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Contemporary Central and East European Law Vol. I
CC&EEL 2019 ISSUE 1 (133) Contemporary central and east european law CC&EEL 2019 | ISSUE 1 (133) Contemporary central and east european law Publishing House of ILS PAS 2020 Contemporary Central & East European Law is a scientific journal of the Institute of Law Sciences of the Polish Academy of Sciences, replacing the suspended in 2002 quarterly bilingual journal published since 1964, titled Droit Polonais Contemporain – Sovremennoe pol’skoe pravo – Polish Contemporary Law. EDITORIAL TEAM Editor-in-chief Dr hab. Celina Nowak, Assoc. Prof. (Institute of Law Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poland) Deputy Editor-in-chief Prof. Gintaras Švedas (Vilnius University, Lithuania) Managing Editor Dr Agata Kleczkowska (Institute of Law Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poland) Creating the archive database Droit Polonais Contemporain / Sovremennoe pol’skoe prawo / Polish Contemporary Law (1963–2002, 2019-) – a task financed under contract no. 739/P-DUN/2019 from the funds of the Polish Minister of Science and Higher Education allocated for activities promoting science. Utworzenie bazy archiwalnej „Droit Polonais Contemporain” / „Sovremennoe pol’skoe prawo” / „PolishContemporary Law” (1963–2002, 2019-) – zadanie finansowe w ramach umowy nr 739/P-DUN/2019 ze środków Ministerstwa Nauki i Szkolnictwa Wyższego przeznaczonych na działalność upowszechniającą naukę. PL ISSN: 0070-7325 eISSN: 2719-4256 An electronic version shall be considered authentic. Peer review process and the list of reviewers are available at CC&EEL website: http://czasopisma.inp.pan.pl/index.php/cceel/ Proofreading: Publishing House of ILS PAS, Rob Brooks Typesetting and text makeup: Grzegorz Gromulski Publishing House of ILS PAS Nowy Świat 72 00-330 Warsaw tel. -
Central Europe
Central Europe WEST GERMANY Foreign Policy and Reunification HE DEADLOCK over reunification remained complete. Moscow repeated in T numerous notes and through its East German satellites that the East and West German governments should get together and form a confederation, with which a peace treaty might later be concluded. Soviet Deputy Premier Anastas Mikoyan visited Bonn in April 1958 to sign a trade agreement, but had nothing new to offer. The Bonn government, for its part, insisted on free elections for an all-German government and rejected anything implying rec- ogition of the East German regime. Chancellor Konrad Adenauer also severed relations with Yugoslavia in October 1957 when the latter recognized the "Ger- man Democratic Republic." For the time being, the question of reunification was overshadowed by the controversy over atomic arms for the West German army and the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) forces stationed on German soil. George Kennan's suggestion of a disengagement of the great powers from Germany, in his BBC lectures in the autumn of 1957, and Polish Foreign Minister Adam Rapacki's proposal for an atom-free zone in Europe were welcomed by a large part of public opinion as a basis for further discussion. But Chancellor Adenauer rejected the Rapacki plan unconditionally in January 1958. In March 1958 the Bundestag, after a tumultuous debate, em- powered the government to equip the Bundeswehr with tactical atomic weapons. Domestic Political Affairs After his victory in the Bundestag elections of September 1957 (see AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1957 [Vol. 58], p. 288), Chancellor Adenauer made some minor changes in his cabinet, so that it consisted of fourteen mem- bers of his Christian Democratic Union (CDU-CSU) and two of the small right-wing German Party (DP). -
Der Reichsgau Wartheland in Den Jahren 1939–1945
