Asymmetric Federalism in India
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How Has Indian Federalism Done?
Military-Madrasa-MullahAArticle Global Threat Complex 4343 Studies in Indian Politics How has Indian Federalism Done? 1(1) 43–63 © 2013 Lokniti, Centre for the Study of Developing Societies SAGE Publications Los Angeles, London, New Delhi, Singapore, Washington DC Ashutosh Varshney DOI: 10.1177/2321023013482787 http://inp.sagepub.com Abstract Two tropes have dominated discussions of Indian federalism: fiscal and constitutional. Isolated exceptions aside, scholars have not linked India’s federalism to comparative theories of nationalism, or to a comparative exploration of national identities. To examine how India’s federalism has done, we may also need to ask what kind of nation India is. Once we answer that question, the oft-assumed binary—that the stronger the states are, the weaker the centre will be–loses its edge. Both can be simultaneously strong. The new exception may be the problem of cross-border terrorism, which indeed generates a binary for the new age. Secessionism also creates centre–state binaries, but that may be more on account of how the basic ideational principles of Indian nationhood have been violated, not followed, or about how far the historical process of nation-building penetrated the rebellious regions. Such problems have not been about the basic flaws of Indian federalism. Keywords State–nation, nation–state, multicultural nation, linguistic states, cross-cutting identities, cross-border terrorism This article departs from the conventional work on India’s federalism1. Most traditional scholarship took two forms. The focus was either on what is called fiscal federalism, or on strictly constitutional matters. The literature on fiscal federalism revolved around resource transfers from the centre to the states: its logic, equity and quantum. -
India's Parliament and Governing Institutions
BRIEFING Continental democracies India's parliament and governing institutions SUMMARY India is the biggest democracy in the world. With a population of 1.35 billion in 2018, India was also the world's second most populous country, and is projected to overtake China by 2027. Like the European Union (EU), it is a pluralistic, multi-faith, multilingual (with 22 recognised languages), and multi-ethnic country. Secularism has been enshrined in the Constitution. India's 1950 Constitution provides for a quasi-federal setup: powers are separated between the central union and the 28 state governments. Competences are allocated according to administrative level, between the Union, states or 'concurrently'. The prime minister possesses the country's effective executive power. As 'Leader of the House' in the lower chamber, the prime minister also holds decisive power in deciding the House's agenda. However, the real power of initiating legislation belongs to the government, and the Parliament has no say on foreign affairs. India's Parliament is bicameral: it includes the Lok Sabha – the lower house – and the Rajya Sabha – the upper house. The two houses are equal, but the Lok Sabha dominates in deciding certain financial matters and on the collective responsibility of the Council of Ministers. General elections take place for Lok Sabha members every five years. The last elections took place in May 2019, when Narendra Modi was re-elected as Prime Minister. The Rajva Sabha is a permanent body consisting of members indirectly elected by the states, and it is not subject to dissolution. India has a common law legal system. -
FEDERAL SYSTEM a Federal Government Is One in Which Powers Are Divided Between the National Government and the Regional Governments by the Constitution Itself
FEDERAL SYSTEM A federal government is one in which powers are divided between the national government and the regional governments by the Constitution itself. Ex. US, Switzerland, Australia,Canada and Russia. If all the powers are vested in the national government then it is called as Unitary government. Ex. Britain, France, Japan, China and Sweden. The term ‘federation’ is derived from a Latin word foedus which means ‘treaty’ or ‘agreement’. Federation is a new state (political system) which is formed through a treaty or an agreement between the various units. The units of a federation are known by various names like states (as in US) or cantons (as in Switzerland) or provinces (as in Canada) or republics (as in Russia). A federation can be formed in two ways Integration a number of militarily weak or economically backward states(independent) come together to form a big and a strong union. Disintegration A big unitary state is converted into a federation by granting autonomy to the provinces to promote regional interest.ex. Canada. Federalism in India India adopted federal system due to two main reasons i) The large size of the country and ii) The socio-cultural diversity. The term ‘federation’ has nowhere been used in the Constitution. Instead, Article 1 of the Constitution describes India as a ‘Union of States’. India is a federal system but with more tilt towards a unitary system of government. It is sometimes considered a quasi-federal system. Elements of federalism were introduced into modern India by the Government of India act of 1919 which separated powers between the centre and the provincial legislatures. -
Cooperative Federalism in Indian Constitution
