DOCSLIB.ORG

Facts on File News Services

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Facts on File News Services Facts On File News Services http://www.2facts.com/PrintPage.aspx?PIN=1965192560 Issue Date: September 15, 1965 Indian-Pakistani War: Fighting Continues September 8 September 9 September 10 September 11-13 September 14 New air and ground clashes were reported between Indian and Pakistani forces in East Pakistan. But the principle fighting September 8-14 continued to be centered in the western border regions, where Indian troops made new incursions into West Pakistan. In addition to fighting around Lahore (West Pakistan capital), where they had launched an offensive September 6, Indian troops in 2 separate drives September 8 crossed into Pakistani territory and (a) advanced toward Sialkot to the north and (b) captured the city of Gadra in southern Pakistan about 5 miles from the border. Pakistan claimed September 9 that its forces that day had advanced into Indian territory at 2 points--near the Pakistani cities of Wagah (directly east of Lahore) and Kasur (south of Lahore). Air raids on Indian and Pakistani cities in the immediate vicinity of the front and elsewhere were also reported. The exact progress of the conflict, however, was obscured by conflicting claims and counter-claims, by the imposition of press censorship by Pakistan and news restrictions by India (both moves announced September 13) and by the barring of foreign newsmen from the battle scene. Only India issued reports on casualties. A New Delhi spokesman reported September 15 that since the fighting had erupted August 6 India had captured 34 Pakistani tanks, had destroyed 250 Pakistani tanks and had destroyed 55 Pakistani planes; Indian tank losses were put at 50-60. The spokesman said that 1,847 Pakistani soldiers had been killed and 320 captured between August 6 and September 13 and that 612 Indian soldiers had been slain. Among developments reported by Indian and Pakistani sources: September 8 Indian Defense Minister Y. B. Chavan, reporting to Parliament on that day's capture of Gadra and the drive toward Sialkot, said: "Our action is limited to making Pakistan realize that we will not tolerate any interference with the territorial integrity of India of which Kashmir is a part." Chavan confirmed that Pakistani warships had bombarded the port of Dwarka, at the extreme tip of India's west coast. Pakistan claimed it had destroyed "military installations" at the port, used as a base for direct air attacks on Pakistan. India denied the presence of military installations at Dwarka. India reported that Pakistani planes had attacked Ferozepore, on the border, 200 miles northwest of New Delhi, and the Halwara airport, 180 miles northwest of the Indian capital. Pakistan denied its paratroopers had dropped in Punjab State in India during the previous 2 days. India claimed that 56 paratroopers had been rounded up in the area north of New Delhi. September 9 In announcing Pakistani advances into Indian territory near Wagah, Pakistan also claimed that other units had pushed back Indian soldiers in the Lahore sector. India denied that its forces had suffered a setback around Lahore. Pakistan announced air attacks on India's Punjab region and on India's base at Jodhpur. India said its planes had bombed Karachi for the 7th time in 3 days. September 10 In the first report of serious fighting in the eastern border regions, India said that its troops and police had gone into action against "hundreds of armed paratroopers" who had been dropped at "several places between Gauhati and Shillong" in the state of Assam bordering East Pakistan. Authorities in India's other state bordering East Pakistan, West Bengal, said that Pakistani paratroopers had dropped in the Coochebar district and that the village district of Citaldaka had been subjected to intermittent ground fire for the previous 3 days. India reported that 2 of its planes had been destroyed by a Pakistani air attack on a West Bengal airfield and that one enemy plane was downed. 1 of 2 3/2/2011 12:50 Facts On File News Services http://www.2facts.com/PrintPage.aspx?PIN=1965192560 September 11-13 Sharp but inconclusive fighting raged near Sialkot. Pakistan claimed September 12 that thus far its forces had knocked out 45 Indian tanks in the battle and that 350 Indian soldiers had surrendered that day. India reported similar successes in the Sialkot sector, claiming its forces had destroyed 40 Pakistani tanks and captured 13 "in addition to 12 destroyed and 15 captured yesterday." India reported September 13 that its forces were 3,000 yards from Sialkot. September 14 Fighting was confined largely to air activity. An Indian communique said that Pakistani lets had raided Barrackpore, near Calcutta, and that 4 other jets had bombed a civil airport at Argatala, Tribpura