ACTA UNIVERSITATIS WRATISLAVIENSIS No 3840 Studia nad Autorytaryzmem i Totalitaryzmem 40, nr 2 Wrocław 2018 DOI: 10.19195/2300-7249.40.2.4 WOJCIECH WICHERT Oddziałowe Biuro Badań Historycznych IPN w Szczecinie ORCiD: 0000-0003-1335-592X „Exerzierplatz des Nationalsozialismus“ — der Reichsgau Wartheland in den Jahren 1939–1945 Kein anderes Land befand sich so lange unter der Besatzung des Dritten Reiches wie Polen. Polen war das erste Opfer der deutschen Aggression und hat als erstes Land unter großen Opfern zuerst bewaffneten Widerstand geleistet und später in den Jahren 1939–1945 beispiellose Personen-, Kultur- und Materialver- luste erlitten. Der deutsche Überfall auf Polen im September 1939, die Einstel- lung und die Verbrechen gegenüber Polen waren eine Form von Ausführung des antislawischen Rassismus. Die neueren Forschungen, insbesondere die, die seit den neunziger Jahren geführt wurden, offenbaren die tatsächliche Größe der ver- brecherischen Politik gegenüber den slawischen Völkern. Sie zeigen, wie sich der deutsche Nationalismus zum Rassismus entwickelt hat, das Ziel verfolgend die slawische Bevölkerung durch die nationalsozialistische Germanisierungspolitik aus ihrer Heimat zu vertreiben und sie durch die „höhere arische Rasse“ zu be- siedeln1. Diese Maßnahmen der Besatzung wurden in den schon vor dem Krieg ausgearbeiteten Generalplan Ost aufgenommen, in ein großangelegtes Kolonisie- rungs- und Germanisierungsprojekt der Gebiete in Ostmitteleuropa und in Ost- europa, das mit der Aussiedlung beziehungsweise mit der Eliminierung der hier niedergelassenen slawischen Bevölkerung verbunden war2. Vor allem aus dieser 1 A. Wolff-Powęska, Pamięć, brzemię i uwolnienie. Niemcy wobec nazistowskiej przeszłości (1945–2010) [Erinnerung — Last und Befreiung. Die Deutschen gegenüber die nationalsozialisti- schen Vergangenheit (1945–2010)], Poznań 2011, S. -
Wschodnioeuropejscy Ochotnicy Cudzoziemscy W Niemieckich Oddziałach Ostheer, SS I Policji Pacyfikujących Powstanie Warszawskie
DZIEJE NAJNOWSZE, ROCZNIK XLVII — 2015, 3 PL ISSN 0419–8824 Hubert Kuberski Warszawa Wschodnioeuropejscy ochotnicy cudzoziemscy w niemieckich oddziałach Ostheer, SS i policji pacyfikujących Powstanie Warszawskie. Casus „własowców”, Kałmuków i SS Galizien...* Historię działań wojskowych podczas Powstania Warszawskiego współtworzą fakty oraz niejednokrotnie mity. Od dziesięcioleci wykreowane legendy pokutują w świadomości ludz- kiej oraz częściej w opracowaniach, a nawet monografiach naukowych. Coraz trudniej jest wykorzenić te życzeniowe wyobrażenia. W zbiorowej świadomości funkcjonują informacje o masowym wykorzystaniu przeciw powstańcom ciężkich czołgów Pz.Kpfw. VI „Tiger I” Ausf. E. Podobny charakter mają rewelacje o oddziałach „własowców”, Kałmuków i Ukraiń- ców z tzw. SS Galizien, walczących u boku Niemców w stolicy. Początki mitu Obarczanie Kałmuków, Ukraińców czy „własowców” odpowiedzialnością za mordy na ludności cywilnej ma swe źródła w powstańczej propagandzie i londyńskich gazetach obo- zu niepodległościowego. To prasa AK upowszechniała informacje o przerzuceniu do stoli- cy i bestialskich sposobach walki ukraińskich oddziałów SS–Galizien oraz byłych sowiec- kich żołnierzy w mundurach feldgrau. Wówczas mało kto znał akronimy ROA i RONA1. * Wcześniej artykuł, oparty jedynie na małej części„mikrofilmów aleksandryjskich” wykorzystanych obecnie, został opublikowany jako tekst popularnonaukowy: J. Gdański, H. Kuberski, Legenda o wła- sowcach, w: Pamięć Powstania ’44 z przewodnikiem po Muzeum Powstania Warszawskiego, War- szawa: „Rzeczpospolita” dla MPW, 2005, s. 67; oraz H. Kuberski, J. Gdański, Uporczywa legenda: „Własowcy” w Powstaniu Warszawskim, w: http://www.historia.gildia.pl/wiek–xx/wojskowosc/ii–woj- na–swiatowa/wlasowcy–w–powstaniu–warszawskim [dostęp: 1 V 2015]. 1 Rosyjska Armia Wyzwoleńcza — ROA (Русская освободительная армия — POA) i Rosyjska Wy- zwoleńcza Armia Ludowa — RONA (Русская освободительная народная армия — POHA). -
The Wola and Ochota Massacres
All Polish collector coins feature: Collector coins issued by NBP face value are sold in the NBP regional branches and at the online shop. image of the Eagle established as the state emblem of the Republic of Poland inscription: Rzeczpospolita Polska year of issue On 10 August 2017 Narodowy Bank Polski The Wola and Ochota will be putting into circulation Massacres a collector coin “70th Anniversary of ‘Kultura Paryska’ Magazine”. Narodowy Bank Polski is the central bank of the State, responsible for its monetary policy and price stability. The Bank’s functions are described in the Constitution of the Republic of Poland and the Act on NBP. NBP holds the exclusive right to issue the currency of the Republic of Poland. As the central bank, it does not provide accounts for the general public, accept deposits from or extend loans to individuals. Issuing collector items is an occasion It acts as a banker to the State budget and