Cooperative Federalism In Indian Constitution Brickle Alden descry very matrimonially while Barty remains piscicultural and seasonable. Zoonal Fonzie king-hitgarroting stand-by illustratively too once? or recolonise marginally when Benton is dank. Daffy remains louche: she belly-flops her Council has the pandemic on in constitution makers of types of european summit is not One in cooperative federalism is not to constitutional right to your bookmarks section was legal obligation of federations often commenced. Cooperative Federalism Although the Constitution of India has nowhere used the term 'federal' it soon provided type a structure of governance. One month relaxation in jharkhand, the same coin as infrastructure investment, the bill does not from borrowing limits except for cooperative federalism in indian constitution. Union saying the states are constitutionally obliged to cooperate with hope other around the matters specified in Schedule VII of the constitution In. Constitutional Reflections on the Pandemic. The cooperative federalism policy reforms. Federal constitution is federal prescriptions that cooperation and challenges facing a fundamental principles that it is an immunity from. As partners in rajya sabha member of this academy for those fiscal management act is significantly different states upon any commitment. No Tax or Duty shall be laid on Articles exported from any State. Hughes was then Governor of New York. What rationale the principles of federalism? Each division has had separate capability. States are increasingly harbouring feelings of deprivation and alienation and have begun viewing all problems from several narrow parochial outlook. COVID-19 as a Test of Narendra Modi's Promise like The Wire. Cooperative Federalism ISCS. -
Gendering Federalism in India
Occasional Paper Series Number 21 Gendering Federalism in India Rekha Saxena The Forum of Federations, the global network on federalism and multi-level governance, supports better governance through learning among practitioners and experts. Active on six continents, it runs pro- grams in over 20 countries including established federations, as well as countries transitioning to devolved and decentralized governance options. The Forum publishes a range of information and edu- cational materials. It is supported by the following partner countries: Australia, Brazil, Canada, Ethiopia, Germany, India, Mexico, Nigeria, Pakistan and Swit- zerland. Gendering Federalism in India Rekha Saxena © Forum of Federations, 2017 ISSN: 1922-558X (online ISSM 1922-5598) Occasional Paper Series Number 21 Gendering Federalism in India By: Rekha Saxena For more information about the Forum of Federations and its publications, please visit our website: www.forumfed.org. Forum of Federations 75 Albert Street, Suite 411 Ottawa, Ontario (Canada) K1P 5E7 Tel: (613) 244-3360 Fax: (613) 244-3372 [email protected] Gendering Federalism in India 1 Gendering Federalism in India Rekha Saxena ( Professor, Department of Political Science, University of Delhi, Honorary vice-chairperson, Centre for Multilevel Federalism, New Delhi and Hon. Senior Advisor, Forum of Federations, Ottawa) Abstract ; This paper seeks to explore the gendered impact of Indian federal structure. Different aspects of federalism such as intergovernmental relations, asymmetrical relations, and multi-level federalism and its impact on the way women’s movement engage with the state structure are discussed. The impact of three-tier federal struc- ture is visible in the presence of women’s organizations at all the three levels. -
Autonomism and Federalism
Publius: The Journal of Federalism Advance Access published May 27, 2011 Autonomism and Federalism Jaime Lluch* *European Studies Center, St Antony’s College, University of Oxford; [email protected] This article aims to understand autonomism as an ideology of territorial order and institutional design. In particular, I ask whether the theory and practice of autonomism is consonant with federalist principles. ‘‘Autonomism’’ is a normative term that advocates the use of autonomist principles, and it has an intricate relationship with federalism, but is generally distinct from it. Autonomists are wary of federalism because they believe it has homogenizing and uniformizing tendencies. Autonomism as an ideology of territorial order and institutional design exhibits a number of clear anti-federalist stances, but yet it is based on the general federalist principle that multiple levels of government can lead to better governance in multinational states. To this com- Downloaded from plex anti-federalist and federalist hybrid stance, autonomism adds a nuanced anti-secessionism stance. publius.oxfordjournals.org Autonomism In many multinational democracies, models of federation are the preferred insti- tutional configuration to address the complexities of multinationalism, and much by guest on May 30, 2011 of the scholarly literature echoes this preference for federation (Keating 2004; Hechter 2000; Norman 2006; Kymlicka 1998; Gibbins et al. 1998; Stepan 2001; Burgess and Gagnon 1993; Elazar 1987; Watts 2008; McRoberts 1997; Griffiths et al. 2005; Gagnon and Iacovino 2007; Karmis and Norman 2005).1 Yet, there are autonomist national parties in sub-state national societies that reject a model of federation as an appropriate institutional design to address their needs. -
Federalism in Indian Constitution
