS OF

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA FEMINISM)”in thesis about the Struggle of woman in the novel sing me to sleep by Angela Morrison (2013), which aimed to find out the kinds of woman‟s struggle and struggle to get her love in the novel Sing Me to Sleep.

 Paryono.2012.”WOMAN EMANCIPATION AS SEEN IN ABIDAH EL KHALIEQY’S NOVEL PEREMPUANBERKALUNG SORBAN”. This thesis to describes the emancipation of women in the novel Perempuan Berkalung Sorban. She gives many values of emancipation, there are:emancipation in making decision, emancipation in marriage, emancipation in economic, emancipation in education, and emancipation in family environment.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA CHAPTER III

METHOD OF RESEARCH

3.1 Research Design

A research design is the set of methods and procedures used in collecting and analyzing measures of the data in the research problem research. In analyzing

The Martian ,the researcher will use descriptive and qualitative method.

Qualitative research method is multimethod in focus,involving an interpretive,naturalistic approach to its subject matter. As stated in Taylor

(2005:100) in his book book Integrating Quantitative and Qualitative in

Research:

“Qualitative research involves the studies used and experiences, instrospective, life story, interview, observational, historical, interactional and visual texts that describes routine and problematic moments and meanings in individual‟s live (Denzin & Lincoln, 1994; Patton, 2002).

The researcher will have the necessary steps to be used to achive the most effective results of the study and the steps are consisted of research design, data sources, datacollections, and data analysis.

3.2 Source of Data Source of data is collected from the novel entitled The Martian by Andy

Weir .In the process of collecting data, the writer divides the data into two primary and secondary data. The primary data is taken from from words,phrase,sentences,actions, and dialogue between characters or some

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA qoutations that related to life struggle in The Martian novel. The secondary data is taken articles,thesis, or other sources that supported to the topic.

3.3 Data Collecting

According to Arikunto (2006:223-232) there are five kinds of method in collecting data. There are test, questioner, interview, observation, and documentation method.In the step of data collecting procedure, the researcher needs both primary and secondary data sources. First of all,the writer starts with reading the novel The Martian to get life in the story. The researcher also looks into secondary data suchs as collecting related data from books,articles,webs and other supporting material thet is relevant to the topic of the study.

3.4 Data Analysis

According to Moleong (1989:103) “Analisis data adalah proses mengorganisasikan dan mengurutkan data kedalam pola, kategoridansatuanuraiandasarsehinggadapatditentukantemadandapatdirumuskan hipotesakerjaseperti yang disarankanoleh data.” (Data analysis is a process of data organizing and ordering in to a pattern, category, and unit so the theme can be determined and the hypothesis can be formulated as the data suggested).After all the data and information that is related to the topics is collected, then the data will be selected only the significant data is used in the process of finishing this study. The data willbe selected are related to the topic about life struggle. All the selected data then will be analyzed using struggle for life theory to achive the objective of this study. The writer will analyzed the primary data with secondary data then finally can come to the conclusion of the study.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA The research design is the picture of the planninng and the implementation of this study in order to back up the writer in completing this analysis in accordance with the correct element. So, the writer makes the chart to help the readers in understanding the research method, and here is a chart that has been arranged below

SOURCE DATA: Researcer Data Selection: Novel The Quotations Martian

Interpretation And Analysis

Method: Conclusion Descriptive- Qualitative

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA CHAPTER IV

ANALYSIS AND FINDINGS

4.1. Watney’s Struggle Adjustment in Terms of Problem Solving

People will seek for the solution when she/he is in troubles or difficult conditions. They will struggle for the best solutions. Therefore, people‟s problem solving skill may develop when they face problems and difficulties. This novel

The Martian is about an astronaut who fought to survive on Mars. The theme is about struggle for life. In those thesis tells aboutWatney‟s life strugglle in Mars and Watney can survive in Mars. His ability to survive rests more on his ability to plan ahead, to creatively develop solutions to the issues he encounters, to tolerate risk, and his determination to do everything he can to stay alive. The main character in a story is Watney. Watney with his humorous and unyielding character he is determined to survive on Mars. This story about the 'first Martian' started when the mission of Ares III is force to be canceled because of the emergence of a storm prepared to sweep the vast land of Mars. The safety of the crew is threatened, mission commander Melissa Lewis asks immediately to take off from Mars and leaves a crewman, Mark Watney who has been assumed dead.

Surprisingly, Watney is alive but lost contact with NASA. While waiting for a pickup through Ares IV that arrived 3 years later, he survives through his expertise in botany.Setting in this novel is Watney gets stuck in Mars.

The main discussion of this topic focuses on Watney‟s Struggle

Adjustment in Terms of Problem Solving.From analyzing the novel the writer

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA tries to find struggle that shows in the sentences or words in the novel The

Martian that written by Andy Weir.

The problem Watney faced on Mars was unable to communicate with his friends.

“I‟ve lost communication with the weather stations,placed a kilometers away from the Hab in four direction. They might be in perfect working order for all I know. The Hab‟s communications are so weak right it probably can‟t even reach a kilometer.” ( The Martian: 11) At this point, Watney does not think anyone would realize he is safe, let alone save him. This creates a figurative and literal sense of alienation: he is afraid of not only being abandoned but also forgotten. However, Watney does not give up. With his ingenuity in botany, Mark begins his personal mission to survive.The problem is Watney can not communicate, because with communication Watney can inform himself is on Mars and he is still alive.