State and had killed "some civilians." Other Indian targets reported hit by Pakistani planes: Jodphur, Gurdaspur, north of Amritsar in the Punjab. India said its planes had bombed bridges across the Kagri canal, 6 miles east of Lahore and Pakistani airfields at Peshawar and Kohat. [See 1965 Indian-Pakistani War: Kashmir Clashes Spread] © 2011 Facts On File News Services Modern Language Association (MLA) Citation: "Indian-Pakistani War: Fighting Continues." Facts On File World News Digest: n. pag. World News Digest. Facts On File News Services, 15 Sept. 1965. Web. 2 Mar. 2011. <http://www.2facts.com/article/1965192560>. For further information see Citing Sources in MLA Style. Facts On File News Services' automatically generated MLA citations have been updated according to the MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers, 7th edition. American Psychological Association (APA) Citation format: The title of the article. (Year, Month Day). Facts On File World News Digest. Retrieved Month Day, Year, from World News Digest database. See the American Psychological Association (APA) Style Citations for more information on citing in APA style. 2 of 2 3/2/2011 12:50.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Reclaiming Prosperity in Khyber- Pakhtunkhwa
    Working paper Reclaiming Prosperity in Khyber- Pakhtunkhwa A Medium Term Strategy for Inclusive Growth Full Report April 2015 When citing this paper, please use the title and the following reference number: F-37109-PAK-1 Reclaiming Prosperity in Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa A Medium Term Strategy for Inclusive Growth International Growth Centre, Pakistan Program The International Growth Centre (IGC) aims to promote sustainable growth in developing countries by providing demand-led policy advice informed by frontier research. Based at the London School of Economics and in partnership with Oxford University, the IGC is initiated and funded by DFID. The IGC has 15 country programs. This report has been prepared under the overall supervision of the management team of the IGC Pakistan program: Ijaz Nabi (Country Director), Naved Hamid (Resident Director) and Ali Cheema (Lead Academic). The coordinators for the report were Yasir Khan (IGC Country Economist) and Bilal Siddiqi (Stanford). Shaheen Malik estimated the provincial accounts, Sarah Khan (Columbia) edited the report and Khalid Ikram peer reviewed it. The authors include Anjum Nasim (IDEAS, Revenue Mobilization), Osama Siddique (LUMS, Rule of Law), Turab Hussain and Usman Khan (LUMS, Transport, Industry, Construction and Regional Trade), Sarah Saeed (PSDF, Skills Development), Munir Ahmed (Energy and Mining), Arif Nadeem (PAC, Agriculture and Livestock), Ahsan Rana (LUMS, Agriculture and Livestock), Yasir Khan and Hina Shaikh (IGC, Education and Health), Rashid Amjad (Lahore School of Economics, Remittances), GM Arif (PIDE, Remittances), Najm-ul-Sahr Ata-ullah and Ibrahim Murtaza (R. Ali Development Consultants, Urbanization). For further information please contact [email protected] , [email protected] , [email protected] .
    [Show full text]
  • Liberation War of Bangladesh
    Bangladesh Liberation War, 1971 By: Alburuj Razzaq Rahman 9th Grade, Metro High School, Columbus, Ohio The Bangladesh Liberation War in 1971 was for independence from Pakistan. India and Pakistan got independence from the British rule in 1947. Pakistan was formed for the Muslims and India had a majority of Hindus. Pakistan had two parts, East and West, which were separated by about 1,000 miles. East Pakistan was mainly the eastern part of the province of Bengal. The capital of Pakistan was Karachi in West Pakistan and was moved to Islamabad in 1958. However, due to discrimination in economy and ruling powers against them, the East Pakistanis vigorously protested and declared independence on March 26, 1971 under the leadership of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman. But during the year prior to that, to suppress the unrest in East Pakistan, the Pakistani government sent troops to East Pakistan and unleashed a massacre. And thus, the war for liberation commenced. The Reasons for war Both East and West Pakistan remained united because of their religion, Islam. West Pakistan had 97% Muslims and East Pakistanis had 85% Muslims. However, there were several significant reasons that caused the East Pakistani people to fight for their independence. West Pakistan had four provinces: Punjab, Sindh, Balochistan, and the North-West Frontier. The fifth province was East Pakistan. Having control over the provinces, the West used up more resources than the East. Between 1948 and 1960, East Pakistan made 70% of all of Pakistan's exports, while it only received 25% of imported money. In 1948, East Pakistan had 11 fabric mills while the West had nine.