International Journal of Academic Research and Development International Journal of Academic Research and Development ISSN: 2455-4197 Impact Factor: RJIF 5.22 www.academicsjournal.com Volume 3; Issue 2; March 2018; Page No. 901-902 Federalism in Indian constitution Santosh Kumar Pandey Ll.M. B.H.U. Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India Abstract Federalism constitutes a complex governmental mechanism for governance of a country. It has been evolved to bind into one political union several autonomous, distinct, separate and disparate political entities or administrative units. It seeks to draw a balance between the forces working in the favour of concentration of power in the centre and those urging a dispersal of it in a number of units.it thus seek to reconcile unity with multiplicity, centralization with decentralization and nationalism with localism. By this paper. I have enquire the true nature of Indian constitution and relevancy of federalism in Indian. Keywords: federal, government, political entities, concentration of power, reconcile, multiplicity, decentralization, nationalism, localism Introduction cooperative federation. According to prof. G.P. Verma Indian Federal system constitution is federal in toto. Federal system is a form of government in which the Prior to the formation of the Constituent Assembly, the sovereign authority of political power is divided between Cabinet Plan emphasized on a Central Government with very various units’ viz. centre, states, municipalities etc. The limited powers to be con ned to foreign affairs, defense an federal state is a political convenience intended to reconcile Communication. In contrast, the Muslim League and the national unity and integrity and power with maintenance of Indian National Congress did not agree to this. -
Asymmetric Federalism in India M
Asymmetric Federalism in India M. Govinda Rao and Nirvikar Singh Revised April 2004 Abstract The focus of this paper is unequal arrangements and special treatment for some units within Indian federalism, namely. We first explore the conceptual issues – the causes and consequences of asymmetric federalism. Next, we trace the evolution of Indian federalism and analyze the factors contributing to the asymmetric arrangements in political, administrative and fiscal relations. We bring out asymmetric arrangements arising from constitutional arrangements or conventions evolved over the years. Recent political developments and asymmetric treatment due to administrative and political exigencies are also analyzed. Keywords: intergovernmental transfers, federalism, political bargaining, constitutional arrangements JEL codes: P26, P35, H1, H7 1 Asymmetric Federalism in India ∗ M. Govinda Rao and Nirvikar Singh 1. Introduction There can be a variety of motivations for various units to come together to constitute a federation. The political and economic theories of federalism attempt to understand the rationale for the “coming together” to form federations and once they are formed, analyse the conditions for “holding together”. The political impulse for the smaller units to federate has to be found in issues of freedom, security, political stability and strength while keeping a separate group identity. Similarly, access to a larger common market, reaping economies of scale in the provision of nation level public goods and availability of wider choice in the bundle of services to meet diverse preferences are some of the economic reasons for the smaller units to come together to form a federation. Each federating unit will try to bargain terms advantageous to it to join the federation while the federation will try to attract entry and control exit. -
Republic of India (1IN-6May04jk)
Republic of India Akhtar Majeed India’s Constitution, which came into force on 26 January 1950, when India became a republic, is the world's longest, with 395 articles (divided into 22 parts), 12 schedules, and three appendices. The framers, following the tradition of detail found in the Government of India Act 1935, rejected brevity. The Constitution is, in fact, a detailed legal code dealing with all important aspects of the constitutional and administrative system of India. It establishes a “Union of States,” which now consists of 28 states and seven “union territories.” It also defines the powers of the executive, legislative, and judicial branches of government; provides a standard by which the validity of the laws enacted by the legislature is tested; and establishes the judiciary as the guardian of the Constitution.1 The Constitution is generally flexible but rigid in many of its “federal” matters that pertain to the states, and any change in the “federal” provisions requires a special two-thirds majority in Parliament and ratification by at least half of the legislatures of the states. Having a land area of 3,287,263 square kilometres and a population of more than a billion, India is an extremely plural society with 18 national languages and some 2,000 dialects, a dozen ethnic communities and seven religious groups (fragmented into a large number of sects, castes, and subcastes), and some 60 socio-cultural subregions spread over seven geographic regions. The population is 83 percent Hindu, 11 percent Muslim, 2 percent Christian, 2 percent Sikh, and 1 percent Buddhist. -
Essays on Asymmetric Federalism