“Everyone on the mission had two specialities. I‟m a botanist and mechanical engineer ;basically,the mission‟s fix-it man who played with plants. The mechanical engineering mights save my life if something breaks.” ( The Marti: 13) With botanist and mechanical skills that Watney has. Watney tries to solve his problem to survive on Mars and can communicate with his friends so that he can return to earth.The way Watney solves problems by involving all the elements of science and technology evokes a deeper sense of love and curiosity towards science.Of the skills that Watney possesses can solve problems to survive on Mars.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA “I could throw together a rudimentary dish out of metal I find around the base , but this isn‟t some walkie-talkie I‟m working with here. Communicating from Mars to Earth is a pretty big deal and requires extremely specialized equipment. I won‟t be able to whip something up with tinfoil and gum ‟ ( The Martian: 14) The quotation shows that the communication Watney has to do from Mars to Earth is one way of informing Watney's where abouts.The way to communicate is to repair the existing computer in Hab and improve the signal on Mars to establish communication between Mars and Earth.

Providing food supplies is the first thing he has to prepare to survive on

Mars. Then water is also the thing Watney needs to survive and achieve the mission of purpose to get back to earth.

“So yeah.Food,Water,shelterall taken care of. I‟m going to start rationing food right now. Meals are pretty minimal already, but I think I can eat a there-fourths portion per meal and still be all right. That should turn my there hundred days of food into four hundred.‟ ( The Martian: 12) Watney's struggle to fulfill his dietary needs during his life on Mars only by planting some potatoes that Watney's idea could derive from his botanical expertise. Watney thinks what he can plant with conditions on Mars. Because all

Watney needs is calories to survive. And finally Watney finds the idea to grow potatoes.

“My best bet for making calories is potatoes. They grow prolifically and have a reasonable caloric content (770 calories per kilogram). I‟m pretty sure the ones I have will germinate.” ( The Martian: 21)

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA From the quotationabove Watney has a reason to grow potatoes as a foodstuff for his to survive on Mars. From the calculations that the Watney requires 1500 calories each day and hope to survive up to Ares 4 is the area to return to earth.

“I need1500 calories everday. I have 400 days of food to start off with.I „ll spare you the math. The answer is about 1100, I need to create 110 calories per day with my farming efforts to survive until Ares 4gets here.”(The Martian: 24) From the quotation shows that watney is trying to break the food problem that must be prepared until the mission goal to be achieved. Watney calculated the amount he needed according to the number of days he will reach to arrive at

Ares4.

In chapter III on sol 25, Watney starts to plant potatoes in Hab where

Watney lives on Mars.There are 92 square meters in the Hab. There are five unused bunks. they are 2 square meters each giving his 10 more square meters. So we‟re up to 102 .The Hab has three lab tables; each of them are about 2 square meters. He wants to keep one for his own use leaving two for the cause. That‟s another 4 square meters to the total 106.

There are a lot of problems with using proptents as farmland, but they have square meters of floor space each. Presuming he can overcome the problems, their net another 20 meter squares, bringing his farmland up to 126. One hundred and twenty-six square meters of farmable land. That‟s something to work with. He still doesn‟t have the water to moisten all that soil but like he said, one of that things are at a time.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA For starters, he can give attention to each individual plant. He can keep them healthy and not interfering with each other. Also, as their flowering bodies breach the surface,he can replant them deeper, then plant younger plants above them. For normal potatoes farmers, it‟s not worth doing because they‟re working with literally milions of potato plants.

From planning to planting potatoes, Watney finds the next problem that is water. “So let‟s say I could clear up that much farmland .seems reasonable. Where do I get the water? To go from 62 to 126 square meters of farmland at 10 centimeters deep, I „ll need 6.4 more cubic meters of soil (,whee!) and that‟ll need over 250 liters of water.” ( The Martian: 26) From the quotation aboveWatney's problems also exist in water. Watney needs water for his drinking needs and the need for his plants.From Sol 26 to Sol

30 Watney make to plan the water supply the amount he needs.

“Step one of that is to collect CO2 and store it in high – preasure vessel. Once I get the fluel plant hooked up the Hab‟spower , it‟ll give me half a liter of liquid CO2 per hour ,indefinitely. After ten sols it‟iihavemade 125 liters of CO2, which will make 125 liters of O2 ,after I feed it through the oxygenator.That‟s enough to make 250 liters of water. So I have a plan for oxygen.” ( The Martian: 32) The quotation explains that Watney make the move to create water with conditions that are ad on Mars and in theHab. He plan to make the amount of water he needed.On Sol 32 Watney began to finding problems to create water.

On Sol 32,His idea to make 600 liters of water (limited by the hydrogen he can get from the hydrazine). That means he„ll need 300 liters of liquid O2. He can create the O2 easily enough. It takes twenty hours for the MAV fluel plant to fill

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA its 10 liter tank with CO2 .the oxygenator can turn it into O2 content in the Hab is high and pull it out of the air , storing it in the main O2 tanks. They‟ll fill up, so he‟ll have to transfer O2 over to the rovers‟ thanks and even the space suit tanks as necessary.