public to commemorate important historic figures sector entities. NBP also holds and manages and anniversaries, as well as to develop the foreign exchange reserves of the State. Finally, the interest of the public in Polish culture, it functions as a banker to banks, creating conditions science and tradition. for the operation of the Polish banking system. Narodowy Bank Polski is one of the most important Information on the issue schedule research and analytical centres in the fields can be found at the of economics and financial markets. www.nbp.pl/monety website. For more information on NBP visit: www.nbp.pl Should you have any questions, Narodowy Bank Polski please contact our consultants at the following phone numbers: +48 22 185 45 96 and +48 22 185 13 03. -
A 20 Század Titkai 3 Kötet.Indd
A . SZÁZAD TITKAI Európa (–) . kötet Történelmi olvasókönyv Szerkesztette: Németh István PANDORA KÖNYVEK . KÖTET A . SZÁZAD TITKAI Európa (–) . kötet Történelmi olvasókönyv Szerkesztette: Németh István Szerzők: Arany Éva, Dobi Nyina, Ember Eszter Anna, Farkas László, Fiziker Róbert, Harsányi Iván, Hegedűs István, Kozári József, Lombosi Gábor, Mayer Gábor, Mukri Ágnes, Nagy Emese, Németh István, Smid Réka Debóra, Tollas Gábor, Várkonyi Péter Sorozatszerkesztő: Prof. Dr. Mózes Mihály A -ben megjelent kötetek: Gábos Judit: Dinu Lipatti (. kötet) Várady Krisztina: Poulenc: Un soir de neige (. kötet) Csüllög Judit: A népdal szerepe a kezdők zongoraoktatásában Magyarországon (. kötet) Őrsi Tibor: Lexikológiai és szaknyelvi tanulmányok (. kötet) Mózes Mihály: Agrárfejlődés Erdélyben (. kötet) A . SZÁZAD TITKAI Európa (–) . kötet Történelmi olvasókönyv Szerkesztette: Németh István LÍCEUM KIADÓ Eger, ESZTERHÁZY KÁROLY FŐISKOLA BÖLCSÉSZETTUDOMÁNYI KAR TÖRTÉNETTUDOMÁNYI INTÉZET ISSN - A kiadásért felelős az Eszterházy Károly Főiskola rektora Megjelent az EKF Líceum Kiadó gondozásában Igazgató: Kis-Tóth Lajos Felelős szerkesztő: Zimányi Árpád Műszaki szerkesztő: Csernák Krisztina Borítóterv: Gembela Zsolt Megjelent: . augusztus Példányszám: Készítette: az Eszterházy Károly Főiskola nyomdája Felelős vezető: Kérészy László TTARTALOMARTALOM A MMÁSODIKÁSODIK VILÁGHÁBORÚVILÁGHÁBORÚ Háború és átrendeződés (Németh István) . Katyń () (Arany Éva – Németh István) . A Barbarossa-terv (. december .) (Közreadja: Németh István) . Tyimosenko–Zsukov: Megfontolások -
A Photographic Record of Yad Vashem Fiche Listing
Archives of the Destruction: A Photographic Record of Yad Vashem Fiche Listing Bergen Belsen. Bergen Belsen. Ben Gurion visits Bergen Belsen. Child after liberation. Frame 001A03. Frame 001G07. Fiche: 001 Fiche: 001 Bergen Belsen. Bergen Belsen. Bodies left to rot after liberation. Child after liberation. Frame 001F09. Frame 001E09. Fiche: 001 Fiche: 001 Bergen Belsen. Bergen Belsen. Bodies of starved men. Children after liberation. Frame 001B01. Frame 001G09. Fiche: 001 Fiche: 001 Bergen Belsen. Bergen Belsen. Bodies of the dead in field. Children after liberation. Frame 001E02. Frame 001G08. Fiche: 001 Fiche: 001 Bergen Belsen. Bergen Belsen. Bodies of the dead in field. Children with typhus washed, re-clothed, April Frame 001D08. 20, 1945. Fiche: 001 Frame 001A06. Fiche: 001 Bergen Belsen. British burning baracks for health reasons. Bergen Belsen. Frame 001B04. Children, asleep or dead. Fiche: 001 Frame 001D04. Fiche: 001 Bergen Belsen. British burning barracks for health reasons. Bergen Belsen. Frame 001B06. Cooking meal after liberation; bodies in back. Fiche: 001 Frame 001F04. Fiche: 001 Bergen Belsen. British force SS to load dead onto trucks. Bergen Belsen. Frame 001B05. Crematorium. Fiche: 001 Frame 001B08. Fiche: 001 Bergen Belsen. British officer marries former prisoner. Bergen Belsen. Frame 001B09. Death in Bergen Belsen, April 15, 1945. Fiche: 001 Frame 001A05. Fiche: 001 Bergen Belsen. Burning of Bergen Belsen by British, May 21, Bergen Belsen. 1945. Entrance to H.Q., Bergen Belsen. Frame 001F08. Frame 001E07. Fiche: 001 Fiche: 001 Bergen Belsen. Bergen Belsen. Burning the clothes of the dead. Female inmate after liberation. Frame 001A01. Frame 001F02. Fiche: 001 Fiche: 001 Bergen Belsen. -
Terms of Racial Endearment: Nazi Categorization of Mennonites in Ideology and Practice, 1929–1945