    [Show full text]
  • 1 | Page the WEST PAKISTAN LAND DISPOSITIONS (SAVING of SHAMILAT) ORDINANCE, 1959. (W. P. Ordinance No. I of 1959) CONTENTS SECT
    1 | P a g e THE WEST PAKISTAN LAND DISPOSITIONS (SAVING OF SHAMILAT) ORDINANCE, 1959. (W. P. Ordinance No. I of 1959) CONTENTS SECTIONS. 1. Short title and extent. 2. Definition. 3. Shamilat not included in disposition of land unless specifically mentioned as subject matter of the disposition. 4. 1[* * *]. 1. Omitted vide Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Adpt. order 1975. 2 | P a g e THE WEST PAKISTAN LAND DISPOSITIONS (SAVING OF SHAMILAT) ORDINANCE, 1959. WEST PAKISTAN ORDINANCE No. I OF 1959. [27th January, 1959] AN ORDINANCE to provide for a uniform interpretation of general expressions with regard to disposition of “Shamilat” lands in the province of West Pakistan. WHEREAS, it is expedient to provide for a uniform interpretation of Preamble. general expressions with regard to disposition of “Shamilat” lands in the Province of West Pakistan; NOW, THEREFORE, in pursuance of the Presidential Proclamation of the seventh day of October, 1958, and in exercise of all powers enabling him in that behalf, the Governor of the West Pakistan is pleased to make and promulgate the following Ordinance: 1. (1) This Ordinance may be called the West Pakistan Land Dispositions (Saving Short title and of Shamilat) Ordinance, 1959. extent. 1[(2)It extends to the whole of the 2[Province of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa] except the Tribal Areas]. 2. In this Ordinance, unless there is anything repugnant in the subject or context, Definition. the expression “Shamilat” means land described as such in the Record of Rights, and the land so described shall be deemed to be Shamilat, notwithstanding that the whole or a part of it is in the possession of one or more of the proprietors in the estate, or of any other person.
    [Show full text]
  • 1The West Pakistan Border Area Regulation, 1959 (Martial Law Administrator Zone ‘B’ Regulation No
    THE WEST PAKISTAN BORDER AREA REGULATION, 1959 Page 1 of 6 1THE WEST PAKISTAN BORDER AREA REGULATION, 1959 (MARTIAL LAW ADMINISTRATOR ZONE ‘B’ REGULATION NO. 9 OF 1959) [17th March 1959] 1. (a) This Regulation may be called the West Pakistan Border Area Regulation, 1959. (b) It shall come into force with immediate effect. 2. The provisions of this Regulation, or any order made or direction issued there-under, shall have effect notwithstanding anything to the contrary in any other law, or in any order or decree of court or other authority, or in any rule of custom or usage or in any contract, instrument, deed or other document. 3. In this Regulation, unless there is anything repugnant in the subject or context:- (a) “Border Area” means any area in 2[the Province of the Punjab] along the Indo-Pakistan border which falls within five miles form such border 3[as further amplified in sub-paragraph II (2) of paragraph 55-A of the West Pakistan Rehabilitation Settlement Scheme;] 4[(aa) “Board of Revenue” means the Board of Revenue established under the Board of Revenue Act, 1957 (XI of 1957);] (b) 5[“Border Scheme” means the scheme as was referred to in paragraph 55-A of West Pakistan Rehabilitation Settlement Scheme framed under the Pakistan Rehabilitation Act, 1956 (XLII of 1956);] (c) “committee” means a committee constituted under paragraph 4; (d) 6[“Evacuee property” means the property which was defined as evacuee property in the Pakistan Rehabilitation Act, 1956 (XLII of 1956)]; 7[(dd) “State land” means the State land placed at the disposal of the Committee by the Board of Revenue;] (e) 8[“West Pakistan Rehabilitation Settlement Scheme” means the scheme as was prepared by the Rehabilitation Commissioner, West Pakistan under section 6 of the Pakistan Rehabilitation Act, 1956 (XLII of 1956)] 4.