The planning concepts that Watney can to keep the water continue until he managed to create water on Sol 37, but he has made some calculation errors that resulted in a ton of extra hydrogen floating around Hab.

”The Hab is now a bomb” ( The Martian: 45) From the quotation above there was an explosion like a bomb in Hab, so

Watney make a rearrangement, Firstly, he will extract all the oxygen from Hab to eliminate the possibility of a giant explosion. Next, he is slowly releases some

O2 and slowly burns the hydrogen.

Removing oxygen will probably kill the soil. Mark has a possible solution for this. He will keep the potatoes outside, and then lower the temperature in the super low hab, which should make all the ground bacteria become hibernate.

Once everything is ready, Watney will work "clean the hydrogen" and "make more water.

“ I moved the potato plants back in today. And just in time , too. They‟re sprouting. The look healthy and happy. This isn‟t chemistry, medicine, bacteriology, nutrition analysis, explosion dynamic or any other shit I‟ve been doing grow some plants without screwing up” ( The Martia: 45) From the quotation above the success of the effort that Watney do. The happiness that is visible because the crop effort that he grows with well. The

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA pride of his analysis and his botanical ability that can make plants in Hab locations with the conditions that exist on Mars.

The next problem Watney has to solve is on Ares 4 mission where Watney can escape to return to Earth and can communicate with his team NASA.

“ Ares 4 will be landing at the Schiaparelli crater, which is about 3200 kilometers away from my location here in AcidaliaPlanitia. No way for me to get there my own. But if I could communicate, I might be able to get a rescue. Not sure how they‟d manage that with the resources on hand ,but NASA has a lot of smart people. So that‟s my mission now. Find a way to communicate with Earth .”( The Martian: 15) From the qouatation above shows Watney has a mission to Ares 4 to be able to return. With the distance he must travel, Watney knows only Ares 4 the right location. But to be sure, Watney has to resolve the way to get to the location of the 4th Aid and can be communicable to the Earth.

“ Some stuff is obvious. I‟ll need to use a rover. It‟ll take a long time,so I‟ll need to bring supplies. I‟ll need to recharge en route and rovers don‟t have solar cells,so I‟ll need to steal some from the Hab‟s solar farm. During the tri I‟ll need to breathe, eat, and drink.” ( The Martian: 78) At the qouatation above Watney prepares the necessities he needs to be able to arrive at the goal mission. The preparation that Watney will prepare starts from the vehicle needs she will use during the Mars travel mission and supplies his food and beverage needs as well. From the start of Sol 63 to Sol 71 is the preparation that Watney is doing to be able to explore Mars and find a place to return to Earth also found a signal to be able to communicate to Earth.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA The preparation that Watney does is full of considerations. Watney focuses on his goals and prepares it gradually, one by one, he prepares with the calculations that are in accordance with the conditions on Mars.It can be found in the ability of the Watney to calculate the journey of four places and calculate the amount of time that will be completed for each destination. On the basis of the knowledge capability that belongs to a media to make the sole of problems.

Watneys has prepared his need for his mission to return to earth. Watney begins work to find a signal on Mars so that the NASA team can find out its existence on Mars. Watney's efforts is successful. When a business is done well and with hard work it will get good results as well.

“ It‟s actually two separate components. The lander itself, and the sojourner rover. The lander was immobile, while sojourner wandered around and got good at the local rocks. I‟m taking both back with me, but the important part is the lander. That‟s the part that can communicate with Earth. I can‟t explain how happy I was to find it. It was a lot of work to get here, and I‟d succeeded.” ( The Martian: 78)

From the quotes above shows the work Watney does and the results from which Watney is already working on earned success. Watney's efforts to be able to communicate to earth successfully. The signals that are accomplished are finally conheaded so that the Nasa team can see the result from a live network of signals that has been linked to Earth. The success that Watney gains is the result of the abilities that are possessed, the courage of the challenges, the ideas that are constantly enforced with hardening. Successes are not easily attained with the ability to succeed with success in achieving success.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA 4.2 Watney’s Struggle Adjustment in Terms of Acceptance of Situation

Problems and life events bring their consequences; either negative or positive. In certain situation where there is no more solution,people are challenged to be brave and honest to accept every situation even though it must be avoided.

Stuck alone on Mars for far longer than intended, Watney finds himself in an inhospitable environment where, unlike on Earth, his body is not designed to survive.

Armed with engineering skills and plant science, Watney has to rack my brain to take action to survive on Mars.Despair is the first thing Watney feel when he discovered that Watney is on Mars. But Watney is determined to survive. A barren, arid and impossible place for the growth of crops may be a sort of challenge as well as a determinant of the astronaut's survival. Watney's struggle to survive on Mars is not always smooth and smooth. But armed with the spirit of life to defend themselves, hard work and a sense of humor, Watney able to strengthen himself to never give up.

