Republic of India (1IN-6May04jk)
Republic of India Akhtar Majeed India’s Constitution, which came into force on 26 January 1950, when India became a republic, is the world's longest, with 395 articles (divided into 22 parts), 12 schedules, and three appendices. The framers, following the tradition of detail found in the Government of India Act 1935, rejected brevity. The Constitution is, in fact, a detailed legal code dealing with all important aspects of the constitutional and administrative system of India. It establishes a “Union of States,” which now consists of 28 states and seven “union territories.” It also defines the powers of the executive, legislative, and judicial branches of government; provides a standard by which the validity of the laws enacted by the legislature is tested; and establishes the judiciary as the guardian of the Constitution.1 The Constitution is generally flexible but rigid in many of its “federal” matters that pertain to the states, and any change in the “federal” provisions requires a special two-thirds majority in Parliament and ratification by at least half of the legislatures of the states. Having a land area of 3,287,263 square kilometres and a population of more than a billion, India is an extremely plural society with 18 national languages and some 2,000 dialects, a dozen ethnic communities and seven religious groups (fragmented into a large number of sects, castes, and subcastes), and some 60 socio-cultural subregions spread over seven geographic regions. The population is 83 percent Hindu, 11 percent Muslim, 2 percent Christian, 2 percent Sikh, and 1 percent Buddhist.
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