Terms of Racial Endearment: Nazi Categorization of Mennonites in Ideology and Practice, 1929–1945 Benjamin W. Goossen ABSTRACT The Christian Mennonite denomination maintained a privileged position within National Socialist thought and policy through its conceptual and legal association with an evolving series of racial categories. Nearly all the world’s half-million Mennonites lived outside German borders between the World Wars. This allowed a small number of church leaders and sympathetic scholars to shape their image within Germany, especially as Hitler’s wartime expansionism brought a fourth of the denomination’s members under Nazi rule. Casting Mennonitism as part of one or more subgroups within a larger Germanic whole benefitted most adherents in regions administered by the Third Reich while simultaneously enabling their enrollment in propaganda and empire building. In November 1929, the Nazi Party organ, Völkischer Beobachter, carried a front-page article entitled “The Death of the German Farmer Community in Soviet Russia.” Authored by Alfred Rosenberg, the editor and National Socialist ideologue who had led the party while Hitler was in prison, it outlined the plight of some 13,000 German-speaking refugees from Stalinization who, encamped in Moscow, sought escape from the Soviet Union to Germany. For Rosenberg, the crisis symbolized a world-historic clash between what he called Judeo-Bolshevism and the German race. “Bolshevism is a comrade of the Jewish efforts to destroy the entire Germanic world,” Rosenberg wrote. “The National Socialist movement recognized this danger from the beginning and built that into its essence; the extermination of the despairing German farmers in Soviet Russia gives opportunity to sharpen this recognition anew.”1 Penned shortly before the appearance of Rosenberg’s bestselling book, Der Mythus des 20. -
The Federal Republic of Germany and the History of the Last Decades: Outline and Observations
143 Joanna Andrychowicz-Skrzeba PhD Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung, Mission in Poland, Warsaw, Poland ARTICLES THE FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF GERMANY AND THE HISTORY OF THE LAST DECADES: OUTLINE AND OBSERVATIONS Abstract The article aims to present concisely and chronologically the most critical stages of the formation and evolution of the Germans’ historical consciousness and identity after the end of the World War II. This process was based on how German society dealt with the National Socialist dictatorship (the focus of this paper) and the communist dictatorship of the Socialist Unity Party (Sozialistische Einheitspartei Deutschlands, SED). Multiple factors have, over the years, contributed to how the Germans’ have dealt with their past and to the increasing awareness of this nation of its initially ineffaceable guilt and responsibility for the memory of World War II, as well as its homicidal role in this war. Among them were the post-war acceptance and integration of the “expellees” in both German states, the gradual confrontation of German society with the subject of the Holocaust itself and its mass-scale nature (for instance through touting the Nuremberg and following trials of war criminals and their assistants), and holding public debates on challenging issues related to the past (not imposed from above, but resulting from the needs of German society—for example some disputes between historians, the Walser-Bubis debate). Literary works often inspired the latter (for example, Günter Grass’s “Crabwalk,” Jörg Friedrich’s “The Fire”) and exhibitions presented in Germany (for example, on the crimes of the Wehrmacht). These considerations are a form of introduction Institute of National Remembrance 2/2020 144 to the second part of this article presenting the most important conclusions from an analysis, conducted by the author in 2014, of public speeches of prominent German (and Polish) politicians from the period 1989–2011 on subjects related to history. -
November 2012 1 November 2012 • Vol