“ Of course .I don‟t have any plan for surviving four years on one year of food.but one thing at a time here. For now,I‟m well fed and have a purpose ” ( The Martian: 13)

In the quotation above staying on Mars can Watney receive with a great- hearted. Watney accepts his situation of existence on Mars with the prediction of the length of time he will survive on Mars.Sometimes he felt depressed. But then he demonstrates himself and tries to do something. No matter how bad the

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA situation is, he refuses to just lie down and die. Continue to live by doing everything. With all the strength to survival.

The great-hearted attitude that Watney possesses is able to accept his state of being on Mars. When Watney has experienced misfortune in his journey. Even experiencing a terrible down feeling, but he can bounce back with his efforts.

There is always the next problem to solve. So that big-spirited attitude can give you the spirit when you are in a challenging situation, making confidence through difficulties and achieving goals.

“ Okay , calm down . I‟m sure I can get around this ” (The Martian: 43)

In the above qouatation still shows the confidence Watney able to pass the conditions that exist on Mars. With that confidence he threw away fear in Watney to survive on Mars. Watney is confident with his ability that he is able to solve problems so that he does not get caught up in thinking that there is only one way to solve a problem or can only do something if it has the right tools. He not only finds a fixing solution according to the rules. Yet he creates solutions with his own effort, as well as with makeshift tools. From the situation on Mars, Watney has hope to be more receptive to the situation on Mars and that hope also makes

Watney not despair but becomes more eager to find solutions, focus on goals and keep trying when things go wrong or unsuccessful until he succeeds in mission the goal.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA "The greatest threat is of course to lose hope. If Mark decides he has no hope of survival, he'll stop trying. " (The Martian:137).

When Watney realizes that he has been abandoned by his companion and would die on the planet Mars, he knew that he is very unlucky. But he did not want to die on the surface. So he makes his way to Hab, an independent residential unit, and takes care of his wounds. Although he knows that there is no hope in such a situation, Watney does not stop, Watney takes to immediate action in the treatment of the wound. Because it is important to ensure its survival, even in the short term. When Watney is left behind, his first reaction is to think that this situation is highly unlikely, but he still tries to communicate with his colleagues.

From the expectations that arise in him makes Watney focus with what that happen and make a solution for him.

Watney felt a little hopeful. He opens his stock, and he find that there is food for him to survive for 300 days. The Hab is still intact, and the oxygenator works. He find Rovers buried in the sand, but still functional. So also with solar power communication devices. The water machine is still functioning, but he has no water reserves. Although there is no solution to help him be saved and return to earth, he knows what to do. He invented the practical work for many of the issues he is addressing. He does the best he can by repeating the materials. It is the hope that makes the effort to obliterate the challenges that must be faced.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA 4.3 Watney’s Struggle Adjustment in Terms of Defense Mechanisms

Being left alone on the Mars by accidence that has brought Watney into big problem which is beyond his mind. On his limited capacity, weird world on

Mars is so far different from the earthly atmosphere. It is so tragic being trapped on the emptiness of social interaction. Watney must speak to himself and think for himself to get out from the trouble in the Mars.

As an individual and social being cannot be alone whatever the reason his.

A man is able to live when there is interaction takes plays. That is why Watney is trying to communicate with his friends owner he has been left on the mars.

Success situation has directed Watney into personal conflict. At one side he needs other people to face problems together, on the other side he has to be alone, he fights with all his own problems. One way for him to survive is to be strong and fair away from frustrated conditions. Hopelessness is a sign of death.

He must be full spirit in other to live.

Self-mechanism his main to fight for better condition achieve without any hesitation. It is kind of self-motivation in one distance. In order to get out from trouble, there must be bravery to take arisk. This is one good example for having proper self-mechanism. If there is no have ability to take risk life is supposed to be nothing. It is broader sense. There has been saying ,there will be a response and when there is a challenge.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA "I spent the day running full diagnostics on every system in the Hab. It was incredibly boring,but my survival depends on these machines,so it had to be done. I can‟t just assume an explosion did no long-term damage”( The Martian:54).

The quotation above shows Watney's motivation, when he has spent time and when he is bored but Watney still motivates himself to keep on doing and focusing in order to avoid the mistakes of a job already done. The motivation can fight the boredom and generate the spirit to work.

From this motivation not only to dare to face the challenge on Mars, to the spirit of doing the work and solve the problems that he can while on Mars but the motivation from within Watney that makes can survive is to manage the time of its activities. The activity is to take the time to rest and entertain himself while on

Mars.

"All that work was great for my morale. It gave me something to do. But after things settled down a bit and I had dinner while listening to Johanssen‟s Beatles music collection. I got depressed again.”( The Martian:21).

On the quotation above the entertainment that Watney is doing as a companion to accompany his through his dinner and could tap the fatigue when his work was done well. Music is not only an entertainer but music can make a person calm when in an uncomfortable situation and tired situation.

“I rifled through Commander Lewis‟s stuff until I found her personal data-stick. Everyone got to brinf whatever digital entertainment they wanted,and I was tired of listening to Johanssen‟s Beatles albums for now. Time to see what L ewis had.Crappy TV shows. That‟s what she

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA had. Countless entire runs of TV shows shows from forever ago. Well .Beggars can‟t be choosers. Three‟s Company it is.”( The Martian:28).