    [Show full text]
  • Items-In-Peace-Keeping Operations - India/Pakistan - Press Clippings
    UN Secretariat Item Scan - Barcode - Record Title Page 31 Date 30/05/2006 Time 9:39:26 AM S-0863-0003-05-00001 Expanded Number S-0863-0003-05-00001 items-in-Peace-keeping operations - India/Pakistan - press clippings Date Created 17/03/1970 Record Type Archival Item Container s-0863-0003: Peace-Keeping Operations Files of the Secretary-General: U Thant: India/Pakistan Print Name of Person Submit Image Signature of Person Submit Sheikh Blujibur Eahman—new Minster. P""(35 TSETWEEN" the 1st March Assembly from all parts of meetings which had been fix- ••"•* when there was a sudden Pakistan to co-operate with ed several weeks in advarcs announcement of the post- us in this historic task. On would not enable UK to travel ponement sine die of sitting of the 27th February v)e went to Rawalpindi at that time. to the extent of affirming that Furthermore, we had pointed the National Assembly and if any member prevents be- out that constitutional issues Sbeikls Blmjiibur Kahman, i the 6th March, the people of fore the Assemby anything were best: resolved within Uie in Bases. • Bangla Desh have been sub- Just and .reasonable we would National Assembly and its jected to military confronta- accept it. "But even this was Committees rather than by tion. There has been wide- ignored, 'it would appear deli- secret negotiations, and thnt spread firing upon unarmed berately and with motive. r.nce a National Assembly h:id civilians (workers, peasants been brought into beinc, and students) who had stood On the 1st March, by a ra- there was no justification for up to protest against the sud- dio statemet there was sudden any RTC or secret parleys.
    [Show full text]
  • My New Cover.Pptx
    Islamabad: The Struggle for Pakistan's Identity Eman Siddiqui ABSTRACT new nation-state. This paper focuses on how Pakistan attempted to achieve these "The capital of a country is the focus and goals and how successful it was in the center of the people's ambitions and creating this national identity. desires, and it is wrong to put them in an existing city," Pakistan's President The First Capital General Ayub Khan declared the need for In 1947, British India was partitioned on a new capital for a young Pakistan in the basis of religious demographics. This 1958. General Ayub's desire required led to the creation of the sovereign states bringing about greater national unity by of Pakistan and India - the areas with a rejecting a cultural baggage of the past for Muslim majority population became a a new national identity. This premise part of Pakistan whereas Hindu majority disqualified the cities of Karachi, a British areas became a part of an independent colonial legacy, and Lahore, a link to the India. As a result of this partition, Indian past, for becoming the capital of Pakistan at the time was geographically Pakistan. And so, planned between 1959 divided into two parts: the West wing and and 1963, arose Islamabad. Pakistan the East wing. All major cities previously envisioned that the new capital would used as national capitals and provincial assist in bringing East and West Pakistan capitals, such as Bombay, Calcutta, and together by becoming a symbol of New Delhi, were now a part of India. national pride. Thus, the struggle for Thus, Pakistan faced the task of choosing national identity as symbolized in the a capital for itself from a list of cities that creation of Islamabad became closely tied had not functioned as national capitals to the Pakistani national struggle itself - before.
    [Show full text]
  • An Introduction to Pakistan's Military
    An Introduction to Pakistan’s Military July 2011 Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs Harvard Kennedy School 79 JFK Street Cambridge, MA 02138 Fax: (617) 495-8963 Email: [email protected] Website: http://belfercenter.org Design and Layout Tim Duffy Copyright 2011 President and Fellows of Harvard College Printed in the United States of America Contents Introduction 4 Pakistan’s Strategic Challenges: Traditional Threats and New Adversaries 8 External Threats, Inconsistent Partners 8 Internal Threats 19 A Short History of Pakistan’s Military 22 Indian Partition, Kashmir, and the Use of Proxies 22 US Military Aid, the First Military Regime, and the 1965 War 23 The 1971 War and a Return to Civilian Rule 24 Islamization, the Mujahideen, and Nuclear Stumbling Blocks 25 A Return to Civilian Rule 26 Musharraf and Kargil 27 The Post-September 11 World 27 Conventional Capabilities 30 Army 30 Air Force 31 Navy 32 Proxies 32 Nuclear Strategy and Security 34 Command and Control 35 Nuclear Doctrine 36 Key Concerns About Pakistan’s Nuclear Program 36 Counterinsurgency 38 Appendices 40 Acronyms 41 Endnotes 42 Introduction Pakistan’s military is a central actor in many of today’s most pressing security challenges, and few institutions face such extreme pressures from such diverse forces. In recent years the military has been asked to simultaneously combat a vicious internal insurgency, suppress international terror- ist groups, and respond to Pakistan’s worst floods in eighty years, all while squaring off against a much larger rival in one of the most strategically complex regions in the world. Pakistan’s armed forces are not only an instrument of the state’s foreign policy, but also the most influential actor in the country’s internal politics.