Essays on Asymmetric Federalism Inaugural-Dissertation zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades eines Doktors der Wirtschaftswissenschaften der Universität Mannheim vorgelegt von Alexander Libman Frühjahrssemester 2009 Abteilungssprecher: Prof. Tom Krebs, PhD Referent: Prof. Dr. Lars P. Feld (Universität Heidelberg) Koreferent: Prof. Dr. Eckhard Janeba Tag der mündlichen Prüfung: 8. Oktober 2009 Contents 1 Introduction 10 1.1 Research problem . 10 1.2 Structureofthethesis ........................ 14 1.3 Institutional details on the Russian federalism . 16 1.3.1 Asymmetric federalism: Russian style . 16 1.3.2 Variation of political regimes in Russian regions . 21 2 Constitutions, Regulations, and Taxes: Contradictions of Dif- ferent Aspects of Decentralization 24 2.1 Introduction.............................. 24 2.2 Measuring the degree of decentralization . 26 2.3 Dimensions of decentralization in Russia . 28 2.3.1 Measuring decentralization in Russia . 28 2.3.2 Interrelation of dimensions of decentralization . 32 2.4 Endogenous decentralization in Russia: data and empirical strategy 33 2.4.1 Factors of decentralization . 33 2.4.2 Econometric strategy . 37 2.5 Endogeous decentralization in Russia: results . 39 2.5.1 Basic results . 39 2.5.2 Modified specifications and expert opinion variables . 42 2.5.3 Extreme bounds analysis . 45 2.5.4 Endogeneity . 47 2.6 Conclusion . 50 3 Strategic Tax Collection and Fiscal Decentralization: The Case of Russia 54 3.1 Introduction.............................. 54 3.2 Tax auditing and tax collection in a centralized federation . 57 3.3 Strategic tax collection and Russian fiscal federalism . 61 3.3.1 Manipulation of tax collection effort . 62 3.3.2 Informal practices and tax collection under Yeltsin and Putin ............................ -
Asymmetry in Multinational Federations
ICE - WORKING PAPER SERIES United in Misunderstanding? Asymmetry in Multinational Federations Rainer Bauböck NO.:26 AUSTRIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCES RESEARCH UNIT FOR INSTITUTIONAL CHANGE AND EUROPEAN INTEGRATION - ICE POSTGASSE 7/1/2 1010 VIENNA AUSTRIA Rainer Bauböck United in Misunderstanding? Asymmetry in Multinational Federations* 1. Introduction How can a federation survive if its citizens do not agree on what it is composed of? Canada, for example, seems to be a different country depending on whether you look at it from Vancouver, Toronto or Montreal. For Don MacIver Canadian unity is “a continuous act of imagination and political will in defiance of the logic of both geography and economics” (MacIver 1999: 237). But Canadian debates about federalism convey a different impression: imagining contributes more to disunity than either geography or economics. Listen to how the political philosopher Will Kymlicka describes his country: “For the majority nation, federalism is a compact between equal territorial units, which therefore precludes asymmetry; for the national minority, federalism is a compact between peoples, which therefore requires asymmetry between nationality-based units and regional-based units” (Kymlicka 1998a: 14). A similar shift in perspectives occurs as you travel from Madrid to Barcelona or from London to Glasgow. Nearly all multinational polities in which power has been devolved to nationality-based units are plagued by the problem of asymmetry. In a postmodern vein one could claim that certain difficult relations can only persist on the basis of mutual misunderstanding. If the partners had to undergo a therapeutic session with the aim of achieving agreement on the nature of their association they would agree to divorce. -
WELLER, M. and NOBBS, K. (Eds.) 2010, Asymmetric Autonomy and the Settlement of Ethnic Conflicts Penn Press, Philadelphia P.360
www.ssoar.info Book review: Weller, M. and Nobbs, K. (eds.) 2010, Asymmetric Autonomy and the Settlement of Ethnic Conflicts Kössler, Karl Veröffentlichungsversion / Published Version Rezension / review Empfohlene Zitierung / Suggested Citation: Kössler, K. (2011). Book review: Weller, M. and Nobbs, K. (eds.) 2010, Asymmetric Autonomy and the Settlement of Ethnic Conflicts. [Review of the book Asymmetric autonomy and the settlement of ethnic conflicts, ed. by M. Weller, & K. Nobbs]. Federal Governance, 8(2), 72-77. https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:0168-ssoar-342790 Nutzungsbedingungen: Terms of use: Dieser Text wird unter einer Basic Digital Peer Publishing-Lizenz This document is made available under a Basic Digital Peer zur Verfügung gestellt. Nähere Auskünfte zu den DiPP-Lizenzen Publishing Licence. For more Information see: finden Sie hier: http://www.dipp.nrw.de/lizenzen/dppl/service/dppl/ http://www.dipp.nrw.de/lizenzen/dppl/service/dppl/ Special Issue on Federalism and Conflict Management edited by Neophytos Loizides, Iosif Kovras and Kathleen Ireton. Book Review WELLER, M. AND NOBBS, K. (eds.) 2010, Asymmetric Autonomy and the Settlement of Ethnic Conflicts Penn Press, Philadelphia 360 p. by Karl Kössler European Academy of Bozen-Bolzano (EURAC), Italy Email: [email protected] About Federal Governance Federal Governance is an online graduate journal on theory and politics of federalism and multi-level governance. Its mandate is to engage the global federalism community and reach out to outstanding graduate students interested in federalism and multi-level governance. By providing a platform for graduate students to have early success in their careers, Federal Governance seeks to promote and sustain interest in federalism and multi-level governance research among graduate students.