How to get rid of the boredom that Watney feel like the above quote is to watch tv. Watch one of the movies belong to his team mates. But the entertainment of listening to music and watching Watney does not just as an amusement to get rid of his boredom or fatigue, but hearing music and watching

TV from his team mates left behind in Hab and rovers can make Watney feel together with his team-mates so they do not feeling alone as long as he is on

Mars.

The solitude encountered when no one can be invited to a friend to talk may become a loneliness even though there is entertainment music and tv, but the sense of dissatisfaction is still felt. To be able to overcome this may require other activities that can be a substitute for a friend to talk and who can express a sense of sadness, resentment, disappointment, fear, pleasure or something else.

“I‟m writing this log to you,dear future Mars archaeologist,from rover 2. You may wonder why I‟m not in the hab right now. Because I fled in terror, that‟s why! And I‟m not sure what the hell to do next. I guess I should explain what happened. If this is my last entry, you‟ll at least know why. Over the past few days,I‟ve been happily making water. It‟s been going swimmingly. (see what I did there? “Swimmingly?.”( The Martian:43).

From the quotation shows other activities to be able to eliminate the solitude of Watney is to write. Watney writes on a computer log on the rover. He

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA writes down what he is going through as long as he is on Mars. Writing is not just to tell something that happened to him but writing in the log can be a friend as well for him. Friends to be able to speak despite no response but can release his heart.

For the problems encountered would require a process to arrive at the solution of completion. The process sometimes takes time and has a hope to be in accordance with the planned. But sometimes at the time of waiting for the process to be able to eliminate the stress in self then it takes confidence to the creator of what is expected to be in accordance with the planned. As a human being, effort may have been done well but something we hope it needs to submit to God.

"Jesus Christ,I‟d give anything for a five –minute conversation with anyone. Anyone , anywhere. About anything. I‟m the first person to be alone on an entire.”( The Martian:117).

When Watney's efforts to improve the signal watney hope to communicate with anyone. Hope that Watney is does, he submitted to God. As in the above quotation that shows Watney's trust in God, that his desire and hope to be able to communicate with anyone. So the sense of confidence that he submitted and expected to God can make him survive to be more enthusiastic with his efforts.

Belief in God shows that Watney does not forget that there is a stronger power that can strengthen him to get past his challenge on Mars.

Basically all the people who have problems is his life will be solved when man believes in God, he surrenders all the efforts he has done to God. Because of

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA the belief in God it will be strong in passing the problem so as to be an encouragement to fight survival.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA CHAPTER V

CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION

5.1 Conclusion

After analyzing the novel there are several points for conclusion that can be drawn. The novel describes about life struggle. Struggle may also be interpreted as person‟s strategies to protect someone from problems in his/her life.

These life events will force people to struggle in their life. These life events can be death of spouse, divorce, personal injury or illness,gaining a new family member, family members leaving home, etc.

While dealing with these problems and challenges of life, people will need to adjust. Therefore, how people react to all these events is one aspect of the process called adjustment. Adjustment is the process for people to cope with the difficult situations in their struggle. There are three aspects of adjustment is problem solving,acceptance of situation and defense mechanisms.

The Watney problem faced is not being able to communicate, providing food and water to survive on Mars and plans to return to Earth. The problem soliving Watney can do with the ability, courage and effort done with hard work.

Any effort done with hard work will be successful.

The acceptance of the situation Watney while in Mars is a great- hearted to accept his situation when he is left on Mars and has to fend for himself to survive on Mars. Watney accepts the situation on Mars and confronts with confidence.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Watney confident in his ability he can solve all the problems he faces while on

Mars. Watney also accepted the situation on Mars with a hope, that hope will make problem solving on Mars and be able to return to earth. A great-hearthed attitude is capable of accepting difficult and arousing situations in order to struggle to solve a problem.

The defense mechanisms of Watney in Mars are motivated inside to be able to stand up against their solitude on Mars. To relieve his own boredom on

Mars, Watney consoled himself by listening to music ,watching tv and write in a log is the entertainment can relieve boredom and make Watney feel he is not alone on Mars but he feels also with his team. Such entertainment as his friend on

Mars. And from all the problems he faces, Watney hopes with confidence in God for his hope to be as he wishes. The effort is something that is planned but for all that is passed then it takes strength from within us that we can get from God the creator.

5.2 Suggestion

There are some facts about The Martian that are sample as a story of

“progress” and “science,” then it would probably be a pretty boring story. But the novel makes clear again and again that, the thought of Watney‟s scientific background in botany gives him a critical base of knowledge from which to work and his ability to survive rests more on his ability to plan ahead, to creatively develop solutions to the issues he encounters, to tolerate risk, and his determination to do everything he can to stay alive. Without realizing that he

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA could grow the potatoes, and without conceiving and executing a plan to retrieve the Pathfinder radio, for example, Watney‟s survival and rescue would have been impossible.

The Martian, this message is wrapped in a good way: it shows instead of teaching, that when it comes to the occasion when a human fails and when the effort is yielded there are times when he perishes in an instant, so the audience engages in the tired, bitter, and desperate experience of the main characters.