    [Show full text]
  • Government Policies and the Politics of the Teaching of Urdu in Pakistan
    Government Policies and the Politics of the Teaching of Urdu in Pakistan I: Since Urdu had become a symbol of Muslim identity during the period of the Urdu-Hindi controversy in Pre-Partition India, it had an established political significance in the eyes of the Muslim League which began ruling Pakistan in . At the same time, Bengalis constituted more than half (. percent) of the population of Pakistan and the ruling élite—Muslim League politicians, bureaucrats and the military—dominated as it was by a Punjabi-Mohajir coalition, felt threat- ened by the mere existence of this majority. To neutralize a perceived threat of possible domination by East Bengal, it may have made sense to the ruling élite to fall back on Urdu as a unifying symbol of the state. However, no matter what the underlying political motives of the West Pakistani élite may have been, there is no doubt that most people in West Pakistan, especially the dominant intelligentsia, sincerely felt that it would be in the national interest to integrate the new nation, and that Urdu could do that job better than any other language. With this in mind the teaching of Urdu was promoted as part of the defining political imperative of national integration. The Beginnings: An inaugural educational conference held in Karachi ( November– December ) laid the foundations for a language- teaching policy which is still followed. The cardinal points of this policy were to make Urdu “the lingua franca of Pakistan” and to teach it “as a compulsory language in schools” (ABE : Appendix VI). While the conference did not make it a medium of instruction in schools, the situa- tion was that it was being used as such in the Punjab, the North-West Frontier Province (N.W.F.P.), Baluchistan and parts of Kashmir.
    [Show full text]
  • Pakistan (2)” of the Sheila Weidenfeld Files at the Gerald R
    The original documents are located in Box 31, folder “State Dinners - 2/5/75 - Pakistan (2)” of the Sheila Weidenfeld Files at the Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library. Copyright Notice The copyright law of the United States (Title 17, United States Code) governs the making of photocopies or other reproductions of copyrighted material. Gerald Ford donated to the United States of America his copyrights in all of his unpublished writings in National Archives collections. Works prepared by U.S. Government employees as part of their official duties are in the public domain. The copyrights to materials written by other individuals or organizations are presumed to remain with them. If you think any of the information displayed in the PDF is subject to a valid copyright claim, please contact the Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library. Some items in this folder were not digitized because it contains copyrighted materials. Please contact the Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library for access to these materials. Digitized from Box 31 of the Sheila Weidenfeld Files at the Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library THE OFFICIAL VISIT OF HIS EXCELLENCY ZULFIKAR ALI BHUTTO PRIME MINISTER OF PAKISTAN AND BEGUM BHUTTO TO WASH ING TON , D. C. FEBRUARY 4-7, 1975 DETAILED SCENARIO MEMBERS OF THE OFFICIAL PAKISTAN PARTY His Excellency Zulfikar Ali Bhutto Prime Minister of Pakistan Begum Nusrat Bhutto His Excellency Aziz Ahmed Minister of State for Defense and Foreign Affairs His Excellency Meraj Khalid Minister for Law and Parliamentary Affairs · Mr. Murtaza Bhutto Son of the Prime Minister Miss Sanam Bhutto Daughter of the Prime Minister Mrs.