POLISH AMERICAN JOURNAL • NOVEMBER 2012 www.polamjournal.com 1 NOVEMBER 2012 • VOL. 101, NO. 11 $2.00 PERIOdICAL POSTAGE PAId AT BOSTON, NEW YORK NEW BOSTON, AT PAId PERIOdICAL POSTAGE POLISH AMERICAN OFFICES ANd AddITIONAL ENTRY JOURNALESTABLISHED 1911 www.polamjournal.com ANdRZEJKI ANd OTHER NOVEMBER TRAdITIONS dEdICATEd TO THE PROMOTION ANd CONTINUANCE OF POLISH AMERICAN CULTURE PAGE 18 NEWSmarK Attention High School Students: Enter Our ... VETEraN’S day SChOlarShIP CONTEST ThE OldEST KNOWN SUrVIVOr of the Auschwitz Over $1000 in prizes! • SEE PAGE 7 FOR DETAILS concentration camp – a teacher who gave lessons in defi - ance of his native Poland’s Nazi occupiers – has died at the age of 108. Guest of Honor Russians deny Your Antoni Dobrowolski died Oct. 14 in the northwestern PHOTO: ZOSIA ZELESKA-BOBROWSKI Polish town of Debno. Misidentifying In defi ance of a German order, Dobrowolski was among Remains Wigilia the Poles engaged in the underground effort to teach young WARSAW — The body children Polish culture. The Germans considered the Poles Checklist of former Polish president-in- inferior beings, and the education policy was part of a plan by Robert Strybel exile Ryszard Kaczorowski to use Poles as a “slave race.” With Advent around was the latest to be exhumed He was arrested by the Gestapo and sent to Auschwitz the corner (December 2), after concerns his remains in June 1942. and families gathering for were wrongly identifi ed by “Auschwitz was worse than Dante’s hell,” he recalled in Thanksgiving, now is the time Russians following the April a video made when he was 103. -
The Warsaw Uprising As Presented in Chosen German Newspapers 17
CONFRONTATION AND COOPERATION 1000 YEARS OF POLISH–GERMAN–RUSSIAN RELATIONS T HE JOURNAL OF KOLEGIUM JAGIELLONSKIE TORUNSKA SZKOLA WYZSZA V OL. II: 16–37 DOI: 10.1515/conc-2015-0002 Piotr Łysakowski Th e Warsaw Uprising as presented in chosen German newspapers Key words: Warsaw Uprising, German press during WWII, Polish-German relations, Katyń, propaganda 1. Introduction Berlin, I would try to reach the newspapers from 1944 available there to take a look at what had been writ- While dealing with the modern times history of Poland ten about the Warsaw Uprising. I thought it could be I have always presumed that writing about it we seem to of importance since this largest Polish tragedy of the neglect a relatively easily available source, i.e. daily press. end of WWII, infl uencing the further development of Th erefore, as much as I could, I was making attempts to Poland and our perception of history, had never so far fi ll in this gap in the description of some periods of our been fully described in historic terms from this particu- history with an addendum referring to various fi elds of lar “press” perspective. Th ere are other signifi cant texts studies using press as one of its main sources1. concerning these issues, yet they do not fulfi ll the fea- Th at is why I came up with an idea to take advantage tures, I have mentioned above2. of the situation and during “the press query” concern- 2 ing the issue of “Katyń”, which I was carrying out in E.C. -
KH2018 Ang2-II
178 Reviews 12 forms and residence patterns against a European background, for it brings a lot of substantively and methodologically important observations, and con- siderably expands our current knowledge of the structures of peasant families and their households. Let us hope that it will be followed by more Polish studies using this type of archive material on such a scale for other social groups and for other periods. Cezary Kuklo (Białystok) (Translated by Anna Kijak) Daniel Brewing, Im Schatten von Auschwitz. Deutsche Massaker an pol- nischen Zivilisten 1939–1945, Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchge- sellschaft, 2016, 363 pp., Veröffentlichungen der Forschungsstelle Ludwigsburg der Universität Stuttgart, vol. 29, edited by Martin Cüppers and Klaus-Michael Mallmann It is usually the Kwartalnik Historyczny’s editorial board that gives a copy of a book to someone to write a review of it. This time it was different. Having 1 found Daniel Brewing’s work praised in Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, I asked the journal’s editors to assign it to me, to inform the Polish reader of what I consider to be a clear accomplishment of German historiography. Presenting the book seemed all the more justified once I read it and realized that it was inspired by Richard C. Lukas’s The Forgotten Holocaust. The Poles under German Oc- 2 cupation 1939–1944, published thirty years ago in the USA. The titles of both works Im Schatten von Auschwitz and The Forgotten Holocaust indicate that the authors’ interest lay not in the extermination of the Jewish population but in the lesser-known ordeal of the Poles, not covered by the Nuremberg Laws.