This novel message is one of them is never underestimate any lessons, because all the science is connected, interconnected to equip humans in order to fight to keep life on earth, the most beautiful planet and comfortable to be occupied for all the inhabitants of the earth.

I hope this analysis may give academic contribution to the richness of literary insights. How small the essence it contributes could be made as reference for student of literature to make further study of this novel. It invites more search for the truth of literature is rich with experiences the must find out in order to make us see our face in the mirror of literature.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA REFERENCE

Abrams, M. H. (1981). A Glossary of Literary Terms.New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston. Print.

Bernard, W. 1980. Human Motivation. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, Inc.

Bonazza, Blaze O, Emil Roy & Sandra Roy. 1982. Studies In Fiction. New York: Harper & Row Publishers.

Braun, Jay, Darwin E. Linder, and Isaac Asimov. 1979. Psychology Today: An Introduction. New York: Random House, Inc.,

Gardner, John. 1991. The Art of Fiction. New York: Random House.

Gill, Richard. 1985. Mastering English Literature. London: McMillan Education LTD.

Halliday, M.A.K. 1985. Aspect of The Novel. New York: Marinor Books Publisher. Hamidi. 2007. MetodePenelitian Dan Teori Komunikasi. Malang: Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang.

Kennedy, J. X. 1991. Literature: An Introduction to Fiction, Poetry and Drama. New York: Harper Collins Publisher‟s Inc

Hornby, A S. 1995. Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary. New York: Oxford University Press.

Moleong, Lexy J.2007. Metodologi Penelitian Kualitatif. Bandung : PT . Remaja Rosdakarya Offset.

Robert, Edgar V & Henry E. Jacobs. 1995. Literature An Introduction to Reading and Writing. New Jersey: Prentice-Hall Inc.

Stanton, Robert.1965. An Introduction to Fiction. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, Inc

Taylor, R. 1981. Understanding The Element of Literature. London: Mac Milan.

Weir, Andy.2015.The Martian. Jakarta .PT Gramedia Pustaka Utama..

Wellek, Rene and Warren, Austin. 1976. Theory of Literature. New York: Harcourt, Brace &World.

Wibowo, Agustinus. 2005. Titik nol: Makna Sebuah Perjuangan. Yogyakarta: Tiara Wacana.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Oktober 2015 . The Martian literary devices .Retrieved from www.shmoop.com/ the-martian/literary-devices.html (Desember 2017)

Januari 2014. The martian study-guide/character-list. Retrieved from.http:// www.gradesaver.com/the-martian/study-guide/character-list (desember 2017)

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA APPENDIX

i. AUTOBIOGRAPHY OF TENNESSEE WILLIAMS

Andy Weir is an American novelist and software engineer known internationally for his debut novel The Martian, which was later adapted into a film of the same name directed by Ridley Scott in 2015. Artemis, his second novel, was released in 2017.

Weir was born June 16, 1972 and raised in California, the only child of an accelerator physicist father and an electrical-engineer mother who divorced when he was eight. Weir grew up reading classic science fiction such as the works of Arthur C. Clarke and Isaac Asimov At the age of 15, he began working as a computer programmer for Sandia National Laboratories. He studied computer science at UC San Diego, although he did not graduate. He worked as a programmer for several software companies, including AOL, Palm, MobileIron and Blizzard, where he worked on Warcraft 2.

Weir began writing science fiction in his 20s and published work on his website for years. His first work to gain significant attention was "The Egg", a short story that has been adapted into a number of YouTube videos and a one-act play.

Weir is best known for his first published novel, The Martian. He wrote the book to be as scientifically accurate as possible and his writing included extensive research into orbital mechanics, conditions on Mars, the history of manned spaceflight, and botany. Originally published as a free serial on his website, some readers requested he make it available on Kindle.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA First sold for 99 cents, the novel made it to the Kindle bestsellers list. Weir was then approached by a literary agent and sold the rights of the book to an imprint of Penguin Random House. The print version (slightly edited from the original) of the novel debuted at #12 on the New York Times bestseller list. A Wall Street Journal review called the novel "the best pure sci-fi novel in years." In 2015 it was adapted to film, starring Matt Damon and Jessica Chastain.

Weir is working on his second novel, initially titled Zhek. He describes it as "a more traditional sci-fi novel, with has aliens, telepathy, faster-than-light travel, etc."

He currently lives in Mountain View, California, in a rented two-bedroom maisonette. Since he has a deep fear of flying, he never visited the set of the filming of The Martian in Budapest, which is where most of the Mars scenes were shot. With some therapy and medication, however, he was able to fly to Houston to visit Johnson Space Center and to San Diego to attend Comic-Con.

Weir refers to himself as an agnostic. As a fiscally-conservative social liberal, he tries to keep his political views out of his writing.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA ii. SUMMARY OF THE MARTIAN

At the landing site of the shuttle Ares III, Acidalia Planitia, Mars, at a time in the near future, the crew of the Hermes; including Commander Melissa Lewis, botanist Mark Watney, IT guru Beth Johanssen, pilot Rick Martinez ,flight surgeon Chris Beck and navigator and chemistAlex Vogel are gathering samples before re-entering their living facility,the HAB.