    [Show full text]
  • Pakistan's Sindh Province
    MEMORANDUM October 29, 2015 To: Hon. Brad Sherman Attention: Kinsey Kiriakos From: K. Alan Kronstadt, Specialist in South Asian Affairs, x7-5415 Foreign Affairs, Defense, and Trade Division Subject: Pakistan’s Sindh Province This memorandum responds to your request for information on Pakistan’s Sindh province, including specific discussion of its Thatta and Badin districts. Content may appear in other CRS products. Please contact me if you need further assistance. Overview1 Sindh is one of Pakistan’s four provinces, accounting for roughly one-quarter of the country’s population in less than 18% of its land area. Its provincial capital, Karachi, is among the world’s largest megacities, and also the site of significant sectarian, ethnic, and political violence. Covering more than 54,000 square miles of southeastern Pakistan (about the size of Florida, see Figure 1), Sindh stretches from the Jacobabad district in the north to the vast Indus River delta wetlands abutting the Arabian Sea and India in the south, and from the thinly-populated Dadu district in the west to the Thar Desert and a militarized border with India to the east (see Figure 2). One-third of Pakistan’s 650-mile Arabian Sea coastline is in Sindh. The vast majority of Sindh’s residents live at or near the final few hundred miles of the Indus’s course. Official government population statistics continue to be based on the most recent national census in 1998, which put Sindh’s population at 30.4 million out of Pakistan’s then-total 132 million, with 52% living in rural areas.
    [Show full text]
  • Page the WEST PAKISTAN DISTRICT
    1 | P a g e THE WEST PAKISTAN DISTRICT (RECONSTITUTION) ORDINANCE, 1960. (W.P. ORDINANCE No.XXXII OF 1960). CONTENTS. Sections. 1. Short title and extent. 2. Definitions. 3. Alteration of limits of districts and constitution of new districts. 4. Application of laws. 5. Adaptations. 2 | P a g e THE WEST PAKISTAN DISTRICT (RECONSTITUTION) ORDINANCE, 1960. (W. P. Ord. No. XXXII of 1960) [13th December, 1960] AN ORDINANCE to provide for alteration of limits of districts and constitution of new districts in West Pakistan. WHEREAS, it is expedient in the public interest to provide for alteration of Preamble. limits of districts and constitution of new districts in West Pakistan; NOW, THEREFORE, in pursuance of the Presidential Proclamation of the seventh day of October, 1958, and having received the previous instructions or the President, the Governor of West Pakistan is pleased, in exercise of all powers enabling him in that behalf, to make and promulgate the following Ordinance:— 1. (1) This Ordinance may be called the West Pakistan Districts Short title and (Reconstitution) Ordinance, 1960. extent. (2) It shall extend to the whole of the 1[Province of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa] except the 2[Tribal Areas]. 2. In this Ordinance, "Government" means the Government of 3[Khyber Definition. Pakhtunkhwa]. 3. Notwithstanding anything contained in any other law for the time being in Alteration of force, Government may, by notification1 on and from a date to be appointed therein limits of districts and (hereinafter referred to as the appointed date), alter the limits of a district or constitution of constitute a new district.
    [Show full text]
  • Pakistan (1950-2018)
    Pakistan Federalism in Pakistan has been shaped by a tumultuous history characterized by intermittent civil and military rule, domestic violence and interstate conflict since independence in 1947. Pakistan lost a war over the secession of Bangladesh in 1971 and was defeated in four other major international wars.1 For more than half of its brief existence the military has ruled. The first constitution was adopted in 1956, new constitutions were adopted in 1962 and 1973, with major modifications in 1985 and 2003. In 2013 Pakistan experienced for the first time a transfer of power from one democratic government that had completed tenure to another. Pakistan lived through three military regimes and four martial laws. The military regimes: Ayub Khan (1958-71), marked by a tendency to “assimilate rather than accommodate” (Siddiqi 2008:4, 81; Prasad-Singh and Kukreja 2014:94); Zia-ul Haq (1977-87), who sought to Islamicize the country and abolished provincial institutions; Gen. Pervez Musharraf (1999-2008), who attempted to liberalize Pakistan (Looney 2008:7). These military rulers often relied on martial law— the imposition of direct military control over normal civilian functions. They ruled by decree, amended the constitution, and often abolished or reformed provincial and local governments (Siddique 2006). The four periods of martial law that affect our coding are i) 1958 to 1962 during General Ayub; ii) 1969 to 1973 during and after the Bangladesh Liberation War; iii) 1977 to 1985 during the military dictatorship of General Zia; iv) and 1999 to 2001, following Musharraf’s coup. Self-Rule Institutional Depth and Policy Scope The Islamic Republic of Pakistan, or Pakistan, is a parliamentary federal republic in South Asia with a population around 205 million (CIA 2017).
    [Show full text]