The crew learns that a storm is approaching. The storm's intensity and high winds lead Commander Lewis to order a mission abort. Watney argues for waiting it out and brings up the rear as the crew heads toward the MAV (Mars

Ascent Vehicle), the ship that will take them back to the orbiting Hermes, in their suits. Heavy winds and sand gusts surround them. A satellite dish breaks off and strikes Watney, knocking him out of sight of the rest of the crew. Lewis tries to guide the others to find Watney, but visibility is very poor and the storm is way too strong for them. They head back into the MAV without Watney and lift off.

The pilot, Martinez, is barely able to keep the rocket from tipping over but the launch from the planet is successful.

Back on Earth, NASA Director Teddy Sanders holds a press conference to announce that while the Hermes crew succeeded in leaving Mars, Mark Watney was lost, and he is declared dead.Watney wakes up on Mars on what is Sol 21

(mission day 21) after the storm has passed. His oxygen is depleting rapidly, so he makes his way back to the habitat station. He's been impaled by part of an antenna, which still protrudes from his abdomen; the combination of the antenna

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA and his own blood sealed the suit just enough to keep most of his air from leaking out. Watney pulls the antenna out, uses forceps to fish out a piece that broke off in the wound, then staples the wound shut.He sits down to make a video log, where he outlines the situation: he's alive, but he can't contact Earth or Hermes; it'll be four years before the next manned mission is launched; and with the food supply in the habitat meant for him and the other five crew members, he has almost a year's worth of food, or a little longer if he rations. Therefore, Watney determines that he has to grow three years' worth of food on a planet where nothing grows.

Luckily for him, he's a botanist and devises a plan to grow potatoes.

At NASA in Houston, Texas, Sanders has just returned from a memorial service for Mark Watney, where he spoke about Watney's dedication to exploration. Mars Mission Director Vincent Kapoor talks to Sanders about getting satellite time to locate Watney's body. Sanders refuses on the grounds that the satellite feeds are public and broadcasting pictures of Watney's corpse would be a political and budgetary disaster for NASA. Later, engineer Mindy Park meets with Kapoor after she discovers evidence of activity in satellite photos of the Ares

III site (low-resolution images apparently taken in a routine fly-by): the solar panels have been cleaned and the rover has moved. They bring in Sanders and

Director of Media Relations Annie Montrose to show them that Watney is still alive.

A few sols (Martian days) later, inside the habitat, Watney has planted potatoes using Martian soil and vacuum-sealed packets of the crew's feces as

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA fertilizer (to his disgust). Needing more water for the potato crop, he burns hydrazine rocket fuel; a byproduct of the reaction is water. On his first attempt to ignite the hydrazine, he causes a moderate explosion, singeing his clothing and hair. Watney notes that this explosive tendency is the reason that NASA does not use pure hydrogen. As he continues to work on his food supply, he keeps going with the video logs and decides to use a rover to make it to the Schiaparelli crater that will be the landing site for Ares IV in four years. Since the battery-powered rover can't cover the whole distance, he modifies it, adding solar cells and an extra battery. To conserve battery power, the pod of plutonium used to get the crew to

Mars in their original spacecraft serves as a heat source in the cabin.

Watney uses the rover to find a Pathfinder probe that stopped transmitting in 1997; he hopes to use it to get in touch with NASA. He digs the old probe out of the sand, spreads its solar panels to charge the batteries, and discovers that it still works. Using hand-written signs for the Pathfinder's camera, he is able to send a message to NASA confirming that he is alive. Kapoor is able to receive the message because he and colleagues at the Jet Propulsion Lab (JPL), who built the

Pathfinders, have pulled another Pathfinder out of storage, rounded up the engineers who worked on it, and got it working again. They manage to communicate with Watney, first by panning the Mars Pathfinder's camera to point at 'yes' or 'no' signs when Watney asks if his signal is being received, and then by panning around a hexadecimal clock that Watney has scratched out on the ground around his Pathfinder. NASA uses this system to tell him how to hack the rover's operating system so it can transmit text back to Earth. When Watney, finally able

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA to type his messages chat-style, asks how the Hermes crew took the news that he wasn't dead, Kapoor regretfully tells him that the crew hasn't been told. Watney responds with obscenities (which are broadcast all over the world).

Watney's story becomes a worldwide sensation. His communications with

NASA are logged, and at the request of PR Director Annie Montrose he uses the

Pathfinder's camera to take a spacesuited selfie (in a two-thumbs-up Fonzie pose) which Montrose doesn't like because she can't see his face. Meanwhile, the crew aboard Hermes has spent the last couple of months quietly flying back toward

Earth while keeping in touch with their loved ones. The flight director of Ares III,

Mitch Henderson ,contacts the crew and informs them that Watney is alive, and that NASA has kept it from them for the last two months so as to not distract them from their mission. The news only makes them angry and guilt-ridden, but

Henderson tells them that Watney has stressed repeatedly that it wasn't their fault and they had reason to believe that he was dead. The folks at NASA determine that they can reach Watney by Sol 868. The food he's growing plus the rations in the hab will run out in a bit over 900 days. Sanders frets that the margin of error is too small.

Back on Mars, things begin to go bad for Watney when the habitat's worn- out airlock explosively decompresses, throwing the airlock some distance while he's inside it and causing his helmet to crack and leak. He uses duct tape to seal the cracks and stumbles back to the habitat to discover his potato crop frozen and

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA dead. With less food, he now figures he can last only a little more than 300 Sols, or slightly longer if he rations.

NASA and JPL work overtime and quickly launch a probe to resupply

Watney. To make their launch window they bypass routine inspections, and moments after launching, the probe's trajectory shifts severely and it swerves off course and explodes. Meanwhile in China, two directors from the Chinese

National Space Administration, Zhu Tao and Guo Ming, witness the explosion and discuss helping NASA by offering their classified booster rocket technology to launch a supply craft. Guo Ming asks Zhu Tao why NASA has not already asked for their help and Zhu Tao reminds him that it is a top secret program that

NASA would not have any knowledge of. They decide that in the interests of international scientific co-operation, they will contact NASA and offer their booster rocket.

Rich Purnell an eccentric and absent-minded but brilliant astrodynamicist, devises a plan to accelerate the returning Hermes around Earth, gaining a gravitational boost and sending it back to Mars to get Watney. The Chinese rocket will resupply the Hermes for its extended voyage. Sanders vetoes this plan because it risks the lives of the five Hermes crew members and will extend their mission by hundreds of days, but Henderson secretly sends the plan and Purnell's course calculations to the crew. The crew talks it over; they understand that the surreptitious arrival of the plan means that NASA brass have rejected the idea.

They assume that if they go back to Mars, the two military members, Lewis and

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Martinez, will be court-martialed for mutiny and the three civilians will never be allowed to fly another mission. Lewis calls for a unanimous vote, and they all agree to go back for Watney. Johanssen hacks the Hermes computers to prevent

NASA from taking control and they change course, sending a cryptic message to

Houston: "Rich Purnell is a steely-eyed missile man."

Sanders is angry with Henderson, who he assumes sent the plan to

Hermes. Henderson doesn't deny, but will not confirm his actions either. Sanders explains that his priority is for NASA to keep flying, but Congress is very sensitive to public opinion and the bad publicity that would result if Purnell's plan failed would likely reduce NASA's budget for years to come. He asks for

Henderson's resignation when the mission is over. Then he's forced to announce that NASA is sending Hermes back to Mars to rescue Watney.

Seven months pass on Mars. Watney has lost a lot of weight, has grown a lot of facial hair, and his teeth are rotting. He's started losing hope in his survival and rescue. He records a video log asking Commander Lewis to let his parents know of his fate. He packs up the rover and leaves the Ares III site; having spent

461 sols there; and heads for the Ares IV MAV, which was dropped on Mars well head of the Ares IV mission. It's a 3200-kilometer drive across a trackless and inhospitable Martian landscape. He stops every day for 13 hours to sleep and recharge the rover's batteries with solar panels. During his excursion, he reasons that

Mars is legally international waters; that is, it's subject to the law of the sea because it can't be claimed by any country on Earth. As he has not gotten explicit

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA permission from NASA to take the MAV, and cannot get permission until after taking off, commandeering the MAV will make him a space pirate. He would like to be called "Captain Blondbeard."

After the Hermes has swung around Earth and collected the supplies, they travel back to Mars. NASA and the rest of the world watch with anticipation; with

12 minutes' delay, no one on Earth can help by radio. Watney has to remove 5000 kg of weight from the MAV to make it light enough to reach Hermes' orbit. He jettisons most of the seats, all the navigation and control systems, and replaces the nose-cone airlock, a crucial structural piece, with a tarp.

Martinez, flying the MAV by remote control, launches Watney into orbit.

The MAV comes up too low to reach the Hermes spaceship. The crew uses a quickly-made sugar and oxygen explosive to blow the front hatch and cause escaping air to slow the huge ship down so they can match speeds and still get to

Watney. Lewis herself decides to use the EVA MMA suit with a tether to reach

Watney, but she can't get close enough. Watney punctures the finger of his glove to propel himself toward Lewis with the escaping air jet. ("Like Ironman!" he says gleefully.) He has very little control, so he misses her. However, he runs into the tether, which his momentum causes to wind around himself and Lewis, and the crew is able to reel them in. Lewis announces to NASA that they have Watney, and people all over the world cheer. (Crowds have gathered in Houston, Times

Square, Beijing, and elsewhere, anxiously waiting to hear whether the rescue

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA worked.) The crew hugs Watney and jokes about the stench resulting from his lack of showering for many months.

Back on Earth about one year later, Watney begins Day 1 as an instructor to aspiring astronauts. He tells them of his struggle on Mars, confirming that he did in fact grow food using his own shit. He tells them that if things should go south for them, they can either accept their fate or start solving problems, because that's how you survive; by overcoming one problem after another.

During the closing credits, we see the characters years later as they watch the launch of Ares V, in which Martinez is the commander. Kapoor, Montrose,

Park, and Sanders watch from NASA along with Guo Ming & Zhu Tau.

Henderson is retired and golfing with his son. Lewis watches at home with her husband, while Vogel is at home with his family. Beck and Johanssen have gotten married and watch from the hospital with their